scholarly journals Breeding Temperate Japonica Rice Varieties Adaptable to Tropical Regions: Progress and Prospects

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2253
Author(s):  
Myrish Pacleb ◽  
O-Young Jeong ◽  
Jeom-Sig Lee ◽  
Thelma Padolina ◽  
Rustum Braceros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Temperate Japonica ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Northeast Asian ◽  
The Tropics

Temperate japonica rice is mainly cultivated in temperate regions. Many temperate japonica varieties have a superior grain quality that is preferred in Northeast Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, and China. The changes in consumers’ preferences in Southeast Asia and Western countries has contributed to increasing the demand for temperate japonica. Most temperate japonica varieties developed in temperate regions typically exhibit extra-early flowering under the short-day conditions in the tropics, which usually results in severely reduced yields. Since 1992, we have been developing temperate japonica varieties that can adapt to tropical environments to meet the increasing demand for temperate japonica rice, having released six varieties in the Philippines. Especially, the yield of one of the temperate japonica varieties, Japonica 7, was comparable to the yields of leading indica varieties in the Philippines. Here, we discuss the current breeding initiatives and future plans for the development of tropical-region-bred temperate japonica rice.

scholarly journals Propagation Measurement on Earth-Sky Signal Effects for High Speed Train Satellite Channel in Tropical Region at Ku-Band

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abdulmajeed H. J. Al-Jumaily ◽  
A. Sali ◽  
J. S. Mandeep ◽  
Alyani Ismail
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Propagation Models ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Mobile Satellite ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Propagation Measurement ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Satellite Transmission

Recent advances in satellite communication technologies in the tropical regions have led to significant increase in the demand for services and applications that require high channel quality for mobile satellite terminals. Determination and quantification of these requirements are important to optimize service quality, particularly in the Malaysian region. Moreover, the tests on current satellite propagation models were carried out at temperate regions whose environmental characteristics are much different from those in Malaysia. This difference renders these propagation models inapplicable and irrelevant to tropical regions in general. This paper presents the link characteristics observations and performance analysis with propagation measurements done in tropical region to provide an accurate database regarding rain and power arches supply (PAs) attenuations in the tropics for mobile scenarios. Hence, an extension for improving the performance assessment and analysis of satellite/transmission has been achieved. The Malaysia propagation measurement for mobile scenario (Malaysia-PMMS) enables first-hand coarse estimation and attenuation analysis, because the attenuation resulting from rain and PAs becomes easily amenable for measurement. Parallel to that, the measured attenuation has been compared with that of the simulated output at noise floor level. The underlying analytical tool is validated by measurements specific at tropical region, for dynamic model of mobile satellite links operating at higher than 10 GHz.

A Question of Breeding: Zootechny and Colonial Attitudes toward the Tropical Environment in the Late Nineteenth-Century Philippines

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Bankoff
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Natural World ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Tropics

“The horse of these islands has arrived at such a state of degeneration,” concludes a report to the Governor-general of the Philippines in 1883, “that it is useless to think of its rejuvenation, it being much easier and more convenient to create a new breed with the importation of mares and Stallions from Spain” (Raza de Caballeria de Filipinas 1883). The debate over the colonial government's attempt to improve equine bloodlines through a selected breeding program with Arab stallions in the 1880s reveals much about changing Spanish attitudes toward nature in tropical regions. Although colonialism had endured in the Philippines since 1565, it was only in the nineteenth century that Europeans began to see themselves as maladapted to settlement in the islands. The tropics were increasingly regarded as a hostile and deleterious environment, and prolonged exposure to a hot and moist climate was blamed for the poor health of individuals and a progressive degeneration of race. Yet far from having to await the advances in bacteriology and parasitology of a new century (Anderson 1995), Spaniards displayed a growing conviction as to the efficacy of their own ability to control the natural world through an understanding of the processes of acclimatization.

scholarly journals Genomic Variation in Korean japonica Rice Varieties

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1749
Author(s):  
Hyeonso Ji ◽  
Yunji Shin ◽  
Chaewon Lee ◽  
Hyoja Oh ◽  
In Sun Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Temperate Japonica ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Sequence Variations ◽  
Sprouting Resistance

Next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled the discovery of numerous sequence variations among closely related crop varieties. We analyzed genome resequencing data from 24 Korean temperate japonica rice varieties and discovered 954,233 sequence variations, including 791,121 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 163,112 insertions/deletions (InDels). On average, there was one variant per 391 base-pairs (bp), a variant density of 2.6 per 1 kbp. Of the InDels, 10,860 were longer than 20 bp, which enabled conversion to markers resolvable on an agarose gel. The effect of each variant on gene function was predicted using the SnpEff program. The variants were categorized into four groups according to their impact: high, moderate, low, and modifier. These groups contained 3524 (0.4%), 27,656 (2.9%), 24,875 (2.6%), and 898,178 (94.1%) variants, respectively. To test the accuracy of these data, eight InDels from a pre-harvest sprouting resistance QTL (qPHS11) target region, four highly polymorphic InDels, and four functional sequence variations in known agronomically important genes were selected and successfully developed into markers. These results will be useful to develop markers for marker-assisted selection, to select candidate genes in map-based cloning, and to produce efficient high-throughput genome-wide genotyping systems for Korean temperate japonica rice varieties.

scholarly journals Development of 454 New Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) Markers for Temperate japonica Rice Varieties

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1531
Author(s):  
Kyeong-Seong Cheon ◽  
Young-Min Jeong ◽  
Hyoja Oh ◽  
Jun Oh ◽  
Do-Yu Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Temperate Japonica ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Allele Specific Pcr ◽  
Kasp Markers

Temperate japonica rice varieties exhibit wide variation in the phenotypes of several important agronomic traits, including disease resistance, pre-harvest sprouting resistance, plant architecture, and grain quality, indicating the presence of genes contributing to favorable agronomic traits. However, gene mapping and molecular breeding has been hampered as a result of the low genetic diversity among cultivars and scarcity of polymorphic DNA markers. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers allow high-throughput genotyping for marker-assisted selection and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping within closely related populations. Previously, we identified 740,566 SNPs and developed 771 KASP markers for Korean temperate japonica rice varieties. However, additional markers were needed to provide sufficient genome coverage to support breeding programs. In this study, the 740,566 SNPs were categorized according to their predicted impacts on gene function. The high-impact, moderate-impact, modifier, and low-impact groups contained 703 (0.1%), 20,179 (2.7%), 699,866 (94.5%), and 19,818 (2.7%) SNPs, respectively. A subset of 357 SNPs from the high-impact group was selected for initial KASP marker development, resulting in 283 polymorphic KASP markers. After incorporation of the 283 markers with the 771 existing markers in a physical map, additional markers were developed to fill genomic regions with large gaps between markers, and 171 polymorphic KASP markers were successfully developed from 284 SNPs. Overall, a set of 1225 KASP markers was produced. The markers were evenly distributed across the rice genome, with average marker density of 3.3 KASP markers per Mbp. The 1225 KASP markers will facilitate QTL/gene mapping and marker-assisted selection in temperate japonica rice breeding programs.

scholarly journals Clustering Pandemic COVID-19 and Relationship to Temperature and Relative Humidity Among the Tropic and Subtropic Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giarno Giarno
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Tropics

The outbreak of Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) has been spreading almost in all countries of the world and become a deadly pandemic. The infections and deaths vary from high in some countries and low in others. The weather conditions significantly affect life, including viruses. In low temperature and humidity the spreading of coronavirus is expected to be fast and massive, and on the other hand, high temperature and humidity decreases the virus. However, recent data of COVID-19 shows that in tropical region infection and deaths vary of which there is a need of thorough spreading analysis. The clustering of infections and mortality at the beginning of COVID-19 outbreak was group based on the country’s profile similarity, and associated with the meteorological factors. The result shows that countries such as China, Spain, Italy and the United States have very severe attacks of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, countries with the potential real threats of COVID-19 infections are Austria, Australia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bahrain, Brazil, Belarus, Canada, Switzerland, Czech Germany, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Algeria, Ecuador, Estonia, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Croatia, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, India, Iraq, Iran, Japan, Cambodia, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Lithuania, Monaco, Macedonia, Mexico, Malaysia, Nigeria, Netherlands, Norway, Nepal, New Zealand , Oman, Philippines, Pakistan, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Singapore and Thailand. The threat of COVID-19 is not only in dry and humid sub-tropical countries, but it cannot be undermined the effect to some warm and humid tropical countries such as Brazil, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, which are massively infected, and the mortality rate compared to the population are very high. The study also found that dynamic humidity is a factor that must be considered, especially in the tropics. HIGHLIGHTS The COVID-19 pandemic that originated in Wuhan, China spreads rapidly around the world Demographics and weather are thought to influence the spreading and death of COVID-19 Clustering of demographic and weather factors on COVID-19 shows that countries such as China, Spain, Italy, and the United States are experiencing severe attacks of COVID-19 infection Covid threatens countries with high population density or large populations Although warm and humid temperatures in the tropics such as Brazil, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines can a little slow the spreading of infection, the risk of COVID-19 infection remains high GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Comparative Potential Yields of Rice Varieties in the Australian Tropics

1969 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Owen
Keyword(s):  
High Standard ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Tropical Australia ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive ◽  
The Tropics

SummaryDuring the wet summer season of northern tropical Australia higher yields were attained by introduced weakly photoperiod-sensitive short-duration rice varieties than by locally-bred strongly photoperiod-sensitive varieties resembling traditional tropical indicas. There was no clear relationship between growth durations and yields. Dry season yields were lower, associated with shortened durations (especially of the reproductive phase) and lower cumulative radiation totals in the late phases of growth. Dawn, a variety of U.S. origin imported from the Philippines, outyielded all other varieties. In both wet and dry seasons yields depended largely on panicle weights, which in turn depended on high seed numbers per panicle. Individual seed weights were of less importance. The results tended to confirm a prior interpretation of climatic data, i.e. that there is no environmental factor limiting wet season yields in the region to levels below those obtained elsewhere in the tropics, provided the crop receives a high standard of care and attention.

scholarly journals Tropical Beef: Is There an Axiomatic Basis to Define the Concept?

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1025
Author(s):  
Maria Salud Rubio Lozano ◽  
Tania M. Ngapo ◽  
Nelson Huerta-Leidenz
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Content ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Tropics

Cattle production in tropical regions has been estimated to account for just over half of cattle worldwide, yet it has not been demonstrated that sufficient similarities in the cattle exist to describe tropical cattle and, even less so, to characterize the meat from these animals. The aim of this review is to investigate the quality and nutrient composition of meat from cattle raised in the Tropics to determine if there is an axiomatic basis that would allow the definition of a concept of “tropical beef”. Tropical beef is the meat obtained from cattle raised in tropical environments, the population of which remains largely uncharacterized. Production systems in the Tropics are highly diverse but converge on the use of indigenous and Bos indicus breeds or Bos indicus-influenced crossbreeds under pasture feeding regimes. While some systems allow cattle to be slaughtered at ≤2 years of age, most often animals are ≥3 years. These production systems generally produce lean, low-yielding carcasses and tough (>46 N), lean (≤3.6% intramuscular fat) meat with a macronutrient composition otherwise similar to beef from animals raised elsewhere (72–74% moisture and 20–24% protein). Fatty acid profiles depend on the breed and production systems, while mineral content is influenced by the environment. Although lean and tough, tropical beef is highly acceptable to the consumers it serves, is culturally and traditionally relevant and, in many countries, contributes to food security. Consolidating the findings from animal and meat science studies in the Tropics has allowed the demonstration of an axiomatic basis defining “tropical beef” as a concept.

scholarly journals The Potential of Using Temperate–Tropical Crossbreds and Agricultural by-Products, Associated with Heat Stress Management for Dairy Production in the Tropics: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Predith Michael ◽  
Clement Roy de Cruz ◽  
Norhariani Mohd Nor ◽  
Saadiah Jamli ◽  
Goh Yong Meng
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Feed Resources ◽  
The Future ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
By Products

The demand and consumption of dairy products are expected to increase exponentially in developing countries, particularly in tropical regions. However, the intensification of dairy production to meet this increasing demand has its challenges. The challenges ranged from feed costs, resources, and their utilization, as well as the heat stress associated with rearing temperate–tropical crossbred cattle in the tropics. This article focused on key nutritional and environmental factors that should be considered when temperate–tropical crossbred cattle are used in the tropics. The article also describes measures to enhance the utilization of regional feed resources and efforts to overcome the impacts of heat stress. Heat stress is a major challenge in tropical dairy farming, as it leads to poor production, despite the genetic gains made through crossbreeding of high production temperate cattle with hardy tropical animals. The dependence on imported feed and animal-man competition for the same feed resources has escalated feed cost and food security concerns. The utilization of agricultural by-products and production of stable tropical crossbreds will be an asset to tropical countries in the future, more so when scarcity of feed resources and global warming becomes a closer reality. This initiative has far-reaching impacts in the tropics and increasingly warmer areas of traditional dairying regions in the future.

scholarly journals LC–MS/MS Analysis of Ciguatoxins Revealing the Regional and Species Distinction of Fish in the Tropical Western Pacific

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomasa Oshiro ◽  
Takumi Tomikawa ◽  
Kyoko Kuniyoshi ◽  
Akira Ishikawa ◽  
Hajime Toyofuku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Main Island ◽  
Tropical Western Pacific ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Fish Samples

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is one of the most frequently reported seafood poisoning diseases. It is endemic to the tropical region and occurs most commonly in the regions around the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Caribbean Sea. The principal toxins causing CFP are ciguatoxins (CTXs). In the Pacific region, more than 20 analogs of CTXs have been identified to date. Based on their skeletal structures, they are classified into CTX1B-type and CTX3C-type toxins. We have previously reported species-specific and regional-specific toxin profiles. In this study, the levels and profiles of CTXs in fish present in the tropical western Pacific regions were analyzed using the liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) technique. Forty-two fish specimens, belonging to the categories of snappers, groupers, Spanish mackerel, and moray eel, were purchased from various places such as Fiji, the Philippines, Thailand, and Taiwan. Only the fish captured from Fijian coastal waters contained detectable amounts of CTXs. The toxin levels in the fish species found along the coastal regions of the Viti Levu Island, the main island in Fiji, and the toxin profiles were significantly different from those of the fish species present in other coastal regions. The toxin levels and profiles varied among the different fish samples collected from different coastal areas. Based on the toxin levels and toxin profiles, the coast was demarcated into three zones. In Zone-1, which covers the northern coast of the main island and the regions of the Malake Island and Korovau, CTXs in fish were below the detection level. In Zone-2, CTX3C-type toxins were present in low levels in the fish. CTX1B-type and CTX3C-type toxins co-occurred in the fish present in Zone-3. The toxin profiles may have reflected the variation in Gambierdiscus spp.

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