scholarly journals Interactions of Environmental Chemicals and Natural Products With ABC and SLC Transporters in the Digestive System of Aquatic Organisms

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo F. Romersi ◽  
Sascha C. T. Nicklisch

An organism’s diet is a major route of exposure to both beneficial nutrients and toxic environmental chemicals and natural products. The uptake of dietary xenobiotics in the intestine is prevented by transporters of the Solute Carrier (SLC) and ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) family. Several environmental chemicals and natural toxins have been identified to induce expression of these defense transporters in fish and aquatic invertebrates, indicating that they are substrates and can be eliminated. However, certain environmental chemicals, termed Transporter-Interfering Chemicals or TICs, have recently been shown to bind to and inhibit fish and mammalian P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), thereby sensitizing cells to toxic chemical accumulation. If and to what extent other xenobiotic defense or nutrient uptake transporters can also be inhibited by dietary TICs is still unknown. To date, most chemical-transporter interaction studies in aquatic organisms have focused on ABC-type transporters, while molecular interactions of xenobiotics with SLC-type transporters are poorly understood. In this perspective, we summarize current advances in the identification, localization, and functional analysis of protective MXR transporters and nutrient uptake systems in the digestive system of fish and aquatic invertebrates. We collate the existing literature data on chemically induced transporter gene expression and summarize the molecular interactions of xenobiotics with these transport systems. Our review emphasizes the need for standardized assays in a broader panel of commercially important fish and seafood species to better evaluate the effects of TIC and other xenobiotic interactions with physiological substrates and MXR transporters across the aquatic ecosystem and predict possible transfer to humans through consumption.

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Błecha

Prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal tract diseases should take into account as minimal as possible intervention physiological processes which take place in digestive system. Digestive disorders, which are often caused by synthetic drugs, can generate more complicated diseases. Herbs should be a preventive or complementary way of action. They can also play the main role in therapy of less complicated diseases. Natural products are used in therapy of gastrointestinal tract diseases because they have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, coating, digestion improving and relaxative properties. They are helpful in gastro-oesophageal reflux, dyspepsia, gastritis and ulcers. Natural products, especially plant raw materials, used in the therapy of digestive system diseases, according to their leading activity, can be divided into the following groups: anti-inflammatory and protective, facilitating digestion, sedative and antimicrobial. It should be emphasized that plant raw materials act in multidirectional way and therefore not always may be classified strictly within such groups of curing activity.


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 2465-2472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuefen Zhang ◽  
Yuying Wang ◽  
Yixia Tang ◽  
Ruijun Li ◽  
Yibing Ji

As pepsin is one of the most important enzymes in the digestive system and is closely related to several diseases, an online system was developed to study the kinetics of pepsin and screen inhibitors from natural products.


Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. May ◽  
R. S. Hestand ◽  
J. M. Van Dyke

Effects of herbicide combinations on aquatic invertebrates were evaluated in Inglis Reservoir, which is located in west coastal Florida. The addition of 6,7-dihydrodipyrido [1,2-a: 2′1′-c]pyrazinediium ion (diquat) plus the triethanolamine complex of copper sulfate (TAC) and diquat plus copper sulfate pentahydrate (CSP) for control of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata Casp.) decreased the number of invertebrates inhabiting the treated areas. The diquat plus CSP combination exerted the greatest effect upon invertebrate numbers. Both herbicide combinations, however, did alter significantly the number of taxonomic groups in the areas. Invertebrate declines were due more generally to resultant habitat changes (i.e., loss of hydrilla) than to direct herbicide toxicity. The response of fish to the effects of the herbicide treatments on invertebrates could be ascribed to dietary changes, decreased growth rates, and possible mortality.


2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 20130552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euichi Hirose ◽  
Hiroyuki Mayama ◽  
Akihiro Miyauchi

The nipple array is a submicrometre-scale structure found on the cuticle surfaces of various invertebrate taxa. Corneal nipples are an antiglare surface in nocturnal insects, but the functional significance of the nipple array has not been experimentally investigated for aquatic organisms. Using nanopillar sheets as a mimetic model of the nipple array, we demonstrated that significantly fewer bubbles adhered to the nanopillar surface versus a flat surface when the sheets were hydrophilic. Many more bubbles adhered to the hydrophobic surface than the hydrophilic surfaces. Bubbles on the body surface may cause buoyancy problems, movement interference and water flow occlusion. Here, bubble repellence is proposed as a function of the hydrophilic nipple array in aquatic invertebrates and its properties are considered based on bubble adhesion energy.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Mauricio Caraballo-Rodríguez ◽  
Sara P. Puckett ◽  
Kathleen E. Kyle ◽  
Daniel Petras ◽  
Ricardo da Silva ◽  
...  

AbstractMost animals digest their food within their own bodies, but some do not. Many species of ants grow fungus gardens that pre-digest food as an essential step of the ants’ nutrient uptake. To better understand this digestion process, we generated a 3D molecular map of an Atta texana fungus garden, revealing chemical modifications mediated by the fungus garden as plant material passes through.


2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. DOSIS (Ι. ΔΟΣΗΣ) ◽  
A. KAMARIANOS (Α. ΚΑΜΑΡΙΑΝΟΣ)

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) encompass a variety of chemical classes, including several different categories of substances. Some are natural, such as plant oestrogens and mycoestrogens, while most are chemically composed. Residues are found in water, in sewage sludge, in the atmosphere and in foodstuff of vegitative or animal origin. The most common compounds include organochlorine pesticides, alkyl phenols, pthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Their properties render some as ubiquitous and persistent in the environment, they can be transported long distances and have been found in virtually all regions of the world. Their sources can vary from direct, such as effluents from wastewater, sewage, industrial sludge processes or agricultural effluents, to indirect, such as filtering agricultural soils, transportation through rain or air from civil and industrial centers to rivers and the surrounding environment. Others are rapidly degraded in the environment or human body or may be present for only short periods of time, but at critical periods of development. Although in low concentrations, the continuous exposure of animals of many species, including humans, induces adverse effects, such as disruption of reproductive function and of the immune system, as well as carcinogenic effects. The effects are obvious in wildlife, especially fish, and laboratory experiments. Sex change (feminizing) in fish has been observed, sexual differentiation in rats, egg shelling thinning, thyroid function disruption and mental and physical function disruption in wildlife. Most important and common is the disruption in the reproductive and the immune system of animals. As far as humans are concerned, reduction in sperm count and sperm quality has been heavily linked with EDC exposure, and furthermore, suspicions arise linking several cancer incident increments, such as testicular cancer, to EDC exposure. Still, although it is clear that many environmental chemicals can interfere with normal hormonal processes, there is weak evidence that human health can be adversely and directly affected by exposure to endocrine active chemicals. However, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that adverse endocrine mediated effects have occurred in wildlife species and laboratory studies exist to support these conclusions. The routes of exposure are numerous. Food is a common route of exposure, especially in younger animals that consume food containing higher fat percentages (e.g. milk). Soil is another route of exposure. Thus grazing animals tend to have a higher risk factor, due to surface soil pollution with EDCs. A vegetative nutrition with EDC residues is another high risk factor for these animals. On the other hand, animals bred with forage tend to be at lower risk factor, given that food is tested for low levels of EDCs. Water intake is not considered a significant route of exposure. EDCs possess the ability to act as either hormone agonists or antagonists or disrupt hormone synthesis, storage or metabolism. Due to their persistence in the environment, they are concentrated in fat tissue and are released when the fat is mobilized duringpregnancy or lactation, thus exposing embryos and neonates, which are very susceptible at this stage of development, to high concentrations of EDCs. The concerns that arise regarding the exposure to these EDCs are due primarily to:- these adverse effects observed in certain wildlife, fish and ecosystems- the increased incidences of certain endocrine-related human diseases and- endocrine disruption resulting from exposure to certain environmental chemicals observed in laboratory experimental animals.


2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabycarmen Navarrete-Rodríguez ◽  
Cesáreo Landeros-Sánchez ◽  
Alejandra Soto-Estrada ◽  
María Del Refugio Castañeda-Chavez ◽  
Fabiola Lango-Reynoso ◽  
...  

<p>The organochlorine pesticide endosulfan is an insecticide and acaricide used on a variety of crops around the world. Its adverse effects on public health and aquatic biota have been widely documented in several studies, which are closely related to their primary route of exposure, by eating food contaminated with this compound. Therefore, it is necessary to concentrate the information in order to analyze and understand its impact on public health. The present objective is to review the characteristics of endosulfan, its isomers and their presence in aquatic organisms of commercial importance in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. The aquatic organisms involved were molluscs, crustaceans and fish. The highest concentrations of endosulfan have been detected in oysters, <em>Crassostrea virginica</em>, with a maximum value of 99.48±16.21 ng g<sup>-1</sup>. Although the use of this insecticide for pest control worldwide is prohibited, research conducted in the Gulf of México and Caribbean Sea indicate that it is still used, which will affect future public health and consumers.</p>


2003 ◽  
Vol 75 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2335-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin'ichiro Kawai ◽  
M. Kobayashi ◽  
Hideo Kaneko

Responses to endocrine active substances (EASs) in animals are various, and differences between the responses among individuals, populations and species are well known. These differences are observed not only in EASs but in most environmental chemicals including synthetic and naturally occurring ones. The basic differences in sensitivity to EASs are attributed to that of affinity or specificity of the receptors to EASs at the cellular level. Although the nucleotide sequences encoding for estrogen receptor proteins have been documented in several species and the functions of the receptors are the same, the ability to bind the natural hormones and the estrogenic xenobiotics is not necessarily identical. The reproductive endocrine system is basically common among vertebrates, but chemical types of hormones, physiological roles of hormones and the basal blood levels of hormones differ among each species, especially in sex steroids. These differences cause various types of responses and sensitivity to EASs among animal species. Xenobiotic metabolism is important for the genetical, biochemical and physiological factors concerning the influence of EASs. Some EASs directly inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity as was reported in tributyltin that inhibits CYP19 (aromatase) activity causing imposex in neogastropods. Some organochlorines including dioxins stimulate aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor-mediated xenobiotic metabolism, and result in the metabolic disruption of steroid hormones such as estrogen as were reported in eggshell thinning in birds of prey and uterus occlusion in seals. CYP activity greatly differs among wildlife species in both terrestrial and aquatic organisms, and these differences are significantly responsible for the multiple effects or toxicity of EASs. Sex and age differences also cause different responses to EASs and are largely due to the differences in xenobiotic metabolizing activities.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 2012-2015

Silver nanoparticles are extensively used in the past few years. The presence of these silver nanoparticles concerns the risks they pose to the environment as a whole. Their tiny size and higher surface area make them a very potent threat in the aquatic ecosystem. The interactions and bioaccumulation in the aquatic ecosystem have led to disturbances in the food chain of the aquatic organism. The silver nanoparticles have caused biochemical, physiological, morphological, and neurological impairment in the aquatic organisms. There are several studies that not only report the direct impact of these AgNPs on the water bodies but also report the impact of ligand-bound AgNPs on aquatic invertebrates at different trophic levels and different medium. This literature review attempts to integrate recent findings on the impact of silver nanoparticles and associated studies on aquatic organisms.


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