scholarly journals Shared Representations in Athletes: Segmenting Action Sequences From Taekwondo Reveals Implicit Agreement

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waltraud Stadler ◽  
Veit S. Kraft ◽  
Roee Be’er ◽  
Joachim Hermsdörfer ◽  
Masami Ishihara
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Action Segmentation ◽  
Internal Action ◽  
Segmentation Task ◽  
Sensorimotor Knowledge ◽  
Sensorimotor Skills ◽  
Action Representations

How do athletes represent actions from their sport? How are these representations structured and which knowledge is shared among experts in the same discipline? To address these questions, the event segmentation task was used. Experts in Taekwondo and novices indicated how they would subjectively split videos of Taekwondo form sequences into meaningful units. In previous research, this procedure was shown to unveil the structure of internal action representations and to be affected by sensorimotor knowledge. Without specific instructions on the grain size of segmentation, experts tended to integrate over longer episodes which resulted in a lower number of single units. Moreover, in accordance with studies in figure-skating and basketball, we expected higher agreement among experts on where to place segmentation marks, i.e., boundaries. In line with this hypothesis, significantly more overlap of boundaries was found within the expert group as compared to the control group. This was observed even though the interindividual differences in the selected grain size were huge and expertise had no systematic influence here. The absence of obvious goals or objects to structure Taekwondo forms underlines the importance of shared expert knowledge. Further, experts might have benefited from sensorimotor skills which allowed to simulate the observed actions more precisely. Both aspects may explain stronger agreement among experts even in unfamiliar Taekwondo forms. These interpretations are descriptively supported by the participants’ statements about features which guided segmentation and by an overlap of the group’s agreed boundaries with those of an experienced referee. The study shows that action segmentation can be used to provide insights into structure and content of action representations specific to experts. The mechanisms underlying shared knowledge among Taekwondoists and among experts in general are discussed on the background of current theoretic frameworks.

Short-Term Effects of Using Verbal Instructions and Demonstration at the Beginning of Learning a Complex Skill in Figure Skating

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Haguenauer ◽  
Patrick Fargier ◽  
Pierre Legreneur ◽  
Anne-Béatrice Dufour ◽  
Geneviéve Cogerino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Verbal Instruction ◽  
Practice Session ◽  
Verbal Instructions ◽  
Complex Skill ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Training Control ◽  
Individual Motor

This study examined whether providing verbal instructions plus demonstration and task repetition facilitates the early acquisition of a sport skill for which learners had a prior knowledge of the individual motor components. After one demonstration of the task by an expert, 18 novice skaters practiced a figure skating jump during a 15-min. period. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: a group provided with a verbal instruction that specified the subgoals of the task (Subgoals group), a group provided with a verbal instruction that used a metaphor (Metaphoric group), and a group not receiving any specific instruction during training (Control group). Subjects were filmed prior to and immediately following the practice session. Analysis indicated that the modifications of performance were related to the demonstration and the subsequent task repetitions only. Providing additional verbal instructions generated no effect. Therefore, guiding the learner toward a solution to the task problem by means of verbal instruction seems to be ineffective if done too early in the course of learning.

Effects of Selected Mental Practice on Performance, Self-Efficacy, and Competition Confidence of Figure Skaters

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah L. Garza ◽  
Deborah L. Feltz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mental Practice ◽  
Performance Ratings ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Practice Group ◽  
Self Confidence

This study examined the effectiveness of mental practice techniques for improving figure skating performance, self-efficacy, and self-confidence for competition. Two interventions, paper freestyle drawing (PFD) and walk through on floor (WTF), were compared to a stretching control group. Participants (n = 27), ages 10 to 18 years, were members of the United States Figure Skating Association and were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The study included procedural reliability checks such as pre- and post-manipulation checks; structured seminars; and homework workbooks. Results indicated that the two mental practice groups significantly improved their performance ratings in jumps and spins, and their competition confidence compared to the stretching control group. Results also indicated that the WTF mental practice group increased their spinning self-efficacy beliefs compared to the PFD mental practice treatment and the stretching control group.

Intact Motor Imagery in Chronic Upper Limb Hemiplegics: Evidence for Activity-Independent Action Representations

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 841-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott H. Johnson ◽  
Gwen Sprehn ◽  
Andrew J. Saykin
Keyword(s):  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Full Recovery ◽  
Independent Action ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Internal Action ◽  
High Level ◽  
Vascular Accidents ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Action Representations

Four experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of chronic hemiplegia on the ability to internally represent actions involving either the paralyzed (contralesional) or relatively unaffected (ipsilesional) limb. An experimental group of chronic, densely hemiplegic patients was compared with controls who experienced nearly full recovery from an initially dense hemiparesis. All participants suffered cerebral vascular accidents that spared sites in premotor and parietal areas directly involved in representing upper limb actions. Despite chronic limb immobility, hemiplegic patients performed all four tasks at a high level of accuracy and showed no differences in their ability to represent actions of the contralesional versus ipsilesional limbs. On tasks that involved representing actions of the hands and lower arms, hemiplegic patients were as accurate as recovered controls. Hemiplegic patients were, however, less accurate than controls on a task that involved representing actions of either upper arm. Overall, chronic hemiplegics performed more accurately for decisions based on their contralesional limbs: a “hemiplegic advantage” that may be related to an ongoing focus on planning and/or imagining currently impossible movements. These findings reveal a dissociation between the ability to internally “represent” versus “produce” manual actions. Further, they demonstrate that internal action representations can be robust to even years of limb disuse.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of the syncope in children and adolescents in elite sport (EPISODE-S research)

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
L. M. Makarov ◽  
V. N. Komolyatova ◽  
I. I. Kiseleva ◽  
N. V. Aksenova ◽  
D. A. Besportochnyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Control ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Elite Sport ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnastics ◽  
Qt Syndrome ◽  
And Gender

Study purpose. To determine the prevalence of syncope among young elite athletes.Material and methods. In the course of the study “Epidemiology of the syncope in children and adolsceents in elite sport (EPISODE-S)” ** 1687 young elite athletes 16.3±1.5 years old, members of the Russian National teams from 52 sports discipline were surveyed. Control group was 1732 nonathletes the same age and gender.Results. 113 (6.7%) athletes had syncope (girls – 73.5%). More often, syncope registered in basketball (10.5%), judo (10.3%), rhythmic gymnastics (9.1%), figure skating (8.0%), volleyball (7.4%). According to the results of questioning in schools, syncope was noted in 4.2% of students. In all cases among athletes syncope had neurally mediated (reflex) nature by the results of the additional examination. Four out of 1687 athletes (0.24%) had the long QT syndrome, but they haven’t got syncope.Conclusions. 1. In the young elite athletes prevalence of syncope is 6.7% (4.2% for non-athletes) and significantly more common in girls (11.6% vs. 3.4%). More often, syncope occurs in sports where tall athletes are selected (basketball, volleyball) or strict weight control is required (rhythmic gymnastics, figure skating, judo). The majority of the young athletes has benign neurally mediated nature of syncope and doesn’t need restrict for the sport, but the first of all they require the exclusion of diseases with a high risk of sudden cardiac death.** Epidemiology of the syncope in children and adolsceents in elite sport (EPISODE-S)

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS OF BODY IMAGE IN TEENAGE GIRLS ENGAGED IN FIGURE SKATING

2018 ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
I. S. Morozova ◽  
K. N. Belogai ◽  
E. S. Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Body Images ◽  
Correlation Matrices ◽  
Teenage Girls ◽  
Content Characteristics

The paper features the results of the study of the body image content characteristics in adolescent girls. The empirical study involved 12–14 year-old girls engaged in figure skating, and those not engaged in sports. The body image analysis was based on questionnaires and projective methods. It has been revealed that the content characteristics of the body image are interrelated with the parameters of self-relationship and self-esteem, regardless of whether the girl is engaged in sports or not. At the same time, athletes mostly appreciate the functional characteristics of the body, i.e. its activity and strength, whereas the girls in the control group assess their appearance. The gap between the real and the ideal body images appears to be higher in athletes. Comparison of the correlation matrices in the two groups shows that, in the group of athletes, the self-relationship parameters are correlated with the body evaluation, the evaluation of its strength, activity and functional characteristics. In the control group, the self-relationship parameters are related both to the functional characteristics of the body and to the appearance evaluation.

scholarly journals Effect of the granulometric characteristics of monensin sodium on controlling experimental coccidiosis in broiler chickens

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Rambozzi ◽  
Manuela Renna ◽  
Paolo Cornale ◽  
Giovanni Perona ◽  
Vanda Malfatto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Granulometric Characteristics

The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of monensin sodium grain size on controlling coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Three hundred and fifty Cobb 700 chicks were infected experimentally with 8 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp. The birds were fed with diets supplemented with powdered (n = 150) or granulated (n = 150) monensin, with particle sizes of ≤100 µm and 450-650 µm, respectively. The remaining chicks (n = 50) were used as an unmedicated control group. The birds’ weights and number of oocysts per gram of litter in each group were recorded weekly. A total of 96 birds were randomly selected and culled during the trial. Their intestinal oocyst counts and lesion scores were determined. No significant differences in body weights were found between the groups at the end of the study. The percentages of infected animals, oocyst counts and lesion scores were significantly higher in the control group than in the other two groups; the two treated groups did not show any appreciable differences to each other. Enteritis was observed in 14 birds, all in the group supplemented with granulated monensin. These results suggest that powdered and granulated monensin have comparable efficacy in controlling coccidiosis in broiler chickens. However, treatments with monensin sodium of high grain size may be subject to contraindications relating to enteritis.

scholarly journals Development of the Neuron Assessment for Measuring Biology Students’ Use of Experimental Design Concepts and Representations

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. ar10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annwesa P. Dasgupta ◽  
Trevor R. Anderson ◽  
Nancy J. Pelaez
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Biology Education ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Biology Students ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Assessment Design ◽  
Group Data ◽  
And Control

Researchers, instructors, and funding bodies in biology education are unanimous about the importance of developing students’ competence in experimental design. Despite this, only limited measures are available for assessing such competence development, especially in the areas of molecular and cellular biology. Also, existing assessments do not measure how well students use standard symbolism to visualize biological experiments. We propose an assessment-design process that 1) provides background knowledge and questions for developers of new “experimentation assessments,” 2) elicits practices of representing experiments with conventional symbol systems, 3) determines how well the assessment reveals expert knowledge, and 4) determines how well the instrument exposes student knowledge and difficulties. To illustrate this process, we developed the Neuron Assessment and coded responses from a scientist and four undergraduate students using the Rubric for Experimental Design and the Concept-Reasoning Mode of representation (CRM) model. Some students demonstrated sound knowledge of concepts and representations. Other students demonstrated difficulty with depicting treatment and control group data or variability in experimental outcomes. Our process, which incorporates an authentic research situation that discriminates levels of visualization and experimentation abilities, shows potential for informing assessment design in other disciplines.

Is co-creation really a booster for brand equity? The role of co-creation in observer-based brand equity (OBBE)

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Kristal ◽  
Carsten Baumgarth ◽  
Carolin Behnke ◽  
Jörg Henseler
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Control Group ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Mass Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Subject Experiment ◽  
Positive Effect

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the general effect of co-created products on the brand equity of observers (OBBE). The influence of different implementations of the co-creation approach on the OBBE is tested. It is also discussed whether co-creation can be a strategic method for companies to positively affect the OBBE in the mass market. Design/methodology/approach A between-subject experiment with a 2 (intensity of integration: democratically voted vs commonly created) × 2 (expert knowledge: no expert knowledge vs expert knowledge) design plus one control group (zero co-creation) is conducted for two brands to test the postulated hypotheses. Findings Co-creation can have a weak positive effect on the OBBE. Integration intensity and expertise of integrated consumer also affect the OBBE only marginally. Research limitations/implications Further research might investigate whether the initial brand equity has a moderating effect. Also brand image and underlying product category could influence the relation between co-creation and the OBBE and would be valuable for future studies. Practical implications Brand managers should aim to convert observers into participants, instead of setting the focus on the presentation of the user-designed product to the mass market. Originality/value This study is one of the few analyzing the effects of co-creation on observers in terms of brand equity. In addition to existing research, the concept of expertise in combination with co-creation and its influence on the OBBE is explored.

Influence of Heat Treatment Method on Grain-Refining during Warm Deformation of Medium Carbon Steel

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wen Fan ◽  
Jian Min Wang ◽  
Guang Rao
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Medium Carbon Steel ◽  
Ultrafine Grain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Grain Refining ◽  
Warm Deformation ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Cyclic Quenching

The microstructure evolution and grain-refining mechanism in the process of ultrafine grain preparation with combination of different heat treatments and warm deformation were studied. 5140 steel，medium carbon low alloy steel, was used in this experimental and divided into three groups, which is one time quenching state, three times cyclic quenching state and original state without any heart treatment as the control group. All the samples of above three groups hold at 600°C for 5 min, then warm deformation was carried out immediately in YJ-450 Four-Pillar Hydraulic Machine. The deformation amount of above samples is controlled beyond 50%. The result shows that microstructure of the medium carbon steel samples after once quenching treatment and three times cyclic quenching treatments was significantly refined after warm deformation. The grain-refining mechanism of supersaturated single-phase ferrite in warm deformation is that new dislocation boundaries are produced continuously through dislocation cross-slip, which segments and refines the original grains. The grain size of three times quenching state after warm deformation is obviously finer than the grain size of one time quenching state after warm deformation under the same condition. And quenching times is a very significant factor to the extent of fining grain after warm deformation. Through three times cyclic quenching treatments and warm deformation, the size of grains has reached nano-scale.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document