scholarly journals Nanomaterials for Tumor Hypoxia Relief to Improve the Efficacy of ROS-Generated Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changping Ruan ◽  
Kaihua Su ◽  
Dongmin Zhao ◽  
Ai Lu ◽  
Chaoran Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tumor Metastasis ◽  
Tumor Hypoxia ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Tumor Resistance ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Future Challenges

Given the fact that excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA, various ROS-generating agents and strategies have been explored to induce cell death and tumor destruction by generating ROS above toxic threshold. Unfortunately, hypoxia in tumor microenvironment (TME) not only promotes tumor metastasis but also enhances tumor resistance to the ROS-generated cancer therapies, thus leading to ineffective therapeutic outcomes. A variety of nanotechnology-based approaches that generate or release O2 continuously to overcome hypoxia in TME have showed promising results to improve the efficacy of ROS-generated cancer therapy. In this minireview, we present an overview of current nanomaterial-based strategies for advanced cancer therapy by modulating the hypoxia in the TME and promoting ROS generation. Particular emphasis is put on the O2 supply capability and mechanism of these nanoplatforms. Future challenges and opportunities of design consideration are also discussed. We believe that this review may provide some useful inspiration for the design and construction of other advanced nanomaterials with O2 supply ability for overcoming the tumor hypoxia-associated resistance of ROS-mediated cancer therapy and thus promoting ROS-generated cancer therapeutics.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Strategies for Addressing Hypoxia in Tumor Photodynamic Therapy

Biomolecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Liang Hong ◽  
Jiangmin Li ◽  
Yali Luo ◽  
Tao Guo ◽  
Chenshuang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Treatment Modality ◽  
Tumor Metastasis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Tumor Hypoxia ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tumor Resistance ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Recent Advances

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that uses light to target tumors and minimize damage to normal tissues. It offers advantages including high spatiotemporal selectivity, low side effects, and maximal preservation of tissue functions. However, the PDT efficiency is severely impeded by the hypoxic feature of tumors. Moreover, hypoxia may promote tumor metastasis and tumor resistance to multiple therapies. Therefore, addressing tumor hypoxia to improve PDT efficacy has been the focus of antitumor treatment, and research on this theme is continuously emerging. In this review, we summarize state-of-the-art advances in strategies for overcoming hypoxia in tumor PDTs, categorizing them into oxygen-independent phototherapy, oxygen-economizing PDT, and oxygen-supplementing PDT. Moreover, we highlight strategies possessing intriguing advantages such as exceedingly high PDT efficiency and high novelty, analyze the strengths and shortcomings of different methods, and envision the opportunities and challenges for future research.

scholarly journals RNA Hydrogel Combined with MnO2 Nanoparticles as a Nano-Vaccine to Treat Triple Negative Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weicai Wang ◽  
Xiaofan Liu ◽  
Lairong Ding ◽  
Hyung Jong Jin ◽  
Xuemei Li
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Metastasis ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Tumor Hypoxia ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Mno2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
Chlorine E6 ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
Low Cytotoxicity

Hypoxia is not only the reason of tumor metastasis but also enhances the spread of cancer cells from the original tumor site, which results in cancer recurrence. Herein, we developed a self-assembled RNA hydrogel that efficiently delivered synergistic DNA CpG and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) adjuvants, as well as MnO2 loaded-photodynamic agent chlorine e6 (MnO2@Ce6), and a chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX) into MDA-MB-231cells. The RNA hydrogel consists of one tumour suppressor miRNA (miRNA-205) and one anti-metastatic miRNA (miRNA-182), both of which showed an outstanding effect in synergistically abrogating tumours. The hydrogel would be dissociated by endogenous Dicer enzyme to release loaded therapeutic molecules, and in the meantime induce decomposition of tumor endogenous H2O2 to relieve tumor hypoxia. As a result, a remarkable synergistic therapeutic effect is achieved through the combined chemo-photodynamic therapy, which simultaneously triggers a series of anti-tumor immune responses. Besides, the hydrogel as the carrier which modified aptamer to targeted MDA-MB-231 has the advantages of good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. This strategy could be implemented to design any other microRNA (miRNA) as the carrier, combined with other treatment methods to treat human cancer, thereby overcoming the limitations of current cancer therapies.

scholarly journals Bugs as Cancer Drugs: Challenges and Opportunities

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip J. Daschner ◽  
Avraham Rasooly ◽  
Jeffrey D. White
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
National Cancer Institute ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Bacterial Therapy ◽  
Funding Opportunities ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT The first nonsurgical cancer therapy was bacterial therapy introduced in 1891 to treat solid tumors. Because in many cases it was harmful and ineffective, and with the emergence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, bacterial therapy was discontinued. Motivated by the need to improve targeting of solid tumors and in light of recent progress made in developing microbial therapies, the National Cancer Institute has for the first time issued funding opportunities to stimulate research on bacterium-based cancer therapies for conditions under which current cancer therapies are inadequate.

Challenges and Opportunities from Basic Cancer Biology for Nanomedicine for Targeted Drug Delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Xie ◽  
Yingying Zhang ◽  
Fengqiao Li ◽  
Tingting Lv ◽  
Ziying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Tumor Metastasis ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Proliferation Markers ◽  
Cancer Hallmarks ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Background:Effective cancer therapy is still a great challenge for modern medical research due to the complex underlying mechanisms of tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis, and the limitations commonly associated with currently used cancer therapeutic options. Nanotechnology has been implemented in cancer therapeutics with immense potential for improving cancer treatment.Objective:Through information about the recent advances regarding cancer hallmarks, we could comprehensively understand the pharmacological effects and explore the mechanisms of the interaction between the nanomaterials, which could provide opportunities to develop mechanism-based nanomedicine to treat human cancers.Methods:We collected related information and data from articles.Results:In this review, we discussed the characteristics of cancer including tumor angiogenesis, abnormalities in tumor blood vessels, uncontrolled cell proliferation markers, multidrug resistance, tumor metastasis, cancer cell metabolism, and tumor immune system that provide opportunities and challenges for nanomedicine to be directed to specific cancer cells and portray the progress that has been accomplished in application of nanotechnology for cancer treatment.Conclusion:The information presented in this review can provide useful references for further studies on developing effective nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer.

scholarly journals Bacterial-Based Cancer Therapy (BBCT): Recent Advances, Current Challenges, and Future Prospects for Cancer Immunotherapy

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1497
Author(s):  
Kajal H. Gupta ◽  
Christina Nowicki ◽  
Eileena F. Giurini ◽  
Amanda L. Marzo ◽  
Andrew Zloza
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Anti Cancer

Currently approximately 10 million people die each year due to cancer, and cancer is the cause of every sixth death worldwide. Tremendous efforts and progress have been made towards finding a cure for cancer. However, numerous challenges have been faced due to adverse effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and alternative cancer therapies, including toxicity to non-cancerous cells, the inability of drugs to reach deep tumor tissue, and the persistent problem of increasing drug resistance in tumor cells. These challenges have increased the demand for the development of alternative approaches with greater selectivity and effectiveness against tumor cells. Cancer immunotherapy has made significant advancements towards eliminating cancer. Our understanding of cancer-directed immune responses and the mechanisms through which immune cells invade tumors have extensively helped us in the development of new therapies. Among immunotherapies, the application of bacteria and bacterial-based products has promising potential to be used as treatments that combat cancer. Bacterial targeting of tumors has been developed as a unique therapeutic option that meets the ongoing challenges of cancer treatment. In comparison with other cancer therapeutics, bacterial-based therapies have capabilities for suppressing cancer. Bacteria are known to accumulate and proliferate in the tumor microenvironment and initiate antitumor immune responses. We are currently well-informed regarding various methods by which bacteria can be manipulated by simple genetic engineering or synthetic bioengineering to induce the production of anti-cancer drugs. Further, bacterial-based cancer therapy (BBCT) can be either used as a monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer therapies for better clinical outcomes. Here, we review recent advances, current challenges, and prospects of bacteria and bacterial products in the development of BBCTs.

Genetic and Epigenetic Modulation of Drug Resistance in Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1114-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanisha Shah ◽  
Rakesh M. Rawal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Acquired Drug Resistance ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Treatment ◽  
Epigenetic Modulation ◽  
Targeted Drug Therapies

Cancer is a complex disease that has the ability to develop resistance to traditional therapies. The current chemotherapeutic treatment has become increasingly sophisticated, yet it is not 100% effective against disseminated tumours. Anticancer drugs resistance is an intricate process that ascends from modifications in the drug targets suggesting the need for better targeted therapies in the therapeutic arsenal. Advances in the modern techniques such as DNA microarray, proteomics along with the development of newer targeted drug therapies might provide better strategies to overcome drug resistance. This drug resistance in tumours can be attributed to an individual’s genetic differences, especially in tumoral somatic cells but acquired drug resistance is due to different mechanisms, such as cell death inhibition (apoptosis suppression) altered expression of drug transporters, alteration in drug metabolism epigenetic and drug targets, enhancing DNA repair and gene amplification. This review also focusses on the epigenetic modifications and microRNAs, which induce drug resistance and contributes to the formation of tumour progenitor cells that are not destroyed by conventional cancer therapies. Lastly, this review highlights different means to prevent the formation of drug resistant tumours and provides future directions for better treatment of these resistant tumours.

Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery Systems for Targeted Epigenetics Cancer Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1084-1098
Author(s):  
Fengqian Chen ◽  
Yunzhen Shi ◽  
Jinming Zhang ◽  
Qi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Epigenetic Therapy ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
High Therapeutic Index

This review summarizes the epigenetic mechanisms of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modifications in cancer and the epigenetic modifications in cancer therapy. Due to their undesired side effects, the use of epigenetic drugs as chemo-drugs in cancer therapies is limited. The drug delivery system opens a door for minimizing these side effects and achieving greater therapeutic benefits. The limitations of current epigenetic therapies in clinical cancer treatment and the advantages of using drug delivery systems for epigenetic agents are also discussed. Combining drug delivery systems with epigenetic therapy is a promising approach to reaching a high therapeutic index and minimizing the side effects.

Lipid-based Nanoplatforms in Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances and Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Rajpoot
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Tumor Therapy ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Medication Delivery ◽  
Lipid Nanocarriers ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
Drug Nanocarriers

Though modern available cancer therapies are effective, they possess major adverse effects, causing non-compliance to patients. Furthermore, the majority of the polymeric-based medication platforms are certainly not universally acceptable, due to their several restrictions. With this juxtaposition, lipid-based medication delivery systems have appeared as promising drug nanocarriers to replace the majority of the polymer-based products because they are in a position to reverse polymer as well as, drug-associated restrictions. Furthermore, the amalgamation of the basic principle of nanotechnology in designing lipid nanocarriers, which are the latest form of lipid carriers, has tremendous chemotherapeutic possibilities as tumor-targeted drug-delivery pertaining to tumor therapy. Apart from this, it is reported that nearly 40% of the modern medication entities are lipophilic. Moreover, research continues to be efficient in attaining a significant understanding of the absorption and bioavailability of the developed lipids systems.

scholarly journals Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Pancreatic Cancer: Implications in Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Thyagarajan ◽  
Mamdouh Salman A. Alshehri ◽  
Kelly L.R. Miller ◽  
Catherine M. Sherwin ◽  
Jeffrey B. Travers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Tumor Resistance ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Immunosuppressive Cell

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a devastating human malignancy with poor prognosis and low survival rates. Several cellular mechanisms have been linked with pancreatic carcinogenesis and also implicated in inducing tumor resistance to known therapeutic regimens. Of various factors, immune evasion mechanisms play critical roles in tumor progression and impeding the efficacy of cancer therapies including PDAC. Among immunosuppressive cell types, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been extensively studied and demonstrated to not only support PDAC development but also hamper the anti-tumor immune responses elicited by therapeutic agents. Notably, recent efforts have been directed in devising novel approaches to target MDSCs to limit their effects. Multiple strategies including immune-based approaches have been explored either alone or in combination with therapeutic agents to target MDSCs in preclinical and clinical settings of PDAC. The current review highlights the roles and mechanisms of MDSCs as well as the implications of this immunomodulatory cell type as a potential target to improve the efficacy of therapeutic regimens for PDAC.

Proteases and Their Modulators in Cancer Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rao Song ◽  
Wenliang Qiao ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Jiasheng Huang ◽  
Youfu Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities
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