scholarly journals Monoassociation of Preterm Germ-Free Piglets with Bifidobacterium animalis Subsp. lactis BB-12 and Its Impact on Infection with Salmonella Typhimurium

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Alla Splichalova ◽  
Sharon M. Donovan ◽  
Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova ◽  
Zbynek Stranak ◽  
Zdislava Splichalova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Bacterial Translocation ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Bifidobacterium Animalis ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Gnotobiotic Piglets

Preterm germ-free piglets were monoassociated with probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB12) to verify its safety and to investigate possible protection against subsequent infection with Salmonella Typhimurium strain LT2 (LT2). Clinical signs of salmonellosis, bacterial colonization in the intestine, bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), blood, liver, spleen, and lungs, histopathological changes in the ileum, claudin-1 and occludin mRNA expression in the ileum and colon, intestinal and plasma concentrations of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 were evaluated. Both BB12 and LT2 colonized the intestine of the monoassociated piglets. BB12 did not translocate in the BB12-monoassociated piglets. BB12 was detected in some cases in the MLN of piglets, consequently infected with LT2, but reduced LT2 counts in the ileum and liver of these piglets. LT2 damaged the luminal structure of the ileum, but a previous association with BB12 mildly alleviated these changes. LT2 infection upregulated claudin-1 mRNA in the ileum and colon and downregulated occludin mRNA in the colon. Infection with LT2 increased levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 in the intestine and plasma, and BB12 mildly downregulated them compared to LT2 alone. Despite reductions in bacterial translocation and inflammatory cytokines, clinical signs of LT2 infection were not significantly affected by the probiotic BB12. Thus, we hypothesize that multistrain bacterial colonization of preterm gnotobiotic piglets may be needed to enhance the protective effect against the infection with S. Typhimurium LT2.

scholarly journals Colonization of Germ-Free Piglets with Mucinolytic and Non-Mucinolytic Bifidobacterium boum Strains Isolated from the Intestine of Wild Boar and Their Interference with Salmonella Typhimurium

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2002
Author(s):  
Alla Splichalova ◽  
Radko Pechar ◽  
Jiri Killer ◽  
Zdislava Splichalova ◽  
Vera Neuzil Bunesova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Bacterial Translocation ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Mucin 2 ◽  
Gnotobiotic Piglet

Non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars are worldwide spread foodborne pathogens that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Colonization of gnotobiotic piglet intestine with porcine indigenous mucinolytic Bifidobacterium boum RP36 strain and non-mucinolytic strain RP37 and their interference with Salmonella Typhimurium infection were compared. Bacterial interferences and impact on the host were evaluated by clinical signs of salmonellosis, bacterial translocation, goblet cell count, mRNA expression of mucin 2, villin, claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin in the ileum and colon, and plasmatic levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10. Both bifidobacterial strains colonized the intestine comparably. Neither RP36 nor RP37 B. boum strains effectively suppressed signs of salmonellosis. Both B. boum strains suppressed the growth of S. Typhimurium in the ileum and colon. The mucinolytic RP36 strain increased the translocation of S. Typhimurium into the blood, liver, and spleen.

scholarly journals MMP-2 Plays an Important Role During the Early Acute Developmental Phase of Oligofructose-Induced Equine Laminitis

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinran Li ◽  
Renli Jiang ◽  
Guanying Wang ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
Xiaojing Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
P38 Mapk ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Tissue Inhibitor Of Metalloproteinase ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ◽  
Developmental Phase ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract The study was conducted on 24 Mongolian horses, with oligofructose-induced equine laminitis (10 g/kg b.w.). The objective of the study was to investigate the relationships among matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38 MAPK), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) during acute developmental phase of laminitis, and to determine whether there are any characteristic tendencies. Moreover, plasma concentrations of LPS and TNF-α were measured in order to determine the time of leukocytes’ activation. Eleven of the 12 horses showed clinical signs of laminitis. The contents of MMP-2 and P38 MAPK increased significantly from 8 h to 64 h, and the content of TIMP-2 decreased significantly at the same time. Plasma LPS concentrations increased significantly between 8 h and 20 h and reached a peak of 0.024 ± 0.009 EU/mL (equivalent to 3.04 ± 1.19 pg/mL) at 12 h. TNF-α concentration increased between 20 h and 36 h. This data indicates that MMP-2 plays an important role during the early acute developmental phase of oligofructose-induced equine laminitis.

scholarly journals Host Susceptibility to the Attaching and Effacing Bacterial Pathogen Citrobacter rodentium

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 3443-3453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Vallance ◽  
Wanyin Deng ◽  
Kevan Jacobson ◽  
B. Brett Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Translocation ◽  
Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Crypt Cell ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Citrobacter Rodentium ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Susceptible Mouse

ABSTRACT Many studies have shown that genetic susceptibility plays a key role in determining whether bacterial pathogens successfully infect and cause disease in potential hosts. Surprisingly, whether host genetics influence the pathogenesis of attaching and effacing (A/E) bacteria such as enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli has not been examined. To address this issue, we infected various mouse strains with Citrobacter rodentium, a member of the A/E pathogen family. Of the strains tested, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) nonresponder C3H/HeJ mouse strain experienced more rapid and extensive bacterial colonization than did other strains. Moreover, the high bacterial load in these mice was associated with accelerated crypt hyperplasia, mucosal ulceration, and bleeding, together with very high mortality rates. Interestingly, the basis for the increased susceptibility was not due to LPS hyporesponsiveness, as the genetically related but LPS-responsive C3H/HeOuJ and C3H/HeN mouse strains were also susceptible to infection. Analysis of the intestinal pathology in these susceptible strains revealed significant crypt epithelial cell apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end label staining) as well as bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Further studies with infection of SCID (T- and B-lymphocyte-deficient) C3H/HeJ mice demonstrated that loss of lymphocytes had no effect on bacterial numbers but did reduce crypt cell apoptosis and delayed mortality. These studies thus identify the adaptive immune system, crypt cell apoptosis, and bacterial translocation but not LPS responsiveness as contributing to the tissue pathology and mortality seen during C. rodentium infection of highly susceptible mouse strains. Determining the basis for these strains' susceptibility to intestinal colonization by an A/E pathogen will be the focus of future studies.

Experimental Peracute Colibacillosis: Gastrointestinal Lesions in Gnotobiotic Piglets

1972 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 360-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Meyer ◽  
J. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Active Infection ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Gastrointestinal Lesions ◽  
Enteropathogenic Strain ◽  
Greater Curvature ◽  
Gnotobiotic Piglets

Three-day-old, hysterectomy-derived germ-free piglets were challenged with an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. This particular strain (serotype 08:K87, K88ac:H19) was highly pathogenic and produced clinical signs of enteric colibacillosis. The major lesions consisted of marked gastric dilation and extensive congestion involving the greater curvature of the fundus. The gastrointestinal lesions were considered to be the direct result of the active infection by this strain. No similar condition was observed in similar experiments with 16 other E. coli serotypes in neonatal germ-free swine.

scholarly journals Impact of the Lipopolysaccharide Chemotype of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium on Virulence in Gnotobiotic Piglets

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Splichalova ◽  
Zdislava Splichalova ◽  
Daniela Karasova ◽  
Ivan Rychlik ◽  
Paolo Trevisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Gnotobiotic Piglet ◽  
Isogenic Mutants ◽  
Junction Proteins

Salmonella Typhimurium is an enteric pathogen that causes acute and chronic infections in humans and animals. One-week-old germ-free piglets were orally colonized/infected with the Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 strain or its isogenic rough ΔrfaL, ΔrfaG or ΔrfaC mutants with exactly defined lipopolysaccharide (LPS) defects. After 24 h, the piglets were euthanized and the colonization of the small intestine, translocations into the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, and bacteremia, along with changes in the ileum histology, and transcription levels of the tight junction proteins claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin were all assessed. Additionally, transcription levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 in the terminal ileum, and their local and systemic protein levels were evaluated. Wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium showed the highest translocation, histopathological changes, upregulation of claudins and downregulation of occludin, transcription of the cytokines, intestinal IL-8 and TNF-α levels, and systemic TNF-α and IL-10 levels. Depending on the extent of the incompleteness of the LPS, the levels of the respective elements decreased, or no changes were observed at all in the piglets colonized/infected with Δrfa mutants. Intestinal IL-10 and systemic IL-8 levels were not detected in any piglet groups. This study provided foundational data on the gnotobiotic piglet response to colonization/infection with the exactly defined rough Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 isogenic mutants.

scholarly journals Combination-Feeding Causes Differences in Aspects of Systemic and Mucosal Immune Cell Phenotypes and Functions Compared to Exclusive Sow-Rearing or Formula-Feeding in Piglets

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097
Author(s):  
Emily C. Radlowski ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Marcia H. Monaco ◽  
Sarah S. Comstock ◽  
Sharon M. Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Arginase Activity ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immune Development ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Activation Pathways ◽  
Cell Phenotypes ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Combination feeding (human milk and formula) is common and influences immune development compared to exclusive breastfeeding. Infant formulas contain prebiotics, which influence immune development. Herein, immune development of combination-fed (CF), sow-reared (SR) and formula-fed (FF) piglets, and the effect of prebiotics was tested. Piglets (n = 47) were randomized to: SR, FF, CF, FF+prebiotic (FP), and CF+prebiotic (CP). FP and CP received formula with galactooligosaccharides and inulin (4 g/L in a 4:1 ratio). CF and CP piglets were sow-reared for until d5 and then rotated between a sow and formula every 12 h. On day 21, piglets received an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide 2 h prior to necropsy. Immune cells from blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and spleen were phenotyped. Classical (nitric oxide synthase) and alternative (arginase activity) activation pathways were measured in isolated macrophages. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. SR piglets had lower (p < 0.0001) CD4+ T-helper cells and higher (p < 0.0001) B-cells in PBMC than all other groups. CP piglets had higher (p < 0.0001) arginase activity compared to all other groups. FF piglets had higher (p < 0.05) IL-6 compared to both CF and SR, but were similar to FP and CP. Thus, CF, with or without prebiotics, differentially affected immunity compared to exclusively fed groups.

scholarly journals Systemic Inflammation and the Breakdown of Intestinal Homeostasis Are Key Events in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
David Diaz ◽  
Elisa Lopez-Dolado ◽  
Sergio Haro ◽  
Jorge Monserrat ◽  
Carlos Martinez-Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Bacterial Translocation ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Gut Barrier ◽  
Chronic Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Subset Distribution

Our aim was to investigate the subset distribution and function of circulating monocytes, proinflammatory cytokine levels, gut barrier damage, and bacterial translocation in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Thus, 56 SCI patients and 28 healthy donors were studied. The levels of circulating CD14+highCD16−, CD14+highCD16+, and CD14+lowCD16+ monocytes, membrane TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, phagocytic activity, ROS generation, and intracytoplasmic TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation were analyzed by polychromatic flow cytometry. Serum TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured by Luminex and LPS-binding protein (LBP), intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and zonulin by ELISA. SCI patients had normal monocyte counts and subset distribution. CD14+highCD16− and CD14+highCD16+ monocytes exhibited decreased TLR4, normal TLR2 and increased TLR9 expression. CD14+highCD16− monocytes had increased LPS-induced TNF-α but normal IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 production. Monocytes exhibited defective phagocytosis but normal ROS production. Patients had enhanced serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels, normal IL-1 and IL-10 levels, and increased circulating LBP, I-FABP, and zonulin levels. Chronic SCI patients displayed impaired circulating monocyte function. These patients exhibited a systemic proinflammatory state characterized by enhanced serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels. These patients also had increased bacterial translocation and gut barrier damage.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of broiler chicks with Salmonella Typhimurium from pigeon (Columba livia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1919
Author(s):  
Átilla Holanda de Albuquerque ◽  
Régis Siqueira de Castro Teixeira ◽  
Débora Nishi Machado ◽  
Elisângela De Souza Lopes ◽  
Ruben Horn Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Fecal Samples

Several cases of animal and human salmonellosis caused by the Salmonella serotype Typhimurium have been reported. In animals, subclinical infection favors pathogen dissemination through feces. In this context, the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) with an asymptomatic condition may play an important role in the transmission of salmonellosis, through the elimination of contaminated feces in commercial aviaries or in poultry feed facilities, causing economic losses to the poultry industry and presenting a risk to public health. This study aimed to evaluate the mortality, clinical signs and the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium in the feces and organs of chicks previously inoculated with bacteria isolated from a pigeon. One-day-old chicks were distributed in two experimental groups (G1 and G2) of 32 birds each, and a control group of six birds. Two inocula of 0.4 and 0.7 mL with 105 and 106 colony forming units were used in G1 and G2 birds, respectively. At 1, 4, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) fecal samples were pooled from each cage and individual cloacal swabs were collected. At 14 dpi, all chicks were euthanized and samples were collected from the liver, spleen, lung, cecum and intestine for microbiological analysis. Mortality was only observed among G2 birds (6.25%). Most birds presented clinical signs of diarrhea at 4 dpi and no symptom as observed at 14 dpi. The results from cloacal swabs demonstrated bacterial elimination in 68.8% and 53.1% of G2 and G1 birds, respectively at 1 dpi. Additionally, fecal samples had elevated bacterial shedding in all four periods of observation , with a higher excretion at 4 dpi (62.5%) for both groups. Among G2 birds, 74.2% were positive for the pathogen in the intestine; G1 birds presented the lowest rate of lung infection (29%), and both groups had more than 50% positivity for liver and caeca. The results revealed that infected chicks with a Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from pigeons may host the pathogen in several organs, and simultaneously present diarrheic disorders with significant levels of bacterial excretion in feces.

Influence of Carbohydrate Supplementation on Plasma Cytokine and Neutrophil Degranulation Responses to High Intensity Intermittent Exercise

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolette C. Bishop ◽  
Michael Gleeson ◽  
Ceri W. Nicholas ◽  
Ajmol Ali
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplementation ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Neutrophil Degranulation ◽  
Factor Α

Ingesting carbohydrate (CHO) beverages during prolonged, continuous heavy exercise results in smaller changes in the plasma concentrations of several cytokines and attenuates a decline in neutrophil function. In contrast, ingesting CHO during prolonged intermittent exercise appears to have negligible influence on these responses, probably due to the overall moderate intensity of these intermittent exercise protocols. Therefore, we examined the effect of CHO ingestion on plasma interIeukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimuIated neutrophil degranulation responses to high-intensity intermittent running. Six trained male soccer players performed 2 exercise trials, 7 days apart, in a randomized, counterbalanced design. On each occasion, they completed six 15-min periods of intermittent running consisting of maximal sprinting interspersed with less intense periods of running and walking. Subjects consumed either CHO or artificially sweetened placebo(PLA) beverages immediately before and at 15-min intervals during the exercise. At 30 min post-exercise, CHO versus PLA was associated with a higher plasma glucose concentration (p< .01), a lower plasma cortisol and IL-6 concentration (p < .02), and fewer numbers of circulating neutrophils (p < .05). Following the exercise, LPS-stimulated elastase release per neutrophil fell 31 % below baseline values on the PLA trial (p = .06) compared with 11% on the CHO trial (p = .30). Plasma TNF-α concentration increased following the exercise (main effect of time, p < .001) but was not affected by CHO. These data indicate that CHO ingestion attenuates changes in plasma IL-6 concentration, neutrophil trafficking, and LPS-stimulated neutrophil degranulation in response to intermittent exercise that involves bouts of very high intensity exercise.

Bacterial translocation can increase plasma corticosterone and brain catecholamine and indoleamine metabolism

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (6) ◽  
pp. R2164-R2172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Ando ◽  
Rhonda F. Brown ◽  
Rodney D. Berg ◽  
Adrian J. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Bacterial Translocation ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Amine Metabolism ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Neurochemical Changes ◽  
Indoleamine Metabolism

The potential contribution of stress-induced bacterial translocation to the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and brain biogenic amines was assessed. Mice were restrained for various periods, and brain concentrations of tryptophan, catecholamines, serotonin, and their metabolites, plasma corticosterone, and the translocation of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver were measured. Restraint induced the translocation of indigenous gram-positive bacteria in only a small proportion of animals, but translocation of gram-negative bacteria did not occur. Restraint induced short-lived increases in plasma corticosterone and brain amine metabolism, whereas bacterial translocation was slower and persisted long after the HPA axis and neurochemical responses had dissipated. When mice were infected with Salmonella typhimurium, spontaneous translocation occurred and plasma corticosterone, interleukin-6 concentrations, and brain catecholamine and indoleamine metabolism were elevated. These findings indicate that the translocation of indigenous gastrointestinal bacteria did not contribute to the HPA axis and neurochemical changes induced by restraint. However, translocation of nonindigenous S. typhimurium with or without restraint did induce HPA and neurochemical responses.

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