Antimicrobial Activity of Five Apitoxins from Apis mellifera on Two Common Foodborne Pathogens

Antimicrobial resistance is one of today’s major public health challenges. Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria have been responsible for an increasing number of deaths in recent decades. These resistant bacteria are also a concern in the food chain, as bacteria can resist common biocides used in the food industry and reach consumers. As a consequence, the search for alternatives to common antimicrobials by the scientific community has intensified. Substances obtained from nature have shown great potential as new sources of antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of five bee venoms, also called apitoxins, against two common foodborne pathogens. A total of 50 strains of the Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella enterica and 8 strains of the Gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes were tested. The results show that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were highly influenced by the bacterial genus. The MIC values ranged from 256 to 1024 µg/mL in S. enterica and from 16 to 32 µg/mL in L. monocytogenes. The results of this study demonstrate that apitoxin is a potential alternative agent against common foodborne pathogens, and it can be included in the development of new models to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the food chain.

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The Pomegranate: Effects on Bacteria and Viruses That Influence Human Health

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/606212 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Amy B. Howell ◽

Doris H. D'Souza

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Clinical Results ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Wide Range

Pomegranates have been known for hundreds of years for their multiple health benefits, including antimicrobial activity. The recent surge in multidrug-resistant bacteria and the possibility of widespread global virus pandemics necessitate the need for additional preventative and therapeutic options to conventional drugs. Research indicates that pomegranates and their extracts may serve as natural alternatives due to their potency against a wide range of bacterial and viral pathogens. Nearly every part of the pomegranate plant has been tested for antimicrobial activities, including the fruit juice, peel, arils, flowers, and bark. Many studies have utilized pomegranate peel with success. There are various phytochemical compounds in pomegranate that have demonstrated antimicrobial activity, but most of the studies have found that ellagic acid and larger hydrolyzable tannins, such as punicalagin, have the highest activities. In some cases the combination of the pomegranate constituents offers the most benefit. The positive clinical results on pomegranate and suppression of oral bacteria are intriguing and worthy of further study. Much of the evidence for pomegranates’ antibacterial and antiviral activities against foodborne pathogens and other infectious disease organisms comes fromin vitrocell-based assays, necessitating further confirmation ofin vivoefficacy through human clinical trials.

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Antimicrobial activity of plant based Essential Oils and Synergistic effect against selected Human Pathogenic Bacteria

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4528 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽

pp. 2623-2630

Author(s):

Agneswari S ◽

Gopukumar S T

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Synergistic Activity ◽

E Coli ◽

Human Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Maximum Inhibition

The occurrence of multidrug resistant by pathogens is a universal issue for providing tolerable treatment for various infectious diseases. The predictable anti-microbial proxies are relatively active against plentiful strains, still need of more drugs against multidrug resistant pathogens. Herbal drugs have potential against antimicrobial activity from ancient days and their treatment of pathogenic diseases is increasing for developing plant based natural products. Essential oils have combat against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Thus our study was focused on plant based essential oil against human pathogenic bacteria. The necessary oil extracted from Curcuma longa and C. martini revealed protuberant anti-microbial accomplishments against B. subtilis, Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Low concentration of C. longa oil at 10 µl inhibited the growth of all strains Bacillus subtilis followed by E. coli and S. aureus. Maximum bustle was noted in P. aerogenosa at 40 µl in both C. longa and C. martini oils. Human pathogenic strain treated with C. martini oil showed maximum inhibition in P. aerogenosa followed by B. subtilis, E. coli and S. aureus. Synergistic activity of oils against the strains showed maximum inhibition at 40 µl in P. aerogenosa.

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Rhamnolipids Nano-Micelles as a Potential Hand Sanitizer

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10070751 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 751

Author(s):

Marwa Reda Bakkar ◽

Ahmed Hassan Ibrahim Faraag ◽

Elham R. S. Soliman ◽

Manar S. Fouda ◽

Amir Mahfouz Mokhtar Sarguos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Active Sites ◽

Specific Interaction ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Future Perspective ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

In Silico Studies

COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, which continues to cause global health and economic problems since emerging in China in late 2019. Until now, there are no standard antiviral treatments. Thus, several strategies were adopted to minimize virus transmission, such as social distancing, face covering protection and hand hygiene. Rhamnolipids are glycolipids produced formally by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and as biosurfactants, they were shown to have broad antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of rhamnolipids against selected multidrug resistant bacteria and SARS-CoV-2. Rhamnolipids were produced by growing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain LeS3 in a new medium formulated from chicken carcass soup. The isolated rhamnolipids were characterized for their molecular composition, formulated into nano-micelles, and the antibacterial activity of the nano-micelles was demonstrated in vitro against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive drug resistant bacteria. In silico studies docking rhamnolipids to structural and non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 was also performed. We demonstrated the efficient and specific interaction of rhamnolipids with the active sites of these proteins. Additionally, the computational studies suggested that rhamnolipids have membrane permeability activity. Thus, the obtained results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 could be another target of rhamnolipids and could find utility in the fight against COVID-19, a future perspective to be considered.

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Sulfaguanidine Hybrid with Some New Pyridine-2-One Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria as Dual DNA Gyrase and DHFR Inhibitors

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10020162 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 162

Author(s):

Ahmed Ragab ◽

Sawsan A. Fouad ◽

Ola A. Abu Ali ◽

Entsar M. Ahmed ◽

Abeer M. Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Dna Gyrase ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Design Synthesis ◽

Potent Inhibition ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Dhfr Inhibitors ◽

Positive Controls

Herein, a series of novel hybrid sulfaguanidine moieties, bearing 2-cyanoacrylamide 2a–d, pyridine-2-one 3–10, and 2-imino-2H-chromene-3-carboxamide 11, 12 derivatives, were synthesized, and their structure confirmed by spectral data and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds showed moderate to good antimicrobial activity against eight pathogens. The most promising six derivatives, 2a, 2b, 2d, 3a, 8, and 11, revealed to be best in inhibiting bacterial and fungal growth, thus showing bactericidal and fungicidal activity. These derivatives exhibited moderate to potent inhibition against DNA gyrase and DHFR enzymes, with three derivatives 2d, 3a, and 2a demonstrating inhibition of DNA gyrase, with IC50 values of 18.17–23.87 µM, and of DHFR, with IC50 values of 4.33–5.54 µM; their potency is near to that of the positive controls. Further, the six derivatives exhibited immunomodulatory potential and three derivatives, 2d, 8, and 11, were selected for further study and displayed an increase in spleen and thymus weight and enhanced the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Finally, molecular docking and some AMED studies were performed.

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The Use of Bacteriophages in the Poultry Industry

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10050872 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 872 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Katarzyna Żbikowska ◽

Monika Michalczuk ◽

Beata Dolka

Keyword(s):

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Food Contact Surfaces ◽

Public Health And Safety

The emergence of multidrug-resistant infections and antibiotic failures have raised concerns over human and veterinary medicine worldwide. Poultry production has had to confront the problems of an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, including zoonotic pathogens. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis have been the most frequently reported human foodborne diseases linked to poultry. This situation has strongly stimulated a renewal of scientists’ interest in bacteriophages (phages) since the beginning of the 21st century. Bacteriophages are the viruses of bacteria. They are abundant in nature, and accompany bacteria in each environment they colonize, including human microbiota. In this review, we focused on the use of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents to treat infections and reduce counts of pathogenic bacteria in poultry, as biocontrol agents to eliminate foodborne pathogens on/in food, and also as disinfectants to reduce contamination on food-contact surfaces or poultry carcasses in industrial conditions. Most of the phage-based products are targeted against the main foodborne pathogens, such as Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens. Phages are currently addressed at all stages of the poultry production "from farm to fork", however, their implementation into live birds and food products still provokes discussions especially in the context of the current legal framework, limitations, as well as public health and safety.

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Bacteriophages: the possible solution to treat infections caused by pathogenic bacteria

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/cjm-2017-0030 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (11) ◽

pp. 865-879 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Ayman El-Shibiny ◽

Salma El-Sahhar

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Phage Therapy ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Western World ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Vaccine Production ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Antibiotic Resistant

Since their discovery in 1915, bacteriophages have been used to treat bacterial infections in animals and humans because of their unique ability to infect their specific bacterial hosts without affecting other bacterial populations. The research carried out in this field throughout the 20th century, largely in Georgia, part of USSR and Poland, led to the establishment of phage therapy protocols. However, the discovery of penicillin and sulfonamide antibiotics in the Western World during the 1930s was a setback in the advancement of phage therapy. The misuse of antibiotics has reduced their efficacy in controlling pathogens and has led to an increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As an alternative to antibiotics, bacteriophages have become a topic of interest with the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, which are a threat to public health. Recent studies have indicated that bacteriophages can be used indirectly to detect pathogenic bacteria or directly as biocontrol agents. Moreover, they can be used to develop new molecules for clinical applications, vaccine production, drug design, and in the nanomedicine field via phage display.

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Antibacterial activity of ginger extracts and its essential oil on some of pathogenic bacteria

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.7.3.1159-1165 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 1159-1165

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Cold Water ◽

Water Extract ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Hot Water ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria

The antimicrobial activity of ginger extracts ( cold-water, hot-water, ethanolic and essential oil ) against some of pathogenic bacteria ( Escherichia coli , Salmonella sp , Klebsiella sp , Serratia marcescens, Vibrio cholerae , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus sp) was investigated using Disc diffusion method , and the results were compared with the antimicrobial activity of 12 antibiotics on the same bacteria . The results showed that the ginger extracts were more effective on gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative . V. cholerae and S. marcescens,were the most resistant bacteria to the extracts used , while highest inhibition was noticed against Streptococcus sp (28 mm) . The ethanolic extract showed the broadest antibacterial activity ( 11 to 28 mm ) , in comparison with moderate activity of essential oil , it was observed that the cold-water extract was more effective on the bacteria than hot-water extract . Ginger ethanolic extract presented higher diameter of inhibition zone for Streptococcus sp than in Ciprofloxacin , Cefotaxime , Cefalotin , Cephalexin and Cephaloridine , also it was found a similarity between the higher inhibition zones of ethanolic extract of ginger and some antibiotics for S. aureus , E. coli , Salmonella sp and Klebsiella sp . V. cholerae and S. marcescens,also highly resistant to antibiotics . Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of ginger revealed the present of glycosides, terpenoids, flavonids and phenolic compounds

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Genomic fitness profiling of Acinetobacter baumannii reveals modes of action for common biocides and mechanisms of biocide-antibiotic antagonism

10.21203/rs.3.rs-157820/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Liping Li ◽

Francesca Short ◽

Karl Hassan ◽

Varsha Naidu ◽

Alaska Pokhrel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Cell Envelope ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽

Insertion Site ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Cell Respiration ◽

Community Environments ◽

Intracellular Targets

Abstract Biocides, such as antiseptics and disinfectants, are used ubiquitously for hygiene in households and for life-saving infection control in hospitals. An increasing concern is that the widespread use of biocides may contribute to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. We performed transposon directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS) to identify genes and key cellular pathways of the multidrug resistant nosocomial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii, that affect host fitness during exposure to a panel of ten structurally-diverse and clinically-relevant biocides: silver nitrate, benzalkonium, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), chlorhexidine, triclosan, chloroxylenol, polyvidone iodine, bleach, glutaraldehyde and ethanol. Multiple genes encoding proteins localised either in the cell envelope or in the cytoplasm were shown to affect biocide susceptibility. These proteins are involved in multiple processes including fatty acid biogenesis, multidrug efflux, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, cell respiration and cell division, suggesting that these biocides may have intracellular targets in addition to their known effects on the cell envelope. Based on the importance of cell respiration genes for A. baumannii fitness on biocides, we proposed and confirmed that apart from triclosan, the other 9 biocides at sub-inhibitory concentration can dissipate the membrane potential and lead to A. baumannii tolerance to antibiotics that have intracellular targets. Our results support the concern that residual biocides in clinical or community environments can promote the development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria.

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Antibiotic adjuvants: a promising approach to combat multidrug resistant bacteria

Current Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1389450122666210120084406 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

Namita Sharma ◽

Anil K. Chhillar ◽

Sweety Dahiya ◽

Pooja Choudhary ◽

Aruna Punia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Targets ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Antibacterial Agents ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibacterial Drugs ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

The Impact ◽

Emergence Of Resistance

The escalating emergence and prevalence of infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria accentuate the crucial need to develop novel and effectual therapeutic strategies to control this threat. Recent past surprisingly indicates a staggering decline in effective strategies against MDR. Different approaches have been employed to minimize the effect of resistance but the question still lingers over the astounding number of drugs already tried and tested to no avail, furthermore, the detection of new drug targets and the action of new antibacterial agents against already existing drug targets also complicate the condition. Antibiotic adjuvants are considered as one such promising approach for overcoming the bacterial resistance. Adjuvants can potentiate the action of generally adopted antibacterial drugs against MDR bacterial pathogens either by minimizing the impact and emergence of resistance or improving the action of antibacterial drugs. This review provides an overview of mechanism of antibiotic resistance, main types of adjuvants and their mode of action, achievements and progression.

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Characterization of Multidrug Resistance Patterns of Emerging Salmonella enterica Serovar Rissen along the Food Chain in China

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9100660 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 660

Author(s):

Xuebin Xu ◽

Silpak Biswas ◽

Guimin Gu ◽

Mohammed Elbediwi ◽

Yan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Food Chain ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Resistance Patterns

Salmonella spp. are recognized as important foodborne pathogens globally. Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen is one of the important Salmonella serovars linked with swine products in numerous countries and can transmit to humans by food chain contamination. Worldwide emerging S. Rissen is considered as one of the most common pathogens to cause human salmonellosis. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance properties and patterns of Salmonella Rissen isolates obtained from humans, animals, animal-derived food products, and the environment in China. Between 2016 and 2019, a total of 311 S. Rissen isolates from different provinces or province-level cities in China were included here. Bacterial isolates were characterized by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 14 clinically relevant antimicrobials were obtained by broth microdilution method. S. Rissen isolates from humans were found dominant (67%; 208/311). S. Rissen isolates obtained from human patients were mostly found with diarrhea. Other S. Rissen isolates were acquired from food (22%; 69/311), animals (8%; 25/311), and the environment (3%; 9/311). Most of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and ampicillin. The S. Rissen isolates showed susceptibility against ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. In total, 92% of the S. Rissen isolates were multidrug-resistant and ASSuT (27%), ACT (25%), ACSSuT (22%), ACSSuTAmc (11%), and ACSSuTFox (7%) patterns were among the most prevalent antibiotic resistance patterns found in this study. The widespread dissemination of antimicrobial resistance could have emerged from misuse of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in China. These findings could be useful for rational antimicrobial usage against Salmonella Rissen infections.

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