scholarly journals Capsule Size Alters the Timing of Metabolic Alkalosis Following Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
India Middlebrook ◽  
Joe Peacock ◽  
Daniel J. Tinnion ◽  
Nicholas K. Leach ◽  
Nathan P. Hilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Symptom Scores ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Capsule Size

Introduction: Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is a well-established nutritional ergogenic aid that is typically ingested as a beverage or consumed in gelatine capsules. While capsules may delay the release of NaHCO3 and reduce gastrointestinal (GI) side effects compared with a beverage, it is currently unclear whether the capsule size may influence acid–base responses and GI symptoms following supplementation.Aim: This study aims to determine the effects of NaHCO3 supplementation, administered in capsules of different sizes, on acid–base responses, GI symptoms, and palatability.Methods: Ten healthy male subjects (mean ± SD: age 20 ± 2 years; height 1.80 ± 0.09 m; weight 78.0 ± 11.9 kg) underwent three testing sessions whereby 0.3 g NaHCO3/kg of body mass was consumed in either small (size 3), medium (size 0), or large (size 000) capsules. Capillary blood samples were procured pre-ingestion and every 10 min post-ingestion for 180 min. Blood samples were analyzed using a radiometer (Radiometer ABL800, Denmark) to determine blood bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3-]) and potential hydrogen (pH). GI symptoms were measured using a questionnaire at the same timepoints, whereas palatability was recorded pre-consumption.Results: Capsule size had a significant effect on lag time (the time [HCO3-] changed, Tlag) and the timing of peak blood [HCO3-] (Tmax). Bicarbonate Tlag was significantly higher in the large-sized (28 ± 4 min) compared with the small-sized (13 ± 2 min) capsules (P = 0.009). Similarly, Tmax was significantly lower in the small capsule (94 ± 24 min) compared with both the medium-sized (141 ± 27 min; P < 0.001) and the large-sized (121 ± 29 min; P < 0.001) capsules. The GI symptom scores were similar for small-sized (3 ± 3 AU), medium-sized (5 ± 3 AU), and large-sized (3 ± 3 AU) capsules, with no significant difference between symptom scores (F = 1.3, P = 0.310). Similarly, capsule size had no effect on palatability (F = 0.8, P = 0.409), with similar scores between different capsule sizes.Conclusion: Small capsule sizes led to quicker Tlag and Tmax of blood [HCO3-] concentration compared to medium and large capsules, suggesting that individuals could supplement NaHCO3 in smaller capsules if they aim to increase extracellular buffering capacity more quickly.

Vibration Transmissibility on Foot during Controlling and Operating Car Accelerator Pedal

2013 ◽  
Vol 471 ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
A.R. Yusoff ◽  
Baba M. Deros ◽  
D.D.I Daruis
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Accelerator Pedal ◽  
Vehicle Engine ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vibration Transmissibility ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the vibration transmissibility from a cars body to pedal-pad, and the lower extremity, especially on the foot. The vibration transmissibility will occur when the foot interacts with the pedal-pad once the vehicle engine is turned on. The vibrations transmissibility will cause drivers discomfort, especially on the lower extremity due to fatigue and tiredness of the foot. The relationship between vibration transmissibility with the different sizes pedal-pad to the foot, and whether it can contribute to the foot discomfort during handling and controlling pedal-pad while driving is investigated. The variables are the different sizes of pedal-pad. Data was recorded from foot on three different sizes of pedal-pads. The data was measured in root mean square (r.m.s) unit, of the frequency weighted acceleration (m/s2) for every minute. The result for the foot-transmitted-vibration shows the ratio value of medium sized pedal-pad is greater than 1; compared to small sized and large sized pedal-pads which is less than 1. Analysis of One-way Anova shows that the mean of different sizes of pedal-pad is significant. Tukeyspost-hocwith HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) test on the foot transmitted-vibration proves that the means for medium size pedal-pad is the highest compared with the small and large size pedal-pads.

scholarly journals Enteric-Coated Sodium Bicarbonate Attenuates Gastrointestinal Side-Effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Philip Hilton ◽  
Nicholas Keith Leach ◽  
Melissa May Craig ◽  
S. Andy Sparks ◽  
Lars Robert McNaughton
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Concentration Potential ◽  
Gastrointestinal Side Effects ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Enteric Coated

Enteric-formulated capsules can mitigate gastrointestinal (GI) side effects following sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion; however, it remains unclear how encapsulation alters postingestion symptoms and acid–base balance. The current study aimed to identify the optimal ingestion form to mitigate GI distress following NaHCO3 ingestion. Trained males (n = 14) ingested 300 mg/kg body mass of NaHCO3 in gelatin (GEL), delayed-release (DEL), and enteric-coated (ENT) capsules or a placebo in a randomized cross-over design. Blood bicarbonate anion concentration, potential hydrogen, and GI symptoms were measured pre- and postingestion for 3 hr. Fewer GI symptoms were reported with ENT NaHCO3 than with GEL (p = .012), but not with DEL (p = .106) in the postingestion phase. Symptom severity decreased with DEL (4.6 ± 2.8 arbitrary units) compared with GEL (7.0 ± 2.6 arbitrary units; p = .001) and was lower with ENT (2.8 ± 1.9 arbitrary units) compared with both GEL (p < .0005) and DEL (p = .044) NaHCO3. Blood bicarbonate anion concentration increased in all NaHCO3 conditions compared with the placebo (p < .0005), although this was lower with ENT than with GEL (p = .001) and DEL (p < .0005) NaHCO3. Changes in blood potential hydrogen were reduced with ENT compared with GEL (p = .047) and DEL (p = .047) NaHCO3, with no other differences between the conditions. Ingestion of ENT NaHCO3 attenuates GI disturbances for up to 3 hr postingestion. Therefore, ENT ingestion forms may be favorable for those who report GI disturbances with NaHCO3 supplementation or for those who have previously been deterred from its use altogether.

scholarly journals A Comparison Of Mission Statements Of National Blue Ribbon Schools And Unacceptable Texas High Schools

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Charles Perfetto ◽  
Glenda Holland ◽  
Rebecca Davis ◽  
La Vonne Fedynich
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Mission Statements ◽  
Blue Ribbon Schools ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Blue Ribbon ◽  
Partnership Quality ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Education Environment ◽  
Significant Difference

This study was conducted to determine the themes present in the context of high schools, to determine any significant differences in themes for high and low performing high schools, and to determine if significant differences were present for the same sample of high schools based on school size. An analysis of the content of mission statements identified 31 dominant themes: Students, Providing, All, Community, Learning, Academics, Developing, Responsible, Education, Environment, Preparing, Productive, Success, Lifelong Learning, Individual, Citizen, Excellence, Skills, Society, Committed, Promotes, Achievement, Diversity, Knowledge, Nature, Challenge, Future, Partnership, Quality, Potential, and Safe. Significant differences were found between the group of high and low performing high schools for the themes of Academics, Excellence, Challenge, Learning, Nurture, and Lifelong Learning (p ? .05). Analysis of mission statements grouped by size yielded a significant difference for the theme of Knowledge for large size high schools as compared to small and medium size high schools.

scholarly journals Predictive Elements of Obstructive Urolithiasis in Sheep*

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Arcoverde Maciel ◽  
Clédson Calixto De Oliveira ◽  
José Augusto Bastos Afonso ◽  
Rinaldo José de Souto Maior Júnior ◽  
José Jurandir Fagliari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Alkalosis ◽  
Urine Analysis ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: Urolithiasis is an economically important disease that has considerable significance for sheep farming. With the tissue and biochemical changes resulting from the development of this disease, metabolic disorders and immune response are established. Hemogasometric evaluation allows the identification of systemic acid-base imbalances quickly. Acute phase proteins (AFP) have in the last two decades become the biomarkers of choice in human and veterinary medicine. To date, no biomarker studies have been published for sheep with obstructive urolithiasis. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the hemogasometric kinetics in obstructive urolithiasis in sheep and the AFP that can be used as early biomarkers in this disease.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, 14 healthy male Santa Inês sheep, aged approximately 90 days, fed on calculogenic diet for 120 days. The animals were examined weekly, including observation of clinical signs, and blood and urine analysis were performed. For comparative analysis purposes, at the end of the experiment, sheep that developed obstructive urolithiasis were extracted from the initial experimental group D1 (without urolithiasis) and became part of the second experimental group D2 (with urolithiasis). In the pre-experimental period and on the day of slaughter, venous blood samples were harvested for hemogasometric tests, with a maximum time of 15 minutes between collection and analysis, to ensure the reliability of the results obtained. The pH, pCO2, pO2, EB, tCO2, HCO3-, stHCO3-, tHb, sO2 and Hct, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ions were quantified. To identify and measure immunoglobulins (A and G) and AFP, samples from sheep that developed obstructive urolithiasis (D2) were analyzed. Blood samples were harvested weekly until the clinical manifestation of the disease, totaling 16 samples, when IgA, IgG, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, α1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin and α1-acid glycoprotein concentrations were measured. Elevation of pCO2 was observed between D1 and D2, but there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) only in the final moments (FMs). Although EB, tCO2, HCO3-, stHCO3- increased between moments in the same group and between groups at the same time, significant differences were recorded only in the FMs. Higher values were observed for Na+, K+ in the FMs. The AFP of sheep that developed the disease oscillated between moments, however, significant difference (P < 0.05) over time was observed only in haptoglobin and transferrin.Discussion: The disease occurred in five of the 14 animals studied, demonstrating the effectiveness of the formulated diet in inducing the disease. Through the analysis of blood gases, plasma bicarbonate concentration and excess base or deficit it was possible to diagnose disturbances in acid base balance, characterizing a picture of metabolic alkalosis in animals with urolithiasis. Mean pH was not significantly different between groups, but sheep that developed urolithiasis had alkalosis. Final values of tCO2 and HCO3- indicate the compensatory organic response, which, together with the analysis of the averages of HCO3- and EB, reflect the metabolic alkalosis picture. The AFP have different responsiveness among them. Haptoglobin and transferrin were the most reliable biomarkers among the studied AFP to predict obstructive urolithiasis, with transferrin showing atypical behavior, characteristic of positive AFP.

Markers of Hemostatic Activation in Affected Coronary Arteries during Angioplasty

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (05) ◽  
pp. 672-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas W Shammas ◽  
Michael J Cunningham ◽  
Richard M Pomearntz ◽  
Charles W Francis
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Balloon Inflation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Hemostatic System ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hemostatic Markers ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
High Doses

SummaryTo characterize the extent of early activation of the hemostatic system following angioplasty, we obtained blood samples from the involved coronary artery of 11 stable angina patients during the procedure and measured sensitive markers of thrombin formation (fibrino-peptide A, prothrombin fragment 1.2, and soluble fibrin) and of platelet activation ((3-thromboglobulin). Levels of hemostatic markers in venous blood obtained from 14 young individuals with low pretest probability for coronary artery disease were not significantly different from levels in venous blood or intracoronary samples obtained prior to angioplasty. Also, there was no translesional (proximal and distal to the lesion) gradient in any of the hemostatic markers before or after angioplasty in samples obtained between 18 and 21 min from the onset of the first balloon inflation. Furthermore, no significant difference was noted between angioplasty and postangioplasty intracoronary concentrations. We conclude that intracoronary hemostatic activation does not occur in the majority of patients during and immediately following coronary angioplasty when high doses of heparin and aspirin are administered.

Effect of Concentration of Trisodium Citrate Anticoagulant on Calculation of the International Normalised Ratio and the International Sensitivity Index of Thromboplastin

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (01) ◽  
pp. 084-088 ◽  
Author(s):  
E M Duncan ◽  
C R Casey ◽  
B M Duncan ◽  
J V Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Trisodium Citrate ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Orthogonal Regression ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
International Normalised Ratio ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine whether the concentration of trisodium citrate used to anticoagulate blood has an effect on the INR of the sample and the ISI of the thromboplastin. Five thromboplastins including and Australian reference material were used to measure the prothrombin time of normal and patient samples collected into two concentrations of trisodium citrate - 109 mM and 129 mM. There was no effect of citrate concentration on the INRs determined with the reference material. However for the other four thromboplastins there was a significant difference between INRs for the two citrate groups. The prothrombin times of the samples collected into 129 mM were longer than those collected into 109 mM. This difference was only slight in normal plasma but more marked in patients receiving oral anticoagulants, causing the INRs for patient plasmas collected into 129 mM citrate to be higher then the corresponding samples collected into 109 mM citrate.From orthogonal regression of log prothrombin times by the reference method against each thromboplastin, we found that the ISI for each thromboplastin was approximately 10% lower when determined with samples collected into 129 mM citrate than with samples collected into 109 mM. These results suggest that the concentration of trisodium citrate used for collection of blood samples can affect the calculation of the INR and the calibration of the ISI of thromboplastin. This was found both for commercial thromboplastins prepared by tissue extraction and for a recombinant tissue factor.

Arterio-Venous Differences in the Components of the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 032-037 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Ogston ◽  
C. M Ogston ◽  
N. B Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzyme ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Activator Concentration ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Male Subjects

Summary1. The concentration of the major components of the fibrinolytic enzyme system was compared in venous and arterial blood samples from male subjects.2. The plasminogen activator concentration was higher in venous blood and the arterio-venous difference increased as its concentration rose, but the ratio of the arterial to venous level remained constant.3. No arterio-venous difference was found for anti-urokinase activity, antiplasmin, plasminogen and fibrinogen.4. It is concluded that venous blood determinations of the components of the fibrinolytic enzyme system reflect satisfactorily arterial blood levels.

AISI TYPE S2

Alloy Digest ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Shock Loading ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Hard Case ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Aisi Type

Abstract AISI Type S2 is a water-hardening tool steel with extreme toughness and resistance to shock loading. Even at a hardness of Rockwell C 59-60, it will bend before it breaks. When hardened in medium-size and large-size pieces, it acquires a hard case and a tough core. Sizes under 3/4-inch (19mm) diameter will water harden to the center. The extreme toughness of Type S2 makes it suitable for use in many applications where no other tool steel will hold up. Its many uses include chisels, rivet busters, spike mauls, screw drivers, punches and sledges. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-408. Producer or source: Tool steel mills.

scholarly journals The effect of metabolism on the course of labor and the postpartum period in highly productive cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 00256
Author(s):  
Murat Baimishev ◽  
Sergey Eremin ◽  
Kirill Plemyashov ◽  
Hamidulla Baimishev ◽  
Igor Konopeltsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Duration Of Pregnancy

The purpose of the research is to determine the etiopathogenesis of reproductive dysfunction in highly productive cows. For this, one group of cows was formed on the principle of paranalogs in the amount of 37 animals inseminated in the first sexual hunt after calving, followed by taking blood samples from them using the Monovet system, considering the duration of pregnancy. During the start-up period, blood was taken 1–4 days before calving and on the first day after calving. A total of 253 blood samples were examined. Subsequently, depending on the effectiveness of insemination, animals were divided into two groups. The first group included inseminated cows after the first insemination (20 animals), the second group included 17 unfertilized cows after the first insemination. Subsequently, blood was taken from animals considering the course of childbirth and the postpartum period. Blood counts were studied according to generally accepted methods using certified equipment. The study found that at an early stage of pregnancy, cows have a significant difference in lipid metabolism and in their peroxidation, in the state of antioxidant systems compared to unstable animals. In the process of pregnancy development in cows, there is a decrease in the level of total lipids and their class, and the accumulation of products of transoxidation of lipids is reduced. In animals with retention of the placenta, a low lipid metabolism and a higher level of peroxidation were established already in the dry period. After calving, this difference increases. The obtained data can be used to develop an algorithm for the prevention of postpartum complications in cows by using substances with antioxidant properties.

scholarly journals AB0809 HOW WELL ARE BIOLOGICS RETAINED IN PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS - A REAL WORLD STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1706.1-1706
Author(s):  
I. Jawad ◽  
M. K. Nisar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Real World ◽  
Biologic Therapy ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Nice Guidelines ◽  
Drug Survival ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Conventional Dmards ◽  
Significant Difference

Background:Biologics have led to a sea change in the management of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) with unprecedented improvement in the signs, symptoms and radiographic damage, resulting in improvement in functionality and quality of life. However longitudinal data for their retention and tolerability is sparse.Objectives:Our objective was to evaluate real-world biologic therapy duration and reasons for discontinuing treatment.Methods:We conducted a retrospective analysis of our PsA electronic register from 1994 up to and including April 2019 at our university teaching hospital. We had access to full patient records including details on co-morbidities, drugs and disease management.Results:335 patients were identified with PsA. 58% of them were female with mean age of 46 yr (13-81). 113 (33.7%) patients had been treated with a biologic with 105 (93%) continuing at the time of analysis. 60 individuals were prescribed combination therapy with DMARDs. Mean age was 43.3 years (13-81) with 56% women. The biologics sample was ethnically diverse including 80% White Caucasian patients, 17% Asian and others (3%). Significant co-morbidities included cardiovascular disease (18.6%) and diabetes (4.4%). Eight different biologics were in use with adalimumab being the most prescribed (67%).35 (30.9%) patients had stopped biologics at some point with 76 episodes of cessation. 6% of our sample had discontinued two or more biologic treatments. The mean duration before biologic therapy was discontinued was 18.2 months (8 days to 9.5 years), which was almost twice as long as the average period before discontinuing a DMARD (9.9 months). Main reasons for stopping treatment included 23% each due to GI symptoms, neurological causes, cutaneous symptoms and other side effects. The remaining 8% reported fatigue as the reason for stopping therapy.Conclusion:To our knowledge this is the first dedicated retrospective review of a large real world PsA cohort comparing drug survival and tolerability of biologics against DMARDs. Biologic therapies are well tolerated in psoriatic arthritis. There is no significant difference amongst various modes of action. Over a quarter of the patients discontinue the drug owing to intolerance with mean drug survival of 18 months. In contrast nearly two-thirds were intolerant of DMARDs and stopped within ten months. Thus both the rate and duration of biologic retention is significantly better than conventional DMARDs. This has significant economic impact as NICE guidelines require an adequate trial of two DMARDs for six months prior to advanced therapy. However, this approach is unlikely to be cost effective as the disease progresses whilst patients struggle with DMARDs prescription and thus delay biologics which are more likely to be tolerated and retained longer. Hence there is an urgent need to review NICE guidelines to allow earlier employment of biologics in the treatment paradigm with significant benefits to both patients and the health economy.Disclosure of Interests:Issrah Jawad: None declared, Muhammad Khurram Nisar Grant/research support from: Muhammad Nisar undertakes clinical trials and received support (including attendance at conferences, speaker fees and honoraria) from Roche, Chugai, MSD, Abbvie, Pfizer, BMS, Celgene, Novartis and UCB, Consultant of: Muhammad Nisar undertakes clinical trials and received support (including attendance at conferences, speaker fees and honoraria) from Roche, Chugai, MSD, Abbvie, Pfizer, BMS, Celgene, Novartis and UCB, Speakers bureau: Muhammad Nisar undertakes clinical trials and received support (including attendance at conferences, speaker fees and honoraria) from Roche, Chugai, MSD, Abbvie, Pfizer, BMS, Celgene, Novartis and UCB

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