Strategic Design for Leather Tannery Industries

The province of Tungurahua in Ecuador has a participation of 76% at the national level within the leather production chain with the production of raw materials, these are used in the manufacture of 80% of footwear in the country. These production processes generate environmental problems, the greatest impact being on the water, due to the dumping of liquid waste with chemical contents in rivers, this generates bad odors, gases, smoke and polluting solid waste from this process. According to data from tanneries, approximately 88% of the raw material is transformed, while the remaining 12% is considered as waste (leather trimmings), which are used in other manufacturing processes (footwear, textile industry, leather goods and others), the chip obtained from the process is compressed and discarded. As a preventive action, a process is proposed to generate new products through the use of waste obtained from leather processing. The design methodology is the Double Diamond: discover, define, develop and deliver a new product that reuses this waste, a block of dimensions 150 x 75 x 5 mm and 300 grams of weight was obtained, which can be applied in the sector of construction and allow the transition from a linear production process to a circular process.

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CARBON AND FUEL FROM RUBBER WASTE

Nature Management ◽

10.47612/2079-3928-2020-2-103-108 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 103-108

Author(s):

Gennadi I. Zhuravsky ◽

Maksim I. Nitievski

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Water Vapor ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Grade ◽

High Quality ◽

Technical Carbon ◽

Rubber Waste ◽

Composite Mixture

The results of studies of thermolysis waste in the environment of overheated water vapor are presented. It is shown that as a result of fractionation from liquid waste thermolysis products, gasoline and diesel fuel fractions can be obtained. It is proposed to use a composite mixture of liquid and solid waste thermolysis products as raw materials for high-grade technical carbon. Studies have shown that high-grade technical carbon can be obtained as raw materials using a composite mixture of rubber waste thermolysis products as raw materials. The technological line of obtaining technical carbon from the products of thermolysis of worn tires is described. Analysis of the ash produced by the process of burning the composite mixture shows that it contains compounds of iron, zinc and silicon. Therefore, this ash is of interest as a high-quality raw material for the production of zinc oxide, as one of the main ingredients of rubber mixtures.

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PENGARUH WAKTU FERMENTASI TERHADAP PERSENTASE PENYISIHAN PADATAN TERSUSPENSI TOTAL (TSS) CAMPURAN LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI TAPIOKA DENGAN AIR

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v3i1.1494 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 11-14

Author(s):

Wan Rizki Ansari ◽

Umayi Belladiana ◽

Setiaty Pandia

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Total Suspended Solid ◽

Suspended Solid ◽

Anaerobic Digester ◽

Raw Material ◽

System Research ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Washing Process ◽

Optimal Value

The waste water of tapioca is the waste produced from the washing process raw materials, screening cassava porridge (extraction) and starch sediment containing organic compounds which are still important, especially starch and other compounds that can be used as raw material for the manufacture of bio gas. This study aimed to determine the effect of fermentation time on the elimination percentage of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) using batch anaerobic digester system. Research was carried out by mixing the liquid waste of tapioca industry with water in the ratio 100:0; 85:15; 65:35; 50:50;35:65, and 15:85 (v/v) with starterin an anaerobic digester system batch in which neutral pH of the mixture was set. Parameter observed was the content of Total Suspended Solid. Percentage of elimination of Total Suspended Solid was reached at the rasio of liquid waste to water 100:0 (v/v) with the optimal value of 89.851% on the 21th day.

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Export Policy in Pakistan

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v6i1pp.57-79 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 57-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Richard Mallon

Keyword(s):

Textile Industry ◽

Economies Of Scale ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Labour Force ◽

Terms Of Trade ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Raw Material ◽

Export Diversification ◽

Export Policy ◽

External Economy

One of the main objectives of Pakistan's export policy has been the promotion of exports of manufactured goods. This is an objective which many under¬developed, predominately primary-exporting countries have in common because of their interest in export diversification. The general arguments used to justify such a policy, e.g., improvement in the terms of trade and increased stability of export proceeds—will not, however, be discussed in this paper1. Attention will instead be focussed on the economic consequences of the specific measures adopted by Pakistan, namely, a combination of export duties and subsidies which discriminate in favour of processed goods and against raw materials. The fact that in Pakistan the chief beneficiaries of discrimination have been manufactures of jute and cotton, products which also constitute most of the country's raw material exports, facilitates the economic evaluation of this policy. It can thus be assumed that if jute and cotton were not exported as manufactures they could be exported in raw form, or in other words, that the problem con¬sists in selecting that combination of exports in raw and manufactured form which maximizes net foreign exchange earnings. Furthermore, the textile industry is not a very good case for applying the external economy argument (i.e., subsidies to industries which provide training to the labour force in new skills, etc.,) be¬cause the industry would exist in any case to supply the internal market, economies of scale are limited and the skills employed are fairly rudimentary. In the follow¬ing, all our discussion will be concentrated on the jute and cotton situation, the special problems of other manufacturing fall outside the scope of our analysis.

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Collecting, harmonizing and sharing data on European Raw Materials

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14690 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lisbeth Flindt Jørgensen ◽

Špela Kumelj ◽

Teresa Brown

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

National Level ◽

Raw Material ◽

Geological Survey ◽

The European Union ◽

Critical Metals ◽

Data Infrastructure ◽

Geological Conditions ◽

Wide Range ◽

Central Database

Geological raw materials cover a wide range of materials from sand and gravel over granites and marbles to precious or critical metals and minerals. Man has extracted these materials from the (sub)surface since prehistorical eras, and these indispensable substances have to a very large extent contributed to the evolution of humankind.In the latest decades, raw materials of economically and strategically importance for society but with high-risks associated with their supply, referred to as Critical Raw Materials (CRMs). To a large extent they form the basis for modern society as they are essential in key industry sectors. In the latest years, access to CRMs is a strategic security question for Europe&#8217;s road towards the green transition.In September 2020, The European Commission launched a new list of CRMs as well as a strategy to enhance Europe&#8217;s resilience as most of these substances are sourced from other continents, and as the global competitions is increasing (EC, 2020). Among others, one of the suggested actions in this strategy is to &#8216;strengthen the sustainable and responsible domestic sourcing &#8230;&#8230;. in the European Union&#8217;. Although Europe has a long tradition of mining and extractive activities, it is acknowledged that there are several challenges to reach a situation with European sourcing of a certain amount of CRMs. Challenges include lack of interest in investment, strict permitting procedures or low levels of public acceptance. Nevertheless, it is recognized that the European geological conditions carry significant potential for CRMs, but more harmonised knowledge across borders is needed. This is where the Geological Survey Organisations of Europe play an important role as they are key partners in collecting and storing information on raw materials at national levels, and in making these available for endusers as policy and decision makers.&#160;&#160;All European countries have a national geological survey organization, some in addition a number of regional surveys. Most host data on raw materials, however, data are typically organized in different ways from one country to another based on different geological traditions and legal commitments. In the GeoERA MINTELL4EU project we build on previous projects as Minerals4EU, ProSUM, SCRREEN, ORAMA, and cooperate with ongoing projects as RESEERVE to collect raw material data in central database and to visualize these data in harmonized way at the European Geological Data Infrastructure (EGDI). Data includes, among other things, the location of individual mineral occurrences, mines, etc. stored in a central database called MIN4EU, and aggregated statistical data at national level on production, trade and reserves etc, compiled in what we know as the electronic Minerals Yearbook. The methods used for collecting (harvesting) and storing data will be discussed, and examples of harmonized visualizations will be shared.MINTELL4EU is a part of the GeoERA programme supported by European Union's Horizon 2020, grant agreement no. 731166.&#160;

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Development of the Potential for the Cheap Explosives in Russia

Occupational Safety in Industry ◽

10.24000/0409-2961-2021-8-7-14 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

S.D. Viktorov ◽

◽

A.E. Frantov ◽

I.N. Lapikov ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Oil Products ◽

Production Costs ◽

Raw Material ◽

Material Base ◽

Waste Oil ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Secondary Aluminum ◽

Technical Literature

The most accessible and popular means of destruction of rocks, which are used in the extraction of ores, non-metallic minerals, mining and chemical raw materials, are the cheap explosives, in the Russian technical literature called granulites or AS-DT, in the foreign — ANFO. The article presents the research carried out to improve the formulation and explosive properties of granulites A6, Igdanit, Igdanit-P, A3. They are aimed at using the modern raw material base, increasing the efficiency of blasting, the safety of manufacturing and loading drill holes and boreholes, maintaining a balanced composition, and preserving physical stability, providing energy potential with secondary aluminum additives. Further development of granulites is aimed at creating a line of formulations using saltpeter with variable technical parameters, mixed fuels in the form of liquid (waste oil products, fuel mixtures, diesel fuel) and solid (coal powder, coke fines, rubber crumbs) phases. Based on the use of the cheap explosives in the formulation of recycling materials formed at the mining enterprises, blasting technologies are being improved, and mixing and charging equipment is being developed. The proposed approaches are aimed at maintaining high technical and economic indicators of the use of explosives, ensuring the stationarity of the explosive process and the completeness of detonation of granulites reducing the sensitivity to mechanical and thermal influences, and maintaining susceptibility to initiation by practical means of an explosive pulse. When compiling the new formulations of granulites to reduce production costs, it is proposed to use the most economical types of oxidants and fuels with ensuring quality control of mixing components with different technological properties and conditioning the temperature-viscosity properties of the waste oil products.

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The Competitiveness of the Textile Industry in Vietnam: An analysis to the Period of a Decade

International Journal of Education and Knowledge Management ◽

10.37227/ijekm-2021-05-947 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Textile Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

International Competitiveness ◽

Garment Industry ◽

Spare Parts ◽

Textile Materials ◽

Diamond Model ◽

Trade Competitiveness ◽

Double Diamond ◽

Investment In Fixed Assets

This paper analyzes the competitiveness of the textile and garment industry in Vietnam for the period 2010 to 2020. The analysis is performed using two approaches applied on both quantitative and qualitative aspects the Generalized Double Diamond Model (GDDM), analyzed international competitiveness of Vietnam’s G&T industry and compared it with China and impact variables of international competitiveness to market share (MS), trade competitiveness (TC) and revealed comparative advantage (RCA) are tested against the estimated coefficients of these variables. The results from show that Vietnam was less competitive than China and it is necessary to increase investment in fixed assets of VietNam's textile and garment industry, accelerate the rate of equipment upgrading, improve the level of industrialization, and at the same time increase the supply of spare parts. textile materials and lower the cost of raw materials prices, thereby reducing costs for textile enterprises. Keywords: Competitiveness, Diamond model, Garment & Textile, RCA index, Vietnam

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Liquid Waste of Palm Oil Plantations as Liquid Fertilizer

Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience ◽

10.1166/jctn.2019.8580 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. 5166-5170

Author(s):

Elfidiah ◽

Kiagus Ahmad Roni

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Suspended Solid ◽

Raw Material ◽

Liquid Fertilizer ◽

The Board Of Directors ◽

The Republic

The purpose of this study was to test the potential for sewage treatment plants Milt Palm Oil Waste (POME) as a raw material Liquid Fertilizer. Palm Oil Mill Effluent samples taken of Oil Palm Plantation PT. Minanga Ogan, South Surnatra method of analysis used for BOD Winkler method, a method Kjehdahl Nitrogen, Phosphorus appears spectrophotometermethod, K by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer methods and MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid) by using the gravimetric method. The results of this study indicate an anaerobic 20,1471 BOD, 25 mg/L, N 1021.22mg/L, P 328.19mg/L, K 541.03 mg/L, and MLSS 136 mg/L BOD anaerobic ponds 2,18,421, 16 mg/L, N 876.35 mg/L, P 279.24 mg/L, K 473.59 mg/L, and MLSS 154 mg/L BOD Anaerobic an 11428,213 mg/L, N 662.61 mg/L, P 238.32 mg/L, K 348.26 mg/L, and 163 MLSS anaerobic ponds mg/L BOD 4522.81 4 mg/L, N 443.26 mg/L, P 102.22 mg/L, K 327.76 mg/L, and MLSS 198 mg/L. According to Minister of environment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 29 Year 2003 on Use of Palm Oil Technical Guidelines, the Board of Directors 3000–5000 mg/L does not pollute the environment but still have enough nutritional value for plants. It can be concluded that the anaerobic pond 4 can be directly used to, liquid fertilizer. While anaerobic pond 2 and 3 should be treated as liquid fertilizer raw materials as BOD of anaerobic Both pools are quite high.

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Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision-Making Model (MCDM) for Raw Materials Supplier Selection in Plastics Industry

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math7100981 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 981 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Wang ◽

Thanh ◽

Chyou ◽

Lin ◽

Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Supplier Selection ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Multicriteria Decision Making ◽

Analytic Network Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Production Chain ◽

Multicriteria Decision ◽

Plastic Industry ◽

Decision Making Model

To be able to compete in the domestic plastic industry, small and medium-sized enterprises producing plastic need to proactively find the supply of raw materials, avoiding shortages like in the previous years. Purchasing is extremely important and will create a competitive advantage with competitors in the market, so finding suppliers will determine the success in the later stages of the production chain. With the development of the current information system, selection and evaluation have become important in order to achieve effective decision-making through optimal options. In this study, the authors provide a new approach for decision-makers in evaluating and selecting suppliers, which is formulated based on the supply chain operation reference (SCOR) model, fuzzy analytic network process (FANP), and VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR). The contribution of this research is to propose a multicriteria decision-making model (MCDM) for raw material supplier selection in the plastic industry. This research also provided a useful guideline for supplier selection in other industry.

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Drivers and Barriers for a Circular Economy (CE) Implementation in Poland—A Case Study of Raw Materials Recovery Sector

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14082219 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 2219

Author(s):

Marzena Smol ◽

Paulina Marcinek ◽

Eugeniusz Koda

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

National Level ◽

Subsequent Development ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ecological Awareness ◽

Material Recovery ◽

Industrial Sectors ◽

Materials Recovery

Mobilizing industry and transforming industrial sectors to a circular economy (CE) is one of the key areas of activities in the European Green Deal (EGD)—the newest strategy of economic growth in European Union (EU). In the CE, the raw materials that can be recovered from various waste streams play a key role, therefore, recommendations for their management were developed, both at the European and national level. In Poland, the raw material recovery sector is one of the strategic sectors (key industries) described in several documents determining the further directions of economic growth in the country. This paper presents the revision of these documents and guidelines for the implementation of the CE in the raw material recovery sector. The scope of the paper also includes a description of the current state of the raw materials recovery sector and its return, supported by the analysis of drivers and barriers in its further development. In previous years, a dynamic development of the recovery industry was observed, followed by formation of new companies (dominated by medium-sized companies comprising ~50% of entities in the sector) and increasing amount of people employed (~70,700 people). A growing level of processing of secondary raw materials with the use of more and more innovative technologies has been observed, which could contribute to the improvement of the level of innovation of the national economy. There also some barriers, such as the lack of sufficiently developed industrial symbiosis (IS) and long-term support for the implementation of recovery technologies. The growing ecological awareness of society and enterprises themselves, as well as the growing belief in the importance of resource recovery for environmental protection, suggest the possibility of subsequent development of the raw materials recovery sector. Further actions in this field will be taken to strengthen the implementation of the CE in the country.

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ManTool: Application as Manufacturing Tools for Resources Management based on GIS

International Journal of Innovation in Enterprise System ◽

10.25124/ijies.v5i01.71 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (01) ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Ika Arum Puspita

Keyword(s):

Information System ◽

Geographic Information System ◽

Textile Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Raw Material ◽

Geographical Information ◽

Market Needs ◽

The Right ◽

Very High

Competition in the textile industry is very high. Companies must be able to meet market needs by producing goods according to demand. In producing an item, it is necessary to design the amount of raw material required. This study aims to publish geographic information system (GIS) based application design as a tool in resource management. This application is named ManTool. ManTool can provide a reminder when raw material stocks run out. With this system, the company can order raw materials, and the production system continues to run well. This system is designed based on a Geographical Information System (GIS), it is easier for companies to determine which supplier of raw materials to choose. The method of making this system is by using the waterfall method. This method produces the right system because each stage is identified sequentially. The result of this research is a geographic information system-based application. With this application, the company will get a notification when the raw material runs out, and the company will get the right supplier's recommendation to buy raw material.

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