scholarly journals Dietary Phospholipids Enhance Growth Performance and Modulate Cold Tolerance in Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) Juveniles

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2750
Author(s):  
Ismael Hachero-Cruzado ◽  
Manuel Manchado
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Argyrosomus Regius ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Cold Challenge ◽  
New Research ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) is a fast-growing species currently produced in aquaculture. This species is highly sensitive to low environmental temperatures which results in high mortality events during production cycles. In this study, the effects of dietary phospholipids (PLs) on growth and cold tolerance were evaluated. For this purpose, control (CTRL) and PL-enriched diets (three-fold higher levels than CTRL) were supplied to meagre juveniles (12.9 ± 2.5g) for 60 days, and growth was determined using a longitudinal approach. Weight gaining and SGR reduction were significantly different between dietary treatments. Animals fed with the PL-enriched diet were 4.1% heavier and grew 3.2% faster than those fed with the CTRL diet. Survival was higher than 98% in both groups. After finishing the growth trial, animals were submitted to two cold challenges and cold tolerance was evaluated as temperature at death (Tdeath), risk to death and lethal doses (LD) 50 and 90 using the cumulative degree cooling hours 6 h (CD6H). Tdeath ranged between 7.54 and 7.91 °C without statistical differences between dietary treatments. However, risk to death was significantly smaller (0.91-fold lower) and LD50 and LD90 were higher in animals fed with the PL-enriched than those supplied the CTRL diet. To assess the fatty acid (FA) composition of liver and brain in animals fed both diets after a cold challenge, FA profiles were determined in juveniles maintained at 14 °C and challenged at 7 °C. FA amounts increased in the liver of animals challenged at 7 °C. In contrast, several FAs reduced their levels in the PL-enriched diet with respect to CTRL indicating that these animals were able to mobilize efficiently lipids from this organ mitigating the negative effects of lipid accumulation during the cold challenge. In brain, the PL-enriched diet increased DHA level during the cold shock indicating a role in maintaining of brain functions. These results open a new research line that could improve the cold tolerance of meagre through dietary supplementation before winter.

172 Effects of Dietary Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan Supplementations to Diets Containing Excess Leucine from Corn Protein on Growth Performance of Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
Woongbi Bi Kwon ◽  
Jose A Soto ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Corn Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that addition of Val, Ile, or Trp alone or in combination will reduce the negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs. A total of 288 growing pigs (28.6 ± 2.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 2 barrows and 2 gilts in each pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment. A control diet based on corn and soybean meal and 8 diets based on corn and a high-protein corn product (48% crude protein) with 2 levels of crystalline L-Val (0 or 0.10%), L-Ile (0 or 0.10%), and L-Trp (0 or 0.05%) were formulated. The crystalline L-Val, L-Ile, and L-Trp increased standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys from 70 to 80%, SID Ile:Lys from 53 to 63%, and SID Trp:Lys from 18 to 23%, respectively. All diets were formulated to contain 1.00% SID Lys and the 8 diets containing corn protein contained 171% SID Leu:Lys. Individual pig weights were recorded at the beginning and at the conclusion of the 28-d experiment. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with a pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and block and replicate within block were random effects. Results indicated that final body weight and average daily gain were not different between pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed the diet with Val and Trp addition, but greater (P < 0.001) than for pigs fed the diet with Val addition, Ile addition, Trp addition, Val and Ile addition, Ile and Trp addition, or Val, Ile, and Trp addition (Table 1). In conclusion, addition of Val and Trp to diets with excess Leu may prevent negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs.

scholarly journals Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides with Sialyllactose for Preterm Piglets

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Obelitz-Ryom ◽  
Amalie Rendboe ◽  
Duc Nguyen ◽  
Silvia Rudloff ◽  
Anne Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Gut Development ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Oligosaccharides support gut development and bacterial colonization in term infants, but it is unknown if they benefit preterm infants. Using preterm pigs, we investigated effects of bovine milk supplements enriched with oligosaccharides to improve gut development and colonization. Caesarean-delivered preterm pigs (n = 57) were reared for 19 days. The pigs were fed bovine milk supplemented with an oligosaccharide-enriched whey containing sialyllactose, or a heterogeneous oligosaccharide ingredient. To evaluate the influence of artificial rearing, near-term, vaginally born pigs raised by their sow (n = 12) were compared with artificially reared, caesarean-delivered near-term pigs (n = 14). In preterm pigs, the clinical outcome, gut function, gut microbiota, and systemic immunity were similar among dietary treatments. Natural rearing increased growth rates, gut functions, colon short chain fatty acid concentrations and bacterial diversity, relative to artificial rearing. In conclusion, supplements with bovine milk oligosaccharides were well tolerated, but did not improve gut maturation or clinical outcomes in artificially reared preterm piglets. Immaturity at birth, coupled with artificial rearing, may render the neonate unresponsive to the gut-protective effects of milk oligosaccharides. Whether bovine milk oligosaccharides may affect other endpoints (e.g., brain functions) in conditions of immaturity remains to be investigated.

scholarly journals Establishment of a Highly Sensitive Analytical Method For Measurement of Monoamine Neurotransmitters Using Mass Spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anri Hirai ◽  
Ryo Yamazaki ◽  
Atsushi Kobayashi ◽  
Takashi Kimura ◽  
Kei Nomiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Spontaneous Movements ◽  
Highly Sensitive

Abstract Monoamine neurotransmitters (MAs), including dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), regulate brain functions such as behavior, memory, and learning. Neonicotinoids are pesticides that are being used more frequently. Neonicotinoid exposure has been observed to produce neurological symptoms, such as altered spontaneous movements and anxiety-like behaviors, which are suspected to be caused by altered MA levels. However, current neurotoxicity tests are not sufficiently sensitive to make these determinations. In this study, we performed some behavior tests and developed a sensitive and accurate analytical method using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to clarify the effects of neonicotinoid administration on MAs in the brain.We orally administered the neonicotinoid imidacloprid (0, 10, and 50 mg/kg body weight) to C57BL/6NCrSlc mice. In behavior tests, the decrease of activity was observed. The LC-MS/MS quantification of MAs in various brain regions by tetrafluoroborate salt of 2,4-diphenyl-pyranylium (DPP) derivatization, which was newly developed in this study, showed a decrease in some MA levels in the olfactory bulb and the striatum.Thus, in this study, we developed a new method for the sensitive detection of MAs by LC/MS using DPP derivatization. In addition, we showed that this sensitive MA quantification is effective in clarifying the neurotoxicity caused by chemical substances.

Impacts of rapeseed meal, canola meal and their mixture substitute for soybean meal on performance of lactating sows and their offspring

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Chao Liu ◽  
Shi Hui Zhou ◽  
Yong Min Kim ◽  
Sang In Lee ◽  
Huan Ying Pang and In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Piglet Survival

The present study was to evaluate the impact of rapeseed meal (RSM), canola meal (CM), and their mixture substitute for soybean meal on performance of lactating sows and their offspring. In total, 16 Yorkshire×Landrace sows with initial BW 258.87±5.36 kg were used in this trial. The experimental period lasted 30 days. The sows were allotted to one of four dietary treatments (4 sows per treatment): 1) corn-soybean meal (SBM) basal diets; 2) basal diets containing 8% RSM; 3) basal diets containing 8% CM; 4) basal diets containing RSM (4%) and CM (4%) mixture (RSCM). Sows fed with RSM and RSCM diets had a higher (P less than 0.05) body weight loss than sows fed SBM diet. The parity, litter number, piglet survival rate, weaning pig number, backfat, ADFI and estrus interval were not influenced by dietary treatments (P greater than 0.05). The ADG of piglets from sows fed SBM was higher (P less than 0.05) than sows fed RSM at 1 week. After farrowing, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter in sows fed with SBM diet was higher (P less than 0.05) than the RSCM group. The ATTD of energy in SBM and CM treatments was higher (P less than 0.05) than that in RSM and RSCM treatments. On the weaning day, the ATTD of nitrogen and energy in SBM treatment was highest (P less than 0.05) than other treatments. In conclusion, inclusion of 8% rapeseed meal, canola meal, and their mixture substitute for soybean meal had negative effects on reproductive performance of lactating sows and their offspring.

scholarly journals Brain Physiology and Pathophysiology in Mental Stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Alkadhi
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Exposure to various forms of stress is a common daily occurrence in the lives of most individuals, with both positive and negative effects on brain function. The impact of stress is strongly influenced by the type and duration of the stressor. In its acute form, stress may be a necessary adaptive mechanism for survival and with only transient changes within the brain. However, severe and/or prolonged stress causes overactivation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis thus inflicting detrimental changes in the brain structure and function. Therefore, chronic stress is often considered a negative modulator of the cognitive functions including the learning and memory processes. Exposure to long-lasting stress diminishes health and increases vulnerability to mental disorders. In addition, stress exacerbates functional changes associated with various brain disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview for neuroscientists who are seeking a concise account of the effects of stress on learning and memory and associated signal transduction mechanisms. This review discusses chronic mental stress and its detrimental effects on various aspects of brain functions including learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and cognition-related signaling enabled via key signal transduction molecules.

scholarly journals Radiologia e ciência cognitiva: os avanços tecnológicos e a neurociência

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Francisco Alencar de Sousa ◽  
Vivaldo Medeiros Santos ◽  
Amanda Juliane da Silva Branco ◽  
Carmen Regina de Souza Franco ◽  
Luciana Takahashi Carvalho Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Mapping Technology ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
New Research ◽  
Xix Century

O presente artigo é uma tentativa de reflexão sobre a relevância da radiologia no processo de transformação nos estudos das ciências cognitivas, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX. Desta forma, procurou-se explorar os procedimentos produzidos pela tecnologia de mapeamento do cérebro, como sendo fator fundamental no entendimento de como são as funções cerebrais e como o cérebro aprende. Para esta reflexão, o objetivo é trazer os processos de desenvolvimento técnico e teórico de equipamentos da radiologia que foram capazes de contribuir para os estudos das ciências cognitivas. Partiu-se da hipótese de que só a partir do desenvolvimento da área de radiologia que foi possível o avanço nos estudos das funções do cérebro. Espera-se que tais reflexões abram caminhos para novas pesquisas que pretendem explicar aptidões mentais como a linguagem, a memória e análises mais profundas, para descrever como os processos neuropsicológicos produzem o estado cognitivo.Descritores: Radiologia, Ciência Cognitiva, Tecnologia, Cérebro. Radiology and Cognitive Science: technological Advances and neuroscienceAbstract: The present article is an attempt to reflect on the relevance of radiology in the process of transformation in the studies of cognitive sciences, from the second half of the XIX century. In this way, we tried to explore the procedures produced by brain mapping technology, as a fundamental factor in understanding how brain functions are and how the brain learns. For this reflection, the objective is to bring the processes of technical and theoretical development of radiology equipment that were able to contribute to the studies of the cognitive sciences. It was hypothesized that only from the development of the radiology area that it was possible to advance in the studies of brain functions. It is hoped that such reflections will open the way to new research that seeks to explain mental abilities such as language, memory and deeper analysis to describe how neuropsychological processes produce cognitive status.Descriptors: Radiology, Cognitive Science, Technology, Brain. Radiología y ciencia cognitiva: avances tecnológicos y neurocienciaResumen: El presente artículo es un intento de reflexión sobre la relevancia de la radiología en el proceso de transformación en los estudios de las ciencias cognitivas, a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. De esta forma, se buscó explorar los procedimientos producidos por la tecnología de mapeo del cerebro, como siendo factor fundamental en el entendimiento de cómo son las funciones cerebrales y cómo el cerebro aprende. Para esta reflexión, el objetivo es traer los procesos de desarrollo técnico y teórico de equipos de radiología que fueron capaces de contribuir a los estudios de las ciencias cognitivas. Se partió de la hipótesis de que sólo a partir del desarrollo del área de radiología que fue posible el avance en los estudios de las funciones del cerebro. Se espera que tales reflexiones abran caminos para nuevas investigaciones que pretenden explicar aptitudes mentales como el lenguaje, la memoria y análisis más profundos, para describir cómo los procesos neuropsicológicos producen el estado cognitivo.Descriptores: Radiología, Ciencia Cognitiva, Tecnología, Cerebro.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Feeding of Treated Rapeseed Meal on Growth Performance, Blood Mineral Profile and Fatty Acid Composition of Back Fat in Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
L. Bujňák ◽  
P. Naď ◽  
M. Skalická ◽  
S. Marcinčák
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mineral Profile ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with treated rape-seed meal (tRSM) on the growth performance, blood mineral levels and fatty acid composition of back fat in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 12 crossbred pigs (Slovakian White × Landrace) with an initial live weight of 40.82 ± 2.69 kg were divided into two dietary treatments. The experimental period lasted 84 days; 38 days in the growing period and 46 days in the finishing period. The dietary treatments were as follows: control, a SBM-based diet (growing and finishing), and experimental, a treated RSM-based diet (growing and finishing). The rapeseed meal was treated with a product that neutralizes the negative physiological effects of anti-nutritive glucosinolates contained in rapeseed products for livestock feeding. Our analysis showed minor, no significant negative effects of tRSM on live weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio. Replacing SBM with tRSM had no significant effects on the proportion of the total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids of back fat samples, as well as concentrations of analysed serum minerals except zinc level. In conclusion, the inclusion of 25 % and 18 % of treated RSM in growing and finishing pig diets had no negative effects on the growth performance, blood mineral profile or fatty acid composition of back fat.

scholarly journals A novel dietary multi-strain yeast fraction modulates intestinal toll-like-receptor signalling and mucosal responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245021
Author(s):  
Mark Rawling ◽  
Eric Leclercq ◽  
Andrew Foey ◽  
Mathieu Castex ◽  
Daniel Merrifield
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Effector Cytokines ◽  
Formulated Feed ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Fraction Product

This study was conducted to evaluate the mucosal immune responses of rainbow trout when supplementing an experimental formulated feed with multi-strain yeast fraction product (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cyberlindnera jardinii). In total, 360 fish (initial BW 23.1 ± 0.2 g) were randomly allotted into three dietary treatments in an 8-week feeding trial. The dietary treatments included basal diet (control) and control + 1.5 g/kg multi-strain yeast fraction product (MsYF) fed continuously and pulsed every two weeks between control and MsYF diet. No negative effects on growth performance of feeding the MsYF supplemented diet were observed. SGR and FCR averaged 2.30 ± 0.03%/day and 1.03 ± 0.03, respectively, across experimental groups. Muscularis thickness in the anterior intestine after 8 weeks of feeding was significantly elevated by 44.3% in fish fed the MsYF continuously, and by 14.4% in fish fed the MsYF pulsed (P < 0.02). Significant elevations in goblet cell density in the anterior and posterior (>50% increase) intestine were observed after 8 weeks of feeding the MsYF supplemented diet (P< 0.03). In contrast, lamina propria width was significantly lower in fish fed the experimental diets (>10% reduction). The gene expression analysis of the intestine revealed significant elevations in expression of tlr2, il1r1, irak4, and tollip2 after 4 weeks of feeding the MsYF. Significant elevations in effector cytokines tnfα, il10 and tgfβ were observed after 4 weeks of feeding the MsYF regime. After 8 weeks significant elevations in the gene expression levels of il1β, ifnγ, and il12 were observed in fish fed the MsYF. Likewise, the expression of the transcription factor gata3 was significantly elevated (P<0.01). Supplementation of the multi-strain yeast fraction product positively modulates the intestinal mucosal response of rainbow trout through interaction with toll-like receptor two signalling pathway and potential for increased capacity of delivery of antigens to the underlying mucosal associated lymphoid tissue.

scholarly journals Scribbling the Cat: A Case of the “Miracle” Plant, Moringa oleifera

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thulani Tshabalala ◽  
Bhekumthetho Ncube ◽  
Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala ◽  
Trevor Tapiwa Nyakudya ◽  
Hloniphani Peter Moyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
New Research ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Lam

This paper reviews the properties of the most cultivated species of the Moringaceae family, Moringa oleifera Lam. The paper takes a critical look at the positive and the associated negative properties of the plant, with particular emphasis on its chemistry, selected medicinal and nutritional properties, as well as some ecological implications of the plant. The review highlights the importance of glucosinolates (GS) compounds which are relatively unique to the Moringa species family, with glucomoriginin and its acylated derivative being the most abundant. We highlight some new research findings revealing that not all M. oleifera cultivars contain an important flavonoid, rutin. The review also focuses on phenolic acids, tannin, minerals and vitamins, which are in high amounts when compared to most vegetables and fruits. Although there are numerous benefits of using M. oleifera for medicinal purposes, there are reports of contraindications. Nonetheless, we note that there are no major harmful effects of M. oleifera that have been reported by the scientific community. M. oleifera is suspected to be potentially invasive and moderately invasive in some regions of the world because of its ability to grow in a wide range of environmental conditions. However, the plant is currently classified as a low potential invasive species and thus there is a need to constantly monitor the species. Despite the numerous benefits associated with the plant, there is still a paucity of data on clinical trials proving both the positive and negative effects of the plant. We recommend further clinical trials to ascertain the properties associated with the plant, especially regarding long term use.

139 THE EFFECT OF STARCH AND SATURATED OR POLYUNSATURATED RICH DIETS ON IN VITRO BOVINE EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
V. Van Hoeck ◽  
P. E. J. Bols ◽  
M. Arias Alvares ◽  
E. Merckx ◽  
S. Andries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Bovine Embryo ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Control Serum ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Dietary Treatments

In humans, diets rich in carbohydrates and saturated fatty acids are common and the subsequent altered metabolism has been linked to reduced fertility. Also, modern dairy cows are fed milk-stimulating diets rich in starch and fatty acids. The pre-implantation embryo is vulnerable to nutritionally induced changes in its micro-environment. We have shown that a dietary induced hyperlipidemia has detrimental consequences on development, quality and gene expression patterns of the pre-implantation embryo (Leroy et al. 2010 Hum. Reprod. 25, 768–778). Hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding starch- and saturated-fat-rich diets and the collected serum was added during bovine embryo culture. In the present study, we hypothesized that changing the saturated into a polyunsaturated fat source could alleviate these negative effects. We furthermore hypothesized that the sequence in which the different fat sources are given can affect embryo development and quality. Therefore, in the first setup: bovine zygotes (n = 1104; 4 replicates) were cultured in SOF medium supplemented with 10% serum collected from 3 synchronized heifers after 3 successive dietary treatments each fed during 4 weeks: control serum after a hay-based maintenance diet, saturated serum (SAT1) after a carbohydrate rich diet supplemented with saturated fatty acids (twice maintenance, C16 : 0, palmitic acid, 4.5% total fat), or unsaturated serum (UNSAT1) after a carbohydrate-rich diet supplemented with unsaturated fatty acids (twice maintenance, C18 : 3, linolenic acid, 4.45% total fat). In the second setup (n = 1483; 5 replicates): bovine zygotes were cultured in SOF medium supplemented with 10% serum from 3 synchronized heifers successively fed the 3 same dietary treatments in different order: control, unsaturated (UNSAT2), or saturated serum (SAT2). Day 7 blastocyst developmental competence (binary logistic regression), total cell number, and apoptotic cell ratio (ACR) (mixed model ANOVA) were evaluated. Supplementation of SAT1 serum in culture significantly reduced blastocysts from cleaved zygotes (36.7% v. 44.7%) and significantly increased ACR (0.1% ± 0.05 v. 0.06% ± 0.04) compared to controls (P < 0.05). Zygotes cultured in UNSAT1 displayed a significant higher cell number than control and SAT1 blastocysts (126.4 ± 25.7 v. 120.4 ± 24.3 and 108.3 ± 15.5, respectively; P ≤ 0.05) and lower ACR compared to SAT1 blastocysts (0.06% ± 0.03 v. 0.1% ± 0.05; P < 0.05). However, UNSAT1 zygotes showed a tendency for reduced development into blastocysts compared to control zygotes (P = 0.05). By contrast, UNSAT2 serum significantly improved blastocysts development from cleaved zygotes (40.0% v. 26.7%) and led to a lower ACR (0.06% ± 0.04 v. 0.1% ± 0.05) compared to SAT2 embryos (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our study confirmed the negative effects diets rich in starch and saturated fat on pre-implantation embryo development and quality. Changing the fat source to polyunsaturated eliminated these negative effects. Furthermore, we showed that the order in which different fat types are fed affects the zygote’s ability to sustain further development.

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