scholarly journals Differences in Polyamine Content between Human Milk and Infant Formulas

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2866
Author(s):  
Nelly C. Muñoz-Esparza ◽  
Oriol Comas-Basté ◽  
M. Luz Latorre-Moratalla ◽  
M. Teresa Veciana-Nogués ◽  
M. Carmen Vidal-Carou
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Intestinal Maturation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Polyamine Content ◽  
Exogenous Source

Human milk is the gold standard for nutrition during the first months of life, but when breastfeeding is not possible, it may be replaced by infant formulas, either partially or totally. Polyamines, which play an important role in intestinal maturation and the development of the immune system, are found both in human milk and infant formulas, the first exogenous source of these compounds for the newborn. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and evolution of polyamines in human milk during the first semester of lactation and to compare the polyamine content with that of infant formulas. In total, 30 samples of human milk provided by six mothers during the first five months of lactation as well as 15 different types of infant formulas were analyzed using UHPLC-FL. Polyamines were detected in all human milk samples but with great variation among mothers. Spermidine and spermine levels tended to decrease during the lactation period, while putrescine remained practically unchanged. Considerable differences were observed in the polyamine contents and profiles between human milk and infant formulas, with concentrations being up to 30 times lower in the latter. The predominant polyamines in human milk were spermidine and spermine, and putrescine in infant formulas.

scholarly journals Influence of Breastfeeding Factors on Polyamine Content in Human Milk

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3016
Author(s):  
Nelly C. Muñoz-Esparza ◽  
Edgar M. Vásquez-Garibay ◽  
Elizabeth Guzmán-Mercado ◽  
Alfredo Larrosa-Haro ◽  
Oriol Comas-Basté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Polyamine Content ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Exogenous Source

The polyamine content of human breast milk, which is the first exogenous source of polyamines for the newborn, can be affected by several factors associated with the mother, the infant, or breastfeeding itself. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different breastfeeding factors on the polyamines found in human milk. For this study, a cohort of 83 mothers was considered for up to 4 months, and a subgroup of 33 mothers were followed during the first six months of breastfeeding. Two breast milk samples were collected at each sampling point (foremilk and hindmilk) and the polyamine content was determined by UHPLC-FL. Polyamine levels varied considerably between the mothers and tended to decrease over time. Putrescine was the minor polyamine, whereas spermidine and spermine contents were very similar. The concentrations of the three polyamines were significantly higher in hindmilk than foremilk (p < 0.001). Spermidine and spermine levels decreased significantly through the lactation progress (p < 0.05). Finally, slightly higher levels of polyamines were observed in the milk of mothers providing partial, rather than full, breastfeeding, although the differences were not significant. The polyamine content in human milk was found to change during a single feed (foremilk versus hindmilk) and as lactation progressed, mainly in response to the specific circumstances of the newborn.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Human Milk of Spanish Lactating Women during the First Month of Lactation Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A Comparison with Infant Formulas

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Sánchez-Hernández ◽  
Adelaida Esteban-Muñoz ◽  
Rafael Giménez-Martínez ◽  
María José Aguilar-Cordero ◽  
Beatriz Miralles-Buraglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Milk Samples

Breastfeeding is the ideal way to provide infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. Milk composition changes throughout lactation, and fat is one of the most variable nutrients in human milk. The aim of this study was to determine the main differences between the fatty acid (FA) profile of human milk samples (colostrum, transitional, and mature milk group) and infant formulas. Human milk samples were provided by lactating women from Granada. Moreover, different commercial infant formulas were analyzed. FAs were determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. According to the results, oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid (41.93% in human milk and 43.53% in infant formulas), while palmitic acid was the most representative saturated fatty acid (20.88% in human milk and 23.09% in infant formulas). Significant differences were found between human milk groups and infant formulas, mainly in long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs). The content of araquidonic acid (AA) and docoxahexaenoic acid (DHA) was higher in human milk (0.51% and 0.39%, respectively) than in infant formulas (0.31% and 0.22%, respectively). Linoleic acid (LA) percentage (15.31%) in infant formulas was similar to that found in human milk (14.6%). However, α-linolenic acid (ALA) values were also much higher in infant formulas than in human milk (1.64% and 0.42%, respectively).

scholarly journals Neutral Human Milk Oligosaccharides Are Associated with Multiple Fixed and Modifiable Maternal and Infant Characteristics

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meichen Wang ◽  
Zhenwen Zhao ◽  
Ai Zhao ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactation Stage

We aimed to identify if maternal and infant factors were associated with neutral human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) variability and examined the associations between HMOs concentration and infant growth and disease status in healthy Chinese mothers over a 6-month lactation period. We recruited mothers and their full-term infants as our subjects. At 1–5 days, 8–14 days, 4 weeks, and 6 months postpartum, all participants were interviewed to collect breast milk samples, obtain follow-up data and measure infant length and weight at their local hospital. A total of 23 neutral HMOs were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)- mass spectrometer (MS). Secretor and Lewis phenotype were determined by the concentration of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and Lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP)-II. The associations between maternal and infant factors with HMOs concentrations were investigated. A total of 464 human breast milk samples were collected from 116 mothers at four different time points. In total, 76.7% mothers were found to be Secretor and Lewis positive phenotype (Se+Le+), 17.2% were Se-Le+, 4.3% were Se+Le-, and 1.7% were Se-Le-. Several individual HMOs, including 2′-FL, Lactodifucotetraose (LDFT), LNFP-I were determined by Secretor phenotype. Most individual HMOs decreased at the later stage of lactation, except 3′-FL. We suggest that Secretor phenotype and lactation stage could influence most of the neutral HMOs. Concentrations of specific HMOs may be associated with maternal age, allergic history, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity, delivery mode, infant gestational age and gender.

scholarly journals Ability of Bifidobacterium breve To Grow on Different Types of Milk: Exploring the Metabolism of Milk through Genome Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (20) ◽  
pp. 7408-7417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Turroni ◽  
Elena Foroni ◽  
Fausta Serafini ◽  
Alice Viappiani ◽  
Barbara Montanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bifidobacterium Breve ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Representative Isolate ◽  
Different Types

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the occurrence of bifidobacteria in human milk samples, and we provide evidence regarding the predominance of members of theBifidobacterium brevespecies in this environment. Moreover, evaluation of the growth capabilities and transcriptomic analyses of one representative isolate of this species, i.e.,B. breve4L, on different milk types were performed.

scholarly journals Usefulness of cytological evaluation of milk in diagnosing mastitis in bitches

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 640-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
IOSIF VASIU ◽  
FLAVIU TĂBĂRAN ◽  
RAUL ALEXANDRU POP ◽  
FLORENTIN GHEORGHE BRUDAŞCĂ ◽  
ASTA TVARIJONAVICIUTE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Diagnostic Protocol ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Acute Mastitis ◽  
Cytological Evaluation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of mastitis in female lactating dogs by interpreting the milk cytology in the diagnostic protocol. Milk samples were manually collected in sterile vials from 89 lactating bitches (i.e., 157 mammary glands) aged between 10 and 168 months. Milk smears were obtained by using the squash and May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) techniques. Acute mastitis episodes were consistent with increased numbers of degenerated neutrophils, erythrocytes, and engulfed bacteria. Eosinophils were present in retention mastitis inflammations. Foamy cells were present in every type of inflammation. Subclinical cases of mastitis were characterized by a reduced number of neutrophils with engulfed bacteria. The period of lactation has a great influence on the type of mastitis encountered. Our results have showed that the lactation period has influence over different types of mammary gland inflammations. In most cases, galactostasis (65%) followed by subclinical mastitis (22%) and acute mastitis (13%) were encountered. Neutrophils and phagocytosis exhibited specificity for acute inflammations, whereas eosinophils and foamy cells were consistent with cases of retention mastitis. The presence of red blood cells in most cases was correlated with acute inflammations. It seems that cytological evaluation of milk could be quite helpful in diagnosing mammary gland inflammations..

Quantification of β-casein in human milk

1985 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdessatar Chtourou ◽  
Ghislaine Brignon ◽  
Bruno Ribadeau-Dumas
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Time Periods

SUMMARYA method is described for preparing immunologically homogeneous human milk β-casein, against which monospecific rabbit antiserum was prepared. The antiserum was used to quantify β-casein, the major human casein, by rocket Immunoelectrophoresis in individual milk samples. However, it was found that in most samples β-casein occurred together with degradation products originating from its proteolysis by plasmin. Immunological quantification of human β-casein, treated with plasmin for various time periods, showed that rocket height was not affected by proteolysis up to degradation states clearly more advanced than those observed in all samples of fresh human milk tested. Assays of 150 individual milk samples from 80 women, covering a lactation period of up to 730 d, gave an average concentration of β-casein (native+degraded) of 4·67±0·89 standard deviation (g/1); extremes at 2·1 and 7·3 g/1 did not vary significantly during the period under study. Comparison of this average value with an accepted casein content of 4·4 g/1 (Macy & Kelly, 1961) showed that the casein content of human milk is underestimated when obtained by N determinations on milk and on its supernatants at pH 4·6 (whey). Caseins other than β-casein occurred only in minute amounts, if at all.

scholarly journals Influence of 2′-fucosyllactose and galacto-oligosaccharides on the growth and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (8) ◽  
pp. 824-831
Author(s):  
K. Salli ◽  
E. Söderling ◽  
J. Hirvonen ◽  
U. K. Gürsoy ◽  
A. C. Ouwehand
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Glass Surface ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Different Types ◽  
First Time

AbstractHuman milk oligosaccharides, such as 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), a prebiotic carbohydrate mixture, are being increasingly added to infant formulas, necessitating the understanding of their impact on the oral microbiota. Here, for the first time, the effects of 2′-FL and GOS on the planktonic growth and adhesion characteristics of the caries-associated oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans were assessed, and the results were compared against the effects of xylitol, lactose and glucose. There were differences in S. mutans growth between 2′-FL and GOS. None of the three S. mutans strains grew with 2′-FL, while they all grew with GOS as well as lactose and glucose. Xylitol inhibited S. mutans growth. The adhesion of S. mutans CI 2366 to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite was reduced by 2′-FL and GOS. Exopolysaccharide-mediated adhesion of S. mutans DSM 20523 to a glass surface was decreased with 2′-FL, GOS and lactose, and the adhesion of strain CI 2366 strain was reduced only by GOS. Unlike GOS, 2′-FL did not support the growth of any S. mutans strain. Neither 2′-FL nor GOS enhanced the adhesive properties of the S. mutans strains, but they inhibited some of the tested strains. Thus, the cariogenic tendency may vary between infant formulas containing different types of oligosaccharides.

Lactational changes of fatty acids and fat-soluble antioxidants in human milk from healthy Chinese mothers

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (8) ◽  
pp. 841-848
Author(s):  
Ke Wu ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Lili Zhou ◽  
Liwei Shen ◽  
Yingyi Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Selective Transfer ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Chinese Mothers ◽  
Human Milk Fat ◽  
Transfer Mechanisms

AbstractHuman milk fat is specially tailored to supply the developing infant with adequate and balanced nutrients. The present study aimed to quantify the composition of fatty acids, tocopherols and carotenoids in human milk, with special emphasis on the lactational changes. Colostrum, transitional and mature milk samples were collected longitudinally from the same forty-two healthy, well-nourished Chinese mothers. Fatty acids were quantified by GC with carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and tocopherols (α-, γ-tocopherol) determined by HPLC. Total fatty acid (TFA) content increased from 15·09 g/l in colostrum to 32·57 g/l in mature milk with the percentages of DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA) decreased. The ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA and ARA:DHA remained constant during lactation at about 11:1 and 1·3:1, respectively. Both α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol decreased over lactation with the ratio of α-:γ-tocopherol declined significantly from 7·21:1 to 4·21:1 (P < 0·001). Carotenoids all dropped from colostrum to mature milk as the less polar carotenes dropped by 88·67 %, while xanthophylls only dropped by 35·92 %. Lutein was predominated in both transitional and mature milk carotenoids (51·64–52·49 %), while colostrum carotenoids were mainly composed of lycopene (32·83 %) and β-carotene (30·78 %). The concentrations of tocopherols and xanthophylls but not carotenes were positively associated with TFA content in milk. These results suggested that colostrum and mature milk contained divergent lipid profiles and selective transfer mechanisms related to polarity might be involved. The present outcomes provide new insights for future breast-feeding studies, which also add in scientific evidences for the design of both initial and follow-on infant formulas.

Relationships among macro-minerals, other selected serum markers of bone profile and milk components of dairy cows during late-lactation

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszard Mordak ◽  
Zbigniew Dobrzański ◽  
Robert Kupczyński
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Macro Mineral

AbstractTesting blood and milk parameters as well as analysing the relationships among these markers is very useful for monitoring the internal homeostasis and health in high-yielding dairy cows during various production periods. The aim of the study was to assess the correlations (relationships) among macro-minerals, such as calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), other selected bone profile markers, such as total protein (TP), albumin, activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) measured in serum and selected milk components such as number of somatic cells (SCC), colony-forming units (CFU), milk fat (MF), milk protein (MP), milk lactose (ML), dry matter (DM), non-fat dry matter (FDM) and milk production in late-lactation cows. Both blood and milk samples were collected from 11 clinically healthy milking cows during the late-lactation period. The cows were examined once a day for 3 consecutive days resulting in 33 sets of blood and milk samples for laboratory and statistical analysis. Significant correlations were observed between: Mg and MP, Mg and FDM, ALP and SCC, TP and SCC, TP and MP, TP and FDM, albumin and MP, albumin and FDM, P and Mg, Mg and albumin, and between TP and albumin. When monitoring macro-mineral homeostasis and mammary gland health, especially in intensively fed high-yielding dairy cows correlations between these markers should be considered. The revealed correlations can allow for deeper comparative laboratory diagnostics of homeostasis and can be especially useful for laboratory monitoring of the potential risk of subclinical macro-mineral deficiency in high-yielding dairy cows.

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