scholarly journals The Effects of Temperature on the Turnover of δ18O and δD in Juvenile Corn Snakes (Elaphe guttata): A Novel Study with Ecological Implications

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Samuel Hirt ◽  
Kent Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
University Of Utah ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Δ18o And Δd ◽  
Elaphe Guttata ◽  
Δd And Δ18o

The use of natural variation in stable isotope ratios continues to be used in ecological studies without proper validation through laboratory studies. This study tested the effects of temperature, time, and turnover in the scales of juvenile corn snakes (Elaphe guttata) in a controlled, laboratory environment. Snakes were assigned to four treatment groups (24 °C, 27 °C, 30 °C, and freely thermoregulating), and one snake from each group was sacrificed weekly. Scales from each snake were washed, dried, and analyzed for δD and δ18O at the Stable Isotope Research Facility for Environmental Research at the University of Utah. The effects of temperature on the turnover of tissues was only significant when comparing the thermoregulating group to the pooled treatment groups (24 °C, 27 °C, and 30 °C) in the δ18O of scales (p = 0.006). After normalizing data on the δD and δ18O using percent change for comparison, δ18O appeared to be turning over at a faster rate than δD as indicated by an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test for homogeneity of slopes (F1,53 = 69.7, p < 0.001). With further testing of assumptions, a modification of our methods could provide information on the composition of drinking water sources in a species that switches between two isotopically distinct sources, such as during seasonal shifts in habitat or migration, and/or estimates of long-term field metabolic rates based on the turnover of these isotopes.

scholarly journals Investigating late Holocene variations in hydroclimate and the stable isotope composition of precipitation using southern South American peatlands: an hypothesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1457-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Daley ◽  
D. Mauquoy ◽  
F. M. Chambers ◽  
F. A. Street-Perrott ◽  
P. D. M. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Stable Isotope Composition ◽  
Δd And Δ18o

Abstract. Ombrotrophic raised peatlands provide an ideal archive for integrating late Holocene records of variations in hydroclimate and the estimated stable isotope composition of precipitation with recent instrumental measurements. Modern measurements of mean monthly surface air temperature, precipitation, and δD and δ18O-values in precipitation from the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries provide a short but invaluable record with which to investigate modern relationships between these variables, thereby enabling improved interpretation of the peatland palaeodata. Stable isotope data from two stations in the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) from southern South America (Punta Arenas, Chile and Ushuaia, Argentina) were analysed for the period 1982 to 2008 and compared with longer-term meteorological data from the same locations (1890 to present and 1931 to present, respectively). δD and δ18O-values in precipitation have exhibited quite different trends in response to local surface air temperature and precipitation amount. At Punta Arenas, there has been a marked increase in the seasonal difference between summer and winter δ18O-values. A decline in the deuterium excess of summer precipitation at this station was associated with a general increase in relative humidity at 1000 mb over the surface of the Southeast Pacific Ocean, believed to be the major vapour source for the local precipitation. At Ushuaia, a fall in δ18O-values was associated with an increase in the mean annual amount of precipitation. Both records are consistent with a southward retraction and increase in zonal wind speed of the austral westerly wind belt. These regional differences, observed in response to a known driver, should be detectable in peatland sites close to the GNIP stations. Currently, insufficient data with suitable temporal resolution are available to test for these regional differences over the last 3000 yr. Existing peatland palaeoclimate data from two sites near Ushuaia, however, provide evidence for changes in the late Holocene that are consistent with the pattern observed in modern observations.

Data Analysis and Presentation

2018 ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
John R. B. Lighton
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Neutral Zone ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Metabolic Data ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons ◽  
Selection Of

This chapter discusses ways of analyzing and presenting metabolic data while avoiding common mistakes. Topics covered include vital information often omitted from manuscripts; how to analyze the allometry of metabolic rate on mass; the mistake of reporting mass-specific or “mass-independent” metabolic rates; methods for quantifying differences between treatment groups by analysis of covariance; the importance of phylogeny in interspecific comparisons; the importance of the temperature at which measurements are made, including mammals (the thermal neutral zone); the necessity of leaving an “audit trail” from raw data through to final analysis; analyzing temperature effects such as Q10 correctly; and the proper selection of metabolic data.

Inter-laboratory calibration of a Ag3PO4 comparison material for oxygen stable isotope analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Watzinger ◽  
Katharina Schott ◽  
Rebecca Hood-Nowotny ◽  
Grzegorz Skrzypek ◽  
Federica Tamburini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Life Science ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Weighted Arithmetic ◽  
Laboratory Calibration ◽  
The University

&lt;p&gt;A silver phosphate comparison material (Ag&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) for measurement of the stable oxygen isotope composition was prepared by the University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU) and distributed to four international isotope laboratories frequently measuring the &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O value in Ag&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. The contributing laboratories were the University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU), The University of Western Australia (UWA), the ETH Zurich (ETH), the University of Helsinki (UH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). Each laboratory analysed the comparison material in a minimum of two independent measuring rounds with a minimum of 10 individual measurements. The instrument used to perform the measurements were high-temperature conversion elemental analyzers coupled with continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometers: TC/EA with Thermo Finnigan Delta XP (BOKU), a TC/EA with a Thermo Scientific Delta V Plus (UWA), an Elementar Pyrocube with a Isoprime 100 (ETH), a Flash IRMS EA with a Thermo Scientific Delta V Plus (UH) and a TC/EA with a Finnigan Delta S (UFZ). The working gas &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O was set to 0 &amp;#8240; and the normalization was done by a three-point linear regression calibration (Paul et al., 2007) using the reference material IAEA-601 (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;VSMOW&lt;/sub&gt; = +23.14 &amp;#177; 0.17 &amp;#8240;), IAEA-602 (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;VSMOW&lt;/sub&gt; = +71.28 &amp;#177;0.42 &amp;#8240;) (both benzoic acid) and NBS 127 (barium sulfate) (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;VSMOW&lt;/sub&gt; = +8.59 &amp;#177; 0.20 &amp;#8240;) (Brand et al., 2009). BOKU, UH and ETH had experienced inhomogeneity of the IAEA-602 as already mentioned in Brand et al. (2009). The weighted arithmetic mean and standard deviation (1&amp;#963;) of the new BOKU Ag&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; comparison material from the single measurements has a &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O value of 13.80 &amp;#177; 0.40 &amp;#8240; on the VSMOW scale (n=131), while the median of the single rounds was 13.76 &amp;#8240; (n=11) and the median of the laboratories was 13.79 &amp;#8240; (n=5). The arithmetic means of two measuring rounds were outside &amp;#177; 1&amp;#963;. When excluding data from these rounds from the statistics the weighted arithmetic mean has a &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O value of 13.80 &amp;#177; 0.32 &amp;#8240; on the VSMOW scale (n = 111) and the median of the single valid rounds (n=9) remained at 13.76 &amp;#8240; and the median of the labs at 13.79 &amp;#8240; (n=5). Excluding NBS127 from the normalization slightly reduced the &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O value to 13.74 &amp;#177; 0.31 &amp;#8240; (n = 111). The BOKU Ag&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; comparison material is available for stable isotope research laboratories to facilitate the calibration of their lab comparison material.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Brand, W.A., Coplen, T.B., Aerts-Bijma, A.T., B&amp;#246;hlke, J.K., Gehre, M., Geilmann, H., Gr&amp;#246;ning, M., Jansen, H.G., Meijer, H.A.J., Mroczkowski, S.J., Qi, H., Soergel, K., Stuart-Williams, H., Weise, S.M., Werner, R.A., 2009. Comprehensive inter-laboratory calibration of reference materials for &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O versus VSMOW using various on-line high-temperature conversion techniques. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 999&amp;#8211;1009. doi:10.1002/rcm&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Paul, D., Skrzypek, G., F&amp;#243;rizs, I., 2007. Normalization of measured stable isotopic compositions to isotope reference scales - A review. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 21, 3006&amp;#8211;3014. doi:10.1002/rcm.3185&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Fostering Students’ Retention in Photosynthesis Using Concept Mapping and Cooperative Mastery Learning Instructional Strategies

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Bizimana ◽  
Dieudonné Mutangana ◽  
Adrian Mwesigye
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Strategies ◽  
Concept Mapping ◽  
Mastery Learning ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Equivalent Control

<p style="text-align: justify;">The performance in biology at the secondary level has not been as good as expected. This has been a matter of concern. Thus, there has been a continuous focus on exploring newer innovative learner-centered and friendly instructional strategies to enhance understanding and retention in biology. This study, therefore, determined the effects of Concept Mapping (CM) and Cooperative Mastery Learning (CML) on fostering retention in photosynthesis among secondary schools in Nyamagabe district, Rwanda. A pre-test and post-test non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used. Data were obtained from 151 students taught with CM, 144 students taught with CML, and 154 students taught with Conventional Teaching Methods (CTM). The Photosynthesis Retention Test (KR-21= 0.82) was used for data collection. The data were mainly analyze d using mean and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The results showed that the CM and CML treatment groups outperformed the CTM group in retention in photosynthesis. There was a statistically significant difference in favor of the CM between the two experimental groups. The male and female students taught using CM retained equally in photosynthesis while gender difference was revealed in the mean retention scores of the students exposed to the CML, with females retained significantly higher than males. The study concluded that the CM and CML strategies were more effective than CTM. It was suggested, among other things, that teachers should be encouraged to apply CM and CML strategies when teaching biology.</p>

scholarly journals The combined effects of temperature and aromatase inhibitor on metamorphosis, growth, locomotion, and sex ratio of tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) tadpoles

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8834
Author(s):  
Yun Tang ◽  
Zhi-Qiang Chen ◽  
You-Fu Lin ◽  
Jing-Yi Chen ◽  
Guo-Hua Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Aromatase Inhibitor ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Steroid Hormone Level

Background The tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) is widely raised by many farms in southern region of China as an economically edible frog. The growth, development, and sexual differentiation of amphibians are influenced by temperature and steroid hormone level. However, the problem of hormone residues is caused by the addition of exogenous hormones in frog breeding, it is worth considering whether non-sterol aromatase inhibitors can be used instead of hormones. Methods In our study, H. rugulosus tadpoles were subjected to two water temperatures (29 °C and 34 °C) and three letrozole concentrations in the feed (0, 0.1 and 1 mg/g) to examine the effects of temperature, aromatase inhibitor and their interaction on metamorphosis, locomotion, and sex ratios. A G-test and contingency table were used to analyze the metamorphosis rate of tadpoles and the survival rate of froglets after feeding for 90 days. A G-test was also used to analyze sex ratios in different treatment groups. Results Metamorphosis time and body size (snout–vent length, body mass and condition factor) were significantly different between the two temperature treatments. Metamorphosis time was longer and body size was increased at 29 °C compared to those at 34 °C. Letrozole concentration and the temperature × letrozole interaction did not affect these variables. The jumping distance of froglets following metamorphosis was positively associated with the condition factor; when controlling for condition factor, jumping distance was not affected by temperature, letrozole concentration and their interaction. Temperature and letrozole concentration also did not affect metamorphosis and survival rate. Sex ratio of the control group (0 mg/g letrozole) was 1:1 at 29 °C, but there were more males at 34 °C. The sex ratios of H. rugulosus treated with letrozole at 29 °C and 34 °C were significantly biased toward males, and male ratio increased as letrozole concentration increased. Furthermore, more males were produced at 34 °C than at 29 °C at each letrozole concentration.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF BETALAINS FROM HAIRY ROOT CULTURE OF BETA VULGARIS AND ITS USE IN PARACETAMOL SYRUP AS A NATURAL COLOURANT

2019 ◽  
pp. 355-358
Author(s):  
ASHOKA BABU VL ◽  
MADHAVAN V
Keyword(s):  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Hairy Root ◽  
Hairy Roots ◽  
Root Culture ◽  
Hairy Root Culture ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Dark Condition ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Different Strains

Objective: The present study was aimed to extract betalains from hairy root culture of Beta vulgaris and its use in pharmaceutical formulations as a colorant. Methods: Hairy roots were initiated using different strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes such as A.2/83, A.20/83, A.4, and LMG 150; LMG 150 was found to initiate a large number of hairy roots, and betalain content was estimated. Paracetamol syrup was prepared using extracted betalains as a colorant at different concentrations of 10 and 30 mg/150 ml. Stability studies were carried out at a different temperatures such as 25°C, 30°C, and 40°C) and light (dark, 1000 and 2000 lux) for 45 days. Results: In case of a concentration of 10 mg/150 ml syrup, the effects of temperature such as 25°C, 30°C, and 40°C and dark condition on the degradation of betalains were found to be 48%, 88%, and 100% in 45 days, respectively. The effects of temperature such as 25°C, 30°C, and 40°C at light 1000 lux on degradations of betalains were found to be 81% and 98% at 25°C and 30°C in 45 days, respectively, and 100% at 40°C in 30 days and at 2000 lux were found to be 100% at 25°C and 30°C in 30 days and 100% at 40°C in 10 days. The similar levels of degradation rate were observed with a concentration of 30 mg/150 ml. Conclusion: Experimental data demonstrated that formulation with betalains exhibited better stability at the dark condition and lower temperature.

scholarly journals The Comparative Effects of Cyclic Inquiry Model, Conceptual Change Text, and Traditional Instructions on Student Understanding of Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plant

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salem Abedel Aziz ALkhawaldeh
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Change ◽  
Traditional Instruction ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Conceptual Change Text ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Conceptual Change Texts ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Photosynthesis And Respiration

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the cyclic inquiry model, conceptual change texts, and traditional instructions on promoting understanding of photosynthesis and respiration in plants. The data were obtained from 33 students in the first experimental group taught with cyclic inquiry model (CIM), 34 students in the second experimental group taught with conceptual change texts (CCT), and 34 students in the control group taught with traditional instruction (TI). After instruction, data were analyzed with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using Pre-test scores and Logical thinking scores as covariates. The results indicated the cyclic inquiry model (CIM) and conceptual change texts (CCT) treatment groups significantly outperformed the traditional instruction (TI)  group in understanding of photosynthesis and respiration in plants. A statistically significant difference between two experimental groups was found in favor of the of cyclic inquiry model CIM.

scholarly journals Investigating late Holocene variations in hydroclimate and the stable isotope composition of precipitation using southern South American peatlands: a hypothesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 595-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Daley ◽  
D. Mauquoy ◽  
F. M. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Stable Isotope Composition ◽  
Δd And Δ18o

Abstract. Ombrotrophic raised peatlands provide an ideal archive for integrating late Holocene records of variations in hydroclimate and the estimated stable isotope composition of precipitation with recent instrumental measurements. Modern measurements of mean monthly surface air temperature, precipitation and δD and δ18O values in precipitation from the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries provide a short but invaluable record with which to investigate modern relationships between these variables, thereby enabling improved interpretation of the peatland palaeodata. Data from two stations in the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) from Tierra del Fuego (Punta Arenas, Chile and Ushuaia, Argentina) were analysed for the period 1982 to 2008. In both locations, δD and δ18O values have decreased in response to quite different trends in local surface air temperature and total precipitation amount. At Ushuaia, the fall in δ18O values is associated with an increase in the mean annual amount of precipitation. At Punta Arenas, the fall in δ18O values is weakly associated with decrease in the precipitation amount and an increase in local temperatures. The pattern in both records is consistent with an increase in the zonal intensity of the southern westerly wind belt. These regional differences, observed in response to a known driver, should be detectable in peatland sites close to the GNIP stations. There is currently insufficient availability of suitably temporally resolved data to test for these regional differences over the last 3000 yr. Existing peatland palaeoclimate data from two sites near Ushuaia, however, provide evidence for changes in the late Holocene that are consistent with the pattern observed in modern observations. Furthermore, the records suggest synchroneity in millennial-scale oscillations between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

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