scholarly journals Ready-to-Eat Sandwiches as Source of Pathogens Endowed with Antibiotic Resistance and Other Virulence Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7177
Author(s):  
Stefania Camellini ◽  
Ramona Iseppi ◽  
Carla Condò ◽  
Patrizia Messi
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Vending Machines ◽  
Listeria Ivanovii ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
Phenotypic Tests

The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the bacterial load present in twenty-four Ready-To-Eat (RTE) sandwiches, purchased at refrigerated vending machines and supermarkets in the province of Modena (Italy). We isolated 54 bacterial strains, including pathogens of interest in food safety, such as Listeria, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Yersinia, Aeromonas and Acinetobacter spp. Phenotypic tests have been performed on these pathogens to detect the presence of virulence factors, such as gelatinase production and hemolytic capability. To test their antibiotic resistance features, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against eight commonly used antibiotics (Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Oxacillin, Imipenem, Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Vancomycin) was also evaluated. The results showed that among the 54 isolates, fifty percent (50%) belonged to harmless microorganisms (Leuconostoc and Lactococcus), whereas the remaining fifty percent (50%) included pathogenic bacteria (Listeria ivanovii, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia, and Citrobacter spp.), species responsible for pathologies often difficult to treat due to the presence of antibiotic resistance features. This study demonstrates the importance of thorough controls, both during the production and marketing of RTE food like sandwiches, to avoid reaching the infectious load and the onset of pathologies, particularly dangerous for old and immunocompromised patients.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Compounds from Mushrooms: A Lead to Fight ESKAPEE Pathogenic Bacteria?

Planta Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violette Hamers ◽  
Clément Huguet ◽  
Mélanie Bourjot ◽  
Aurélie Urbain
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Antibacterial Compounds ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
Antibacterial Potential

AbstractInfectious diseases are among the greatest threats to global health in the 21st century, and one critical concern is due to antibiotic resistance developed by an increasing number of bacterial strains. New resistance mechanisms are emerging with many infections becoming more and more difficult if not impossible to treat. This growing phenomenon not only is associated with increased mortality but also with longer hospital stays and higher medical costs. For these reasons, there is an urgent need to find new antibiotics targeting pathogenic microorganisms such as ESKAPEE bacteria. Most of currently approved antibiotics are derived from microorganisms, but higher fungi could constitute an alternative and remarkable reservoir of anti-infectious compounds. For instance, pleuromutilins constitute the first class of antibiotics derived from mushrooms. However, macromycetes still represent a largely unexplored source. Publications reporting the antibacterial potential of mushroom extracts are emerging, but few purified compounds have been evaluated for their bioactivity on pathogenic bacterial strains. Therefore, the aim of this review is to compile up-to-date data about natural products isolated from fruiting body fungi, which significantly inhibit the growth of ESKAPEE pathogenic bacteria. When available, data regarding modes of action and cytotoxicity, mandatory when considering a possible drug development, have been discussed in order to highlight the most promising compounds.

Antibiotic survey ofLactococcus lactisstrains to six antibiotics by Etest, and establishment of new susceptibility-resistance cut-off values

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Belén Flórez ◽  
Morten Danielsen ◽  
Jenni Korhonen ◽  
Joanna Zycka ◽  
Atte von Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Geographical Locations ◽  
S Genes ◽  
Acquired Antibiotic Resistance

In order to establish cut-off values forLactococcus lactisto six antibiotics to distinguish susceptible and intrinsically resistant strains from those having acquired resistances, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and vancomycin was determined in 93 differentLc. lactisstrains using the Etest. These bacterial strains were originally isolated from dairy and animal sources in widely separated geographical locations. Cut-offs were defined on the basis of the distribution of the MICs frequency of the studied antibiotics, which in the absence of acquired determinants should approach to a normal statistical distribution. In general, the new cut-off values proposed in this study are higher than previously defined (European Commission, 2005. The EFSA Journal 223, 1–12). Based on these new values, all the strains tested were susceptible to erythromycin, chloramphenicol and vancomycin, and 79 susceptible to all six antibiotics. However, 11 strains (around 12%) were considered resistant to tetracycline (six of which had been identified after screening of a large collection of lactococci strains for tetracycline resistance) and five (5·4%) resistant to streptomycin. Of these, two fish isolates proved to be resistance to both tetracycline and streptomycin. From the tetracycline resistant strains,tet(M) and mosaictet(L/S) genes were amplified by PCR, demonstrating they harboured acquired antibiotic resistance determinants.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from milk samples with regard to virulence factors and antibiotic resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 2410-2418
Author(s):  
Waleed Younis ◽  
Sabry Hassan ◽  
Hams M. A. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples

Background and Aim: Raw milk is considered an essential source of nutrition during all stages of human life because it offers a valuable supply of protein and minerals. Importantly, milk is considered a good media for the growth and contamination of many pathogenic bacteria, especially food-borne pathogens such as Escherichia coli. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize E. coli and detect its virulence factors and antibiotic resistance from raw milk samples. Materials and Methods: Raw milk samples (n=100) were collected from different localities in Qena, Egypt, and investigated for the presence of E. coli using different biochemical tests, IMViC tests, serotyping to detect somatic antigen type, and molecularly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. The presence of different virulence and antimicrobial genes (hly, eae, stx1, stx2, blaTEM, tetA(A), and tetB genes) in E. coli isolates was evaluated using PCR. Results: The results demonstrated that 10 out of 100 milk samples were contaminated with E. coli. Depending on serology, the isolates were classified as O114 (one isolate), O27 (two isolates), O111 (one isolate), O125 (two isolates), and untypeable (five isolates) E. coli. The sequencing of partially amplified 16S rRNA of the untypeable isolates resulted in one isolate, which was initially misidentified as untypeable E. coli but later proved as Enterobacter hormaechei. Moreover, antibacterial susceptibility analysis revealed that nearly all isolates were resistant to more than 3 families of antibiotics, particularly to β-lactams, clindamycin, and rifampin. PCR results demonstrated that all E. coli isolates showed an accurate amplicon for the blaTEM and tetA(A) genes, four isolates harbored eae gene, other four harbored tetB gene, and only one isolate exhibited a positive stx2 gene. Conclusion: Our study explored vital methods for identifying E. coli as a harmful pathogen of raw milk using 16S rRNA sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and detection of virulence factors and antibiotic-resistant genes.

scholarly journals STUDY CYTOTOXICITY, ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY, AND COMPOSITIONS BY FT-IR AND GC-MS FOR ORGANIC EXTRACT OF WHITE IRAQI DESERT TRUFFLE TIRMANIA NIVEA

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (36) ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Ahmad khadem HACHIM ◽  
Rashid Rahim HATEET ◽  
Tawfik Muhammad MUHSIN
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Organic Extract

The purpose of the present work aimed at exploring the potential biochemical components and biological activities of an organic extract of the white truffle Tirmania nivea collected from the Iraqi desert, then test the organic extract against the Cytotoxicity on Human Larynx carcinoma cells and selected strains of pathogenic bacteria. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC/MSS were used to analyze mycochemical compositions. The antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was investigated using a disk diffusion agar method. The truffle extract's cytotoxicity effect against the larynx cell line (Hep-2) was assessed by the MTT assay (in vitro). FTIR results provided the presence of phenol, carboxylic acid, and alkane's functional group, The GC-MS analysis of T. nivea disclose the existence of nineteen compounds that can contribute to the pharmaceutical properties of the truffle. As for antibacterial activity result, A growth inhibition activity of truffle extract at (18-40 mm inhibition zones) against the tested pathogenic bacterial strains was detected, which minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 3.12 to 6.25 mg/mL for Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) Respectively. The results of cytotoxicity shown that the organic truffle extract exhibited a high inhibitory rate (52.685%) against cell line (Hep-2) at a concentration of 1.56 ?g/mL. In this work, the results showed that the organic extracts of T. nivea are very promising as cancer cytotoxicity and antibacterial agent for future medical applications.

scholarly journals Identification of antibiotic resistance proteins via MiCId's augmented workflow. A mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gelio Alves ◽  
Aleksey Y Ogurtsov ◽  
Roger Karlsson ◽  
Daniel Jaen-Luchoro ◽  
Beatriz Pineiro-Iglesias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Resistance Proteins ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
Resistance Protein ◽  
Microorganism Classification

Fast and accurate identifications of pathogenic bacteria along with their associated antibiotic resistance proteins are of paramount importance for patient treatments and public health. While mass spectrometry has become an important, technique for diagnostics of infectious disease, there is a need for mass spectrometry workflows offering this capability. To meet this need, we have augmented the previously published Microorganism Classification and Identification (MiCId) workflow for this capability. To evaluate the performance of the newly augmented MiCId workflow, we have used MS/MS datafiles from samples of 10 antibiotic resistance bacterial strains belonging to three different species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The evaluation results show that MiCId's workflow has a sensitivity value around 85% (with a lower bound at about 72%) and a precision greater than 95% in the identification of antibiotic resistance proteins. Using MS/MS datasets from samples of two bacterial clonal isolates, one being antibiotic-sensitive while the other (obtained from the same patient at different times) being multidrug-resistant, we applied MiCId's workflow to investigate possible mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in these pathogenic bacteria; the results showed that MiCId's conclusions are in agreement with the published study. Furthermore, we show that MiCId's workflow is fast. It provides microorganismal identifications, protein identifications, sample biomass estimates, and antibiotic resistance protein identifications in 6-17 minutes per MS/MS sample using computing resources that are available in most desktop and laptop computers, making it a highly portable workflow. This study demonstrated that MiCId's workflow is fast, portable, and with high sensitivity and high precision, making it a valuable tool for rapid identifications of bacteria as well as detection of their antibiotic resistance proteins. The new version of MiCId (v.07.01.2021) is freely available for download at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Yu/downloads.html.

Phage-mediated dissemination of virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria facilitated by antibiotic growth promoters in animals: a perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Migma Dorji Tamang ◽  
Hoon Sunwoo ◽  
Byeonghwa Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
The World ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters

AbstractAddition of sub-therapeutic antibiotics to the feed of food-producing animals for growth promotion and disease prevention has become a common agricultural practice in many countries. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a looming concern associated with the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) around the world. In addition, some studies have shown that AGPs may not only affect antibiotic resistance but may also stimulate the dissemination of virulence factors via bacteriophages. Although only a few studies are currently available in the literature regarding this topic, in this article we endeavor to provide a perspective about how AGPs would impact the transmission of virulence factors by horizontal gene transfer via phages in a few pathogenic bacterial species significant to livestock production.

scholarly journals The pattern of antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from urine cultures of patients referred to Yazd Central Laboratory in 2012-2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 2271-2278
Author(s):  
Mahmood Vakili ◽  
Zaher Khazaei ◽  
Jamshid Ayatollahi ◽  
Salman Khazaei ◽  
Hamed Poorrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Central Laboratory ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Urine ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second leading cause of infection in communities. Determination of antibiotic resistance in common pathogenic bacteria is important to choose an effective treatment against a particular microbe. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from urine cultures of patients referred to Yazd Central Laboratory (located in Yazd, Iran). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on subjects who were referred to the Central Laboratory in Yazd for urine culture testing. The data was collected from all positive urine cultures. A frequency distribution table was used for descriptive statistics; Chi-square test was used to compare subgroups. Data were analyzed using Stata software version 12 (Stata Corp LP, College Station, Texas). Results: A total of 2014 samples of positive urine cultures were obtained during 2012-2013. Of these, 1875 (88.6%) samples were from females and 229 (11.4%) samples were from males. The prevalence of infection was most common in the age group of 50 years or older, with 594 (29.5%) cases. E. coli and Klebsiella represented 68% and 10.2% of the cases, respectively; these bacterial strains were the most prevalent in patients. The strongest antibiotic resistance in patients was towards the antibiotic ampicillin. For most of the antibiotics, the antibiotic resistance was significantly greater in males compared to females (P<0.05). Conclusion: Resistance to antibiotics in all investigated bacteria strains was common. For both sexes, the highest antibiotic resistance occurred in patients less than 50 years of age; the resistance was towards ampicillin. For the group over 50 years of age, the greatest antibiotic resistance was towards ceftizoxime. The subject of antibiotic resistance, therefore, should be studied in further detail since antibiotic resistance has great impact on health issues, such as UTIs.

scholarly journals Antibioresistance and Virulence Factors Spectrum in Several Bacterial Strains Isolated from Polluted Environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Doina Cirstea ◽  
Simona Neagu ◽  
Mugur Stefănescu
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Aminoglycoside Antibiotic ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Intermediate Resistance

Abstract Most studies concerning antibiotic resistance are performed on strains isolated from the clinical environment. This phenomenon should not be neglected in bacterial strains isolated from natural or polluted environments, because the phenomenon of virulence and antibiotic resistance occurred in these environments and can contribute to maintaining a reservoir of virulence and antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to assess the resistance factors as well as the antibiotic resistance pattern in bacterial strains isolated from environments polluted with oil products or heavy metals.The strains under study exhibited virulence factors, 85% of the strains had the ability to synthesize amylases, 65% to hydrolyze esculin and gelatin, 50% to produce lecithinases, and hemolysins, and 40% to metabolize casein. To some bacterial straina, the blaNDM and blaIMP resistance genes were identified. These microorganisms showed intermediate resistance to Carbapenem, Monobactam and Aminoglycoside antibiotic classes. Pollutants exert selective pressure on native microorganisms contributing to the development of defense mechanisms against pollution stress, these mechanisms can be used in virulence and antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Diversity and Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Virulence Factors, and the Microbiome in Aquaculture in Southern China Revealed by Metagenomic Sequencing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haochang Su ◽  
Wujie Xu ◽  
Xiaojuan Hu ◽  
Yu Xu ◽  
Guoliang Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing

Abstract Background: Microbiota carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) are posing increasing risks to public health. Particularly the rapid spread of human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) with antibiotic resistance is recognized as a top health issue. The occurrence and abundance of ARGs in aquaculture have been investigated following metagenomic approaches. However, few studies have investigated the antibiotic resistome and VFs and their HPB hosts in aquaculture. Moreover, the relationships between ARGs and VFs and their microbiome in aquaculture are poorly understood. Results: The profiles of the antibiotic resistome, VFs, and HPB in aquaculture in Southern China were investigated. In total, 492 subtypes of 24 ARGs types were detected. Multidrug ARGs were most predominant, followed by macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS). Proteobacteria were the most predominant phylum carrying ARGs, followed by Firmicutes. Fifty-two HPB genera were detected. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria. Staphylococcus was the most abundant HPB genus. The samples contained 363 VFs, with Capsule being the most abundant. Seven HPB phyla, including 42 HPB genera, carried VFs, and the abundance of Bacillus was highest. The abundances of ARGs and VFs were highest in the sediment. However, the abundance of HPB was highest in shrimp guts and Staphylococcus was most abundant. Most ARGs were more prevalent on chromosomes than on plasmids. Source tracking analysis showed that the sediment was the greatest contributor to microbes carrying ARGs, VFs, and HPB in shrimp guts. Additionally, the water source contributed some of the HPB of shrimp guts. Conclusions: This study provides in-depth profiles of the abundances, diversity, distribution, and prevalence of ARGs, VFs, and their hosts HPB in aquaculture for the first time. Sediment was the most direct and important contributor to the ARGs, VFs, and HPB in the shrimp guts. The prevalence of HPB in aquaculture, particularly the high abundance of Staphylococcus in shrimp guts, poses potential risks to human health and food safety. Aquaculture water sources should be monitored and protected. The findings of this study provide a better understanding of the dissemination and hosts of ARGs and VFs for improving aquaculture management and public health surveillance.

scholarly journals Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Load in the Gut of Detritus Fishes: A Case Study of Pichavaram Mangrove Environment, Southeast Coast, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 778-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Thangamani ◽  
N. Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Chanos Chanos ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Fenneropenaeus Indicus ◽  
Mangrove Environment ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp

Total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) load of detritus fin and shell fishes collected from mangrove environment were investigated. The collected fish and prawn samples were subjected to the microbiological study. The THB load was higher in milk fish (Chanos chanos) (2.24 x 105 CFU/g) followed by Indian white prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus) (3.16 x 105 CFU/g) than the Liza parsia (1.90 x 105 CFU/g) and Penaeus monodon (1.88 x 105 CFU/g). A total of 355 bacterial strains were isolated and identified, in which 64, 57, 51, 47, 44, 42, 21, 29, 355 strains were belongs to Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., Bacillus spp., Enterobacter spp., Vibrio spp., Flavobacterium spp., Alcaligenes spp. and Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp., respectively. The present work showed that the Bacillus spp., were higher in the gut of fish and prawn samples studied. This work suggests that these bacteria can be effectively used as supplement in fish/prawn feed for commercial aquaculture or as probiotic to enhance the colonization in fish/prawn gut.

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