Effects of Exogenous 6-Phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) Supplementation on Performance, Calcium and Phosphorous Digestibility, and Bone Mineralisation and Density in Weaned Piglets

Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral for growing piglets, which is poorly accessible in vegetable feedstuffs as it is stored as phytates. Thus, phytase supplementation is essential to increase P availability. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate a novel 6-phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) in weaned pigs fed low-P diets. In each experiment, one hundred and twenty piglets were fed a positive control (PC; adequate in Ca and P), a negative control (NC; limiting in Ca and P), or NC supplemented with 125, 250, or 500 FTU/kg of phytase (NC125, NC250, and NC500, respectively). P content was lower in diets of Experiment 1 than diets of Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, piglets offered PC or phytase diets had higher growth and efficiency compared with NC diets. In Experiment 2, similar effects were obtained, but the effects were less significant. In both experiments, P and Ca ATTD and bone density were significantly increased with phytase supplementation. Moreover, PC and NC500 had higher P concentrations and lower alkaline phosphatase activity in plasma than NC. To conclude, supplementation with the new 6-phytase at doses up to 500 FTU/kg enhanced P utilization, growth performance, and bone density in piglets fed P-limiting diets.

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Collaborative Study of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Filter Paper Disks Impregnated with Skim Milk: Positive Control Sample

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-45.2.112 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 112-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. K. MURTHY ◽

J. T. PEELER

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Phosphatase Activity ◽

Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Collaborative Study ◽

Control Sample ◽

Skim Milk ◽

Positive Control ◽

Colorimetric Test

The rapid colorimetric test was used in a collaborative study to determine alkaline phosphatase activity in filter paper disks impregnated with skim milk then dried and stored for several months at room temperature. Five samples of filter paper disks (0 to 6 μg phenol/disk) in duplicate were sent to six collaborators for analysis. Computations of analytical and analyst errors showed variations of 22.2 to 48.8%. Most of the variations were due to differences among analysts, but some were partly due to differences in the slopes of the calibration curves (a = 0.05 level) they prepared at the time of analysis. Collaborator's performance was evaluated by comparing % correct results that were positive (negative) with the expected results. About 95% of the samples were correctly analyzed.

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123 Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of multi-enzyme-supplemented low-energy and -amino acid diets for growing and finishing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.128 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 69-70

Author(s):

Kevin S Jerez Bogota ◽

Christian Sanchez ◽

Jimena Ibagon ◽

Maamer Jlali ◽

Pierre Cozannet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

P Content ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract Objective was to determine the effects of supplementing corn-soybean meal-based diets with a multi-enzyme on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in growing pigs. A total of 276 pigs (BW = 33.99 ± 4.3 kg) were housed by sex in 45 pens of 6 or 7 pigs and fed 5 diets (9 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were positive control (PC); and negative control 1 (NC1) or negative control 2 (NC2) without or with multi-enzyme. The multi-enzyme used supplied at least 1,250, 860, 4,600, and 1,000 units of xylanase, β-glucanase, arabinofuranosidase and phytase per kilogram of diet, respectively. The PC was adequate in all nutrients according to NRC (2012) recommendations and had greater digestible P content than NC1 diet or NC2 diet by 0.134 percentage points. The NC1 diet had lower NE and digestible AA content than PC diet by 3%. The NC2 diet had lower NE and digestible AA content than PC diet by 5%. The diets were fed in 4 phases based on BW; Phase 1: 34–50 kg, Phase 2: 50–75 kg, Phase 3: 75–100 kg, and Phase 4: 100–120 kg. Nutrient digestibility was determined at the end of Phase 1. Overall (34–120 kg BW), pigs fed the PC and NC1 diets did not differ in ADG and ADFI. Pigs fed NC2 diet had lower (PPPP > 0.10). Supplemental multi-enzyme increased (P = 0.047) the ATTD of GE for NC2 diet. In conclusion, the NE and digestible AA and P can be lowered by ≤ 5% in multi-enzyme-supplemented diets without effects on growth performance pigs.

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Mycorrhizal symbiotic effectiveness as a tool for decision making in restauration of the tropical dry forest

Bionatura ◽

10.21931/rb/2019.04.01.9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jorge A. Sierra-Escobar ◽

John Alexander Ortíz-Correa

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Mining Waste ◽

Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽

Dry Forest ◽

Symbiotic Effectiveness ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

P Content

A greenhouse experiment was designed to determine the mycorrhizal symbiotic effectiveness in native mycorrhizal fungi population associated with different soil coverage in the Cesar department. The experimental design was completely randomized with nine treatments and six variations per treatment, 54 experimental units in all. Treatments consisted of combination of soils which contained a substrate from different mulches or soil coal mining (soil-coverage): natural forest (NF), transition soil (TS), a horizon (AH), mining waste (MW), palm (PM), pastures (PT), undisturbed soil (US), with its respective controls, positive Glomus mosseae (GM) and negative sterile substrate without inoculum (WI). The variables studied were foliar P content was monitored as a function of time; at harvest, shoot dry weight, shoot P content, and mycorrhizal colonization represented the time increments. The higher contents of P foliar obtained in the sampling period were for the positive control (GM) showing significant differences between soil-coverage, except for ST and US assessed on the sampling day 74. Shoot dry weight had a significant difference in GM, NF, TS, AH, PM and US treatments compared to the remaining three. Treatments with the most weight were US and GM (positive control). Mining waste (MW), PT and WI (negative control) had the lowest values in mass. As expected, shoot P content in the GM samples was higher and had significant differences compared to the other treatments. Soil-coverage closest to the positive control were NF, US, and TS. All assessed treatments showed mycorrhizal colonization except the negative control (WI). Three soil-coverages PM, PT, and US were similar to the positive control, with colonization percentages of 29, 24 and 48 respectively. In conclusion, this kind of research suggests that symbiotic effectiveness experiments are an excellent tool for the selection of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Besides, and as evidenced, soil-coverage NIT was statistically similar to the positive control (GM), which makes it a candidate for mass crude inoculum production for restoration purposes.

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A comparison of different techniques to assess the biological availability of feed phosphates in pig feeding.

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v38i3b.16578 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 38 (3B) ◽

pp. 555-566 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B.M. Dellaert ◽

G.F.V. van der Peet ◽

A.W. Jongbloed ◽

S. Beers

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Breaking Strength ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Biological Availability ◽

Inorganic P ◽

P Content ◽

Plasma Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

High Repeatability

Piglets from about 6 weeks old were fed on basal diets with P 0, 0.6, 1.2 or 1.8 g/kg, 0, 1.2 or 2.2 g/kg, and 0 or 2.0 g/kg in experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Blood factors did not show a significant response to P intake. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity was not linearly related to P intake, while regressing the inorganic P content to the quantity of supplemented P resulted in a low fitness of the model (Rsuperscript 2 = 53%). Results from bone fat-free DM, concentration of ash in fat-free DM, amount of ash, concentration of P in ash and bone breaking strength were better (Rsuperscript 2 = 45 to 94%). There were slight differences in the results using tibia, femur or third and fourth metatarsals. However, the highest degree of fit was found using the apparent digestibility of P as the dependent variable (Rsuperscript 2 = 96 to 100%). After relating the criteria to the retention of P, again the apparent P digestibility was the most accurate factor to determine the biological availability of P. Basing the nutritional value of feed phosphates on digestibility of P, significant differences were shown between form and origin of feed phosphate. The values within a type of feed phosphate showed a high repeatability. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Effect of different phytases derived from E. coli AppA gene on the performance, bone mineralisation and nutrient digestibility of broiler chicken

Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition ◽

10.1017/jan.2019.6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Kozlowski ◽

L. Nollet ◽

A. Lanckriet ◽

E. Vanderbeke ◽

P. Mielnik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

E Coli ◽

Improved Performance ◽

Bone Mineralisation ◽

Tibia Ash

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of three different thermostable phytase variants, based on the AppA gene from E. coli (AppAT1, AppAT2 and AppAT3) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and bone mineralisation in broiler chickens at inclusion levels of 250 and 500 FTU/kg. The eight treatment groups included a positive control (PC) which was sufficient in Ca and P, a negative control (NC, the same basal formulation as the PC, but reduced in Ca and P), and NC supplemented with AppAT1 at 250 and 500 FTU/kg (AppAT1-250 and AppAT1-500), AppAT2 at 250 and 500 FTU/kg (AppAT2-250 and AppAT2-500) and with AppAT3 at 250 and 500 FTU/kg (AppAT3-250 and AppAT3-500). Over the entire feeding period, body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were significantly higher in the PC group, with all phytase supplemented groups being statistically the same, compared to the NC group. Feed conversion (FCR) for the PC-fed birds (1.479) was significantly (P<0.05) better compared to the NC birds (1.582) and those fed the AppAT3-250 diet (1.523). Reduced levels of Ca and P in the NC group led to significantly (P<0.05) lower tibia ash (40.9%) compared to the PC group (47.4%). Birds fed the phytase diets had significantly higher tibia ash compared to the NC birds, with those from the AppAT2-500 and AppAT3-500 groups being statistically the same as the PC group. Diets AppAT1-500, AppAT2-250, AppAT2-500 and AppAT3-500 significantly increased Ca digestibility compared to the NC. Apparent total track digestibility (ATTD) of P was improved for AppAT1-500 and AppAT2-250. The ATTD of Ca and P for all of the phytase supplemented groups reached the same level of the PC and AppAT1-500 group. It was concluded that adding any of the phytases tested, especially when included at 500 FTU/kg to a feed reduced in Ca and P, led to improved performance and bone mineralisation back to the same levels as seen for the Ca and P sufficient diet.

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Penggunaan Mikroorganisme Lokal dari Berbagai Formula terhadap Kualitas Biourine Kambing Terfortifikasi

Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan ◽

10.29244/jipthp.8.1.1-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

K. Mahmuda ◽

Salundik ◽

P. D. M. H. Karti

Keyword(s):

Waste Treatment ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Bamboo Shoots ◽

P Content ◽

Aerobic System ◽

The Difference

Biourine which is widely known as liquid organic fertilizer is one of the alternative efforts in waste treatment, especially animal urine to become something that is more beneficial for the environment. One of the biourine benefit is to maintain soil fertility which is can increase farmer productivity. The aim of the research was to test the quality of local microorganisms (MOL) and goat biourine which had been made in different formulas, and to determine the best biourine in kale. MOL was made by four main raw materials, they are cow’s rumen, golden snail, bamboo shoots, and banana weevil. The making of MOL needed 14 days of processing in aerobic system. Then, 10% of MOL that had been made was added to goat urine to make biourine in the same aerobic system. The best biourine will be tested by watering kale. From the observations, it was obtained that the composition of raw materials from existing formulas affects the quality of the MOL produced. The quality affects the final result of the biourine. The best selected biourine has N and P content of 2.23% and 0.11% respectively. The amount of biourine applied to water kale was 0.4 ml / planting hole. The result showed kale which was watered by biourine treatment produced higher production levels than negative control plants but the difference was not significant. But these results was still lower than positive control by the treatment of chemical fertilizers.

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Estrogenic Activity of Mahoni Seed Ethanolic Extract [Swietenia mahogany (L.) Jacq] on Uterus Weight, Bone Density and Mamae Gland Proliferation on Ovariectomized Rats

Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention ◽

10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev11iss2pp75-83 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Poppy Anjelisa Zaitun Hasibuan ◽

Rosa Gloria Sitanggang ◽

Robbani Syahfitri Angkat

Keyword(s):

Bone Density ◽

Estrogenic Activity ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Female Rats ◽

Ovariectomized Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Group 2 ◽

Post Hoc

Menopause is a hypoestrogenic condition due to decreased function of the ovary. During menopause there is no reserved ovum in the ovary, as a result the synthesis of estrogen by the follicles does not take place. Deficiency of estrogen can lead to discomfort and decrease in the women quality of life. Therefore, supplements from natural resources to reduce menopausal symptoms will be needed. The objectives of the study were to determine the effect of mahogany seeds ethanolic extract (MSEE) on the development of uterus, bone density, and mammae gland proliferation on ovariectomized rats. Extract was made by maceration using 96% ethanol as the solvent, then the study of estrogenic effect was carried out on 30 female rats which were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 (normal control), group 2 (positive control) given estradiol dose of 0.18 mg/kg body weight (BW), group 3 (negative control) given Na-CMC 1% and group 4, 5, 6 given MSEE orally for 14 consecutive days with doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg BW. Data were analysed using ANOVA then continued with Tukey HSD Post Hoc test to see the differences between the treatments. The results of the study showed that MSEE was able to increase the weight of the uterus, the length of estrus phase in the estrus cycle, bone density and the mammae gland proliferation of rats. The results concluded that MSEE has phytoestrogenic effect on ovariectomized rats.Keywords: phytoestrogen, ovariectomy, uterus weight, bone density, mammae proliferation

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Dietary phosphate equivalence of four forms of Pi contrasted with a novel microbial phytase from Citrobacter braakii in broiler chickens

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14489 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 1145 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. J. Cowieson ◽

F. Fru-Nji ◽

O. Adeola

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Potassium Phosphate ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

Dietary Phosphate ◽

Bone Mineralisation ◽

Tibia Ash ◽

Total P

Two 21-day studies were conducted with broilers to evaluate the efficacy of a bacterial 6-phytase from Citrobacter braakii and compare four Pi sources. The four sources were phosphates of monocalcium (MCP), dicalcium (DCP), tricalcium (TCP) with potassium phosphate (KH2PO4) acting as a ‘positive control’ reference. In each study, 336 4-day-old male birds (Ross 708) were blocked based on initial bodyweight (BW) and randomly allotted to one of seven diets with six replicate cages of eight birds each. Access to experimental diets and water from Days 4 to 25 post-hatching was ad libitum. In the first study, the seven diets were: (1) a low-P negative control (NC) corn-soybean meal basal diet formulated to contain crude protein (CP), Ca, total P, and non-phytate P (nPP) at 218, 9.0, 4.5, and 2.0 g/kg, respectively; (2) NC plus 0.75 g Pi from KH2PO4/kg; (3) NC plus 0.75 g Pi from MCP/kg; (4) NC plus 0.75 g Pi from DCP/kg; (5) NC plus 0.75 g Pi from TCP/kg; (6) NC plus phytase at 500 FYT/kg; (7) NC plus phytase at 1000 FYT/kg. Feeding the low-P NC diet reduced (P < 0.01) BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and tibia ash. Supplementing the NC with Pi or phytase linearly improved (P < 0.01) BWG, FI, and tibia ash. Supplementing the NC with 0.75 g/kg Pi from MCP, DCP, or TCP were equipotent in improving BWG and FI; however, percent tibia ash was higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed MCP than either DCP or TCP. The second study was similar to the first study except that Ca, total P, and nPP in the NC were reduced to 7.0, 4.2, and 1.8 g/kg, respectively; and Pi from MCP, DCP, and TCP were reduced to 0.6 g/kg. Similar to observations in the first study, the low-P NC diet reduced (P < 0.01) BWG, FI, and tibia ash; and supplementing the NC with Pi or phytase linearly improved (P < 0.01) BWG, FI, P digestibility and tibia ash. Furthermore, supplementing the NC with 0.75 g Pi from MCP, DCP, or TCP per kg diet were equipotent in improving BWG, FI, and tibia ash though MCP resulted in superior (P < 0.05) retention of P compared with TCP. Results from both studies showed that the phytase was efficacious in releasing phytate-P for growth and bone mineralisation in chickens compensating, at least, the spared Pi, and that Pi sources commonly used in formulating diets of chickens may be different in their potential to supply digestible P.

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Effect of reduced dietary non-phytate phosphorus concentration, with or without calcium reduction, in diets supplemented with phytase for weaned piglets from 28 to 63 days of age

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an17150 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (12) ◽

pp. 2236 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. N. Sélos ◽

J. L. Donzele ◽

R. F. M. O. Donzele ◽

T. R. Castro ◽

E. F. Cardoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Average Daily Gain ◽

Positive Control ◽

Metacarpal Bone ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Phytate Phosphorus ◽

Bone Ash ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bone Mineralisation ◽

The Impact ◽

Daily Gain

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of reduced dietary non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) or nPP and calcium (Ca) concentrations in diets supplemented with phytase on performance, bone mineralisation and serum parameters of weaned piglets from 28 to 63 days of age. A total of 168 barrows and gilts, weaned at 28 days of age, with an average initial bodyweight of 8.11 ± 0.61 kg were randomly allocated in a completely randomised block design. Treatments consisted of a positive control and an additional six treatments, in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, totalling seven treatments (Trt). The positive control (PC) diet was formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of pigs weighing 8–30 kg bodyweight, without phytase supplementation, and the six other diets were formulated similar to the PC, except with a reduction in the nPP concentration of 0.065, 0.130 or 0.195% (Phase Feeding 1 (PF1), PF2 or PF3 respectively) or similar to PF1, PF2 and PF3 minus 0.16% Ca, supplemented with 2000 FTU/kg of phytase, with eight replicate pens/Trt of three piglets each, in a three-phase feeding program. From Day 28 to Day 35, the average daily gain was higher (P < 0.05) and the feed conversion rate was lower (P < 0.05) respectively for piglets fed the PC when compared with those fed PF3 and PC treatment minus 0.160% calcium and minus 0.195% nPP (PF6). In contrast, when evaluating the period from Day 28 to 49, piglets fed PC presented the highest average daily gain, but only differed (P < 0.05) to those fed PF3 and PF6. When considering the overall period, at 63 days of age, no significant difference was detected (P > 0.05) between the PF Trts tested and the PC regarding performance. As for bone mineralisation at 63 days, bone P (BP) decreased as nPP in the diet decreased, regardless of the Ca level. However, except for PF3 and PF6, BP and third metacarpal bone ash concentration were respectively higher for pigs fed the PF Trts, when compared with PC. All treatments containing phytase resulted in a lower bone Ca:BP ratio when compared with PC. Serum P concentrations decreased as nPP in the diet decreased, regardless of the level of dietary Ca. However, with the exception of PF3 and PF6, serum P was not significantly different than pigs fed the PC. In conclusion, reducing nPP or nPP and Ca in diets containing 2000 FTU Ronozyme® HiPhos/kg phytase had no adverse effects on growth performance and increased BP and third metacarpal bone ash concentration compared with pigs fed a nutritionally adequate control diet.

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95 Growth Performance, Bone Mineralization, and Nutrient Digestibility of Nursery-grower Pigs Fed Phytase-supplemented Calcium and Phosphorus-deficient Diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 48-49

Author(s):

Jung Wook Lee ◽

Tyler Chevalier ◽

Chris Sparks ◽

Tom D Crenshaw ◽

Merlin D Lindemann

Keyword(s):

Mineral Content ◽

Breaking Strength ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Initial Body Weight ◽

P Utilization ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Crossbred Pigs

Abstract A 36-d experiment evaluated effects of supplemental OptiPhos Plus phytase (Huvepharma, Peachtree City, GA) on growth, bone mineralization, Ca and P digestibility of nursery-grower pigs. Individually housed crossbred pigs (n = 42; initial body weight [BW], 16.1 ± 0.4 kg) were randomly allotted to 7 dietary treatments based on BW and sex. A positive control (PC) diet was formulated to contain 0.601% Ca and 0.296% standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P, which were marginally lower than NRC (2012) requirement estimates for 25–50 kg pigs. A negative control (NC) diet (0.431% Ca and 0.164% STTD P) was developed by the removal of dicalcium phosphate from the PC diet and replacement with limestone and sand. Diets were: 1) PC, 2) NC, and 3–7) NC + 250, 500, 750, 1,000 and 1,500 FTU phytase/kg diet. On d 36, all pigs were euthanized for femur and metacarpal measures. Compared with NC, pigs fed the PC diet provided greater (P < 0.05) response for ADG (966 vs. 730 g/d), ADFI (1,660 vs. 1,329 g/d); bone measures (37.1 vs. 17.4 g ash/femur and 71.9 vs. 29.3 kg for metacarpal strength), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca (69.5 vs. 63.5%) and P (62.5 vs. 49.3%). As supplemental phytase increased from 0 to 1,500 FTU/kg of diet, linear and quadratic increases (P < 0.002) occurred in overall ADG and ADFI, femur mineral content, metacarpal breaking strength, and ATTD of Ca and P. Responses statistically similar to PC were achieved at 250 or 500 FTU/kg and peak responses occurred at 750 to 1,500 FTU/kg that were numerically greater than PC for all but metacarpal strength. In conclusion, supplemental OptiPhos Plus improved growth, bone mineralization, Ca and P digestibility of pigs fed Ca and P-deficient diets, demonstrating enhanced Ca and P utilization of corn-soybean meal-based diets by nursery-grower pigs.

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