Metabolic and Molecular Subacute Effects of a Single Moderate-Intensity Exercise Bout, Performed in the Fasted State, in Obese Male Rats

Introduction and objectives: Obesity represents a major global public health problem. Its etiology is multifactorial and includes poor dietary habits, such as hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diets (HFDs), physical inactivity, and genetic factors. Regular exercise is, per se, a tool for the treatment and prevention of obesity, and recent studies suggest that the beneficial effects of exercise can be potentiated by the fasting state, thus potentially promoting additional effects. Despite the significant number of studies showing results that corroborate such hypothesis, very few have evaluated the effects of fasted-state exercise in overweight/obese populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the subacute effects (12 h after conclusion) of a single moderate-intensity exercise bout, performed in either a fed or an 8 h fasted state, on serum profile, substrate-content and heat shock pathway–related muscle protein immunocontent in obese male rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats received a modified high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce obesity and insulin resistance. The animals were allocated to four groups: fed rest (FER), fed exercise (FEE), fasted rest (FAR) and fasted exercise (FAE). The exercise protocol was a 30 min session on a treadmill, with an intensity of 60% of VO2max. The duration of the fasting period was 8 h prior to the exercise session. After a 12 h recovery, the animals were killed and metabolic parameters of blood, liver, heart, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were evaluated, as well as SIRT1 and HSP70 immunocontent in the muscles. Results: HFD induced obesity and insulin resistance. Soleus glycogen concentration decreased in the fasted groups and hepatic glycogen decreased in the fed exercise group. The combination of exercise and fasting promoted a decreased concentration of serum total cholesterol and triglycerides. In the heart, combination fasting plus exercise was able to decrease triglycerides to control levels. In the soleus muscle, both fasting and fasting plus exercise were able to decrease triglyceride concentrations. In addition, heat shock protein 70 and sirtuin 1 immunocontent increased after exercise in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Conclusions: An acute bout of moderate intensity aerobic exercise, when realized in fasting, may induce, in obese rats with metabolic dysfunctions, beneficial adaptations to their health, such as better biochemical and molecular adaptations that last for at least 12 h. Considering the fact that overweight/obese populations present an increased risk of cardiovascular events/diseases, significant reductions in such plasma markers of lipid metabolism are an important achievement for these populations.

Download Full-text

Is the effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipaemia the same for a moderate-fat meal as it is for a high-fat meal?

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114510003995 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. 506-516 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nicholas M. Hurren ◽

Frank F. Eves ◽

Andrew K. Blannin

Keyword(s):

Test Meal ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

High Fat ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Postprandial Lipaemia ◽

Fasted State ◽

Prior Exercise ◽

Fat Meal

Moderate-intensity exercise can lower the TAG response to a high-fat meal; however, the British diet is moderate in fat, and no study to date has compared the effect of such exercise on responses to high-fat and moderate-fat meals. The present work investigated the effect of brisk walking performed 13 h before intake of both high-fat and moderate-fat meals on postprandial plasma TAG concentrations. Eight inactive, overweight men completed four separate 2 d trials, i.e. rest (Con) or a 90-min treadmill walk (Ex) on the evening of day 1, followed by the ingestion of a moderate-fat (Mod) or high-fat (High) meal on the morning of day 2. High-fat meals contained 66 % of total energy as fat, while the percentage was 35 % for moderate-fat meals; both the meals were, however, isoenergetic. On day 2, venous blood was sampled in the fasted state, 30 and 60 min after ingesting the test meal and then hourly until 6 h post-meal. Exercise reduced plasma TAG concentrations significantly (P < 0·001), with no exercise × meal interaction (P = 0·459). Walking reduced the total TAG response to a high-fat meal by 29 % (relative to High Con); the same bout of exercise performed before ingesting a moderate-fat meal lowered total TAG by 26 % (compared with Mod Con). The ability of a single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise bout to lower postprandial TAG concentrations is just as great, in percentage terms, when the test meal ingested is of a moderate rather than a high fat content.

Download Full-text

Intramyocellular triacylglycerol as a substrate source during exercise

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1079/pns2004347 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 301-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Luc J. C. van Loon

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Insulin Signalling ◽

Effective Means ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Actual Contribution ◽

Substrate Source

The role of intramyocellular triacylglycerol (IMTG) as a substrate source during exercise has recently regained much attention as a result of the proposed functional relationship between IMTG accumulation and the development of insulin resistance. It has been speculated that elevated NEFA delivery and/or impaired fatty acid (FA) oxidation result in intramyocellular accumulation of triacylglycerol and FA metabolites, which are likely to induce defects in the insulin signalling cascade, causing insulin resistance. The progressive accumulation of IMTG in sedentary patients and patients who are obese and/or have type 2 diabetes should therefore form a major therapeutic target, and efforts should be made to develop interventions that prevent excess IMTG accretion by stimulating their rate of oxidation. Although regular exercise is likely to represent such an effective means, there is much controversy about the actual contribution of the IMTG pool as a substrate source during exercise. The apparent discrepancy in the published literature might be explained by differences in the applied research protocol and the selected subject population, but most of all by the techniques that have been employed to estimate IMTG use during exercise. Data obtained in trained-endurance athletes indicate that athletes can substantially reduce their IMTG pool following a single exercise session. With the growing awareness that skeletal muscle has a tremendous potential to oxidise IMTG during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise, more research is warranted to develop combined exercise, nutritional and/or pharmacological interventions that can stimulate IMTG oxidation in sedentary patients and patients who are obese and/or have type 2 diabetes.

Download Full-text

Early postnatal overnutrition impairs VO2max gains with moderate exercise and increase post-exercise muscle damage in adult male rats

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ◽

10.1017/s2040174421000428 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Douglas Lopes Almeida ◽

Gabriel Sergio Fabricio ◽

Laize Peron Tófolo ◽

Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro ◽

Camila Cristina Ianoni Matiusso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Life ◽

Male Rats ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Moderate Exercise ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Reduced Body ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

The Impact ◽

Adaptation To Exercise

Abstract Exercise counteracts obesity effects, but information on how early-life obesity may affect long-term adaptation to exercise is lacking. This study investigates the impact of early-life postnatal overfeeding (PO) on animals’ adaptation to exercise. Only male Wistar rats were used. On postnatal day (PN) 30, rats from control (NL-9 pups) or PO (SL-3 pups) litters were separated into four groups: NL-sedentary (NL-Se), NL-exercised (NL-Ex), SL-sedentary (SL-Se), and SL-exercised (SL-Ex). Exercised groups performed moderate-intensity exercise, running on a treadmill, from PN30 to PN90. Further experiments were carried out between PN90 and PN92. PO promoted obesity in SL versus NL rats (P < 0.05). Exercise reduced body weight (P < 0.001), body fat (P < 0.01), and improved glucose homeostasis in SL-Ex versus SL-Se. SL-Ex presented lower VO2max (P < 0.01) and higher post-exercise LDH (P < 0.05) compared to NL-Ex rats. Although moderate exercise counteracted obesity in SL rats, early-life overnutrition restricts fitness gains in adulthood, indicating that early obesity may impair animals’ adaptation to exercise.

Download Full-text

Comparing the Short and Long-Term Effects of Acute Moderate-Intensity Exercise on Mnemonic Similarity and Emotional Memory Tasks

Acta Neuropsychologica ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.6997 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 33-61

Author(s):

Cesar Acevedo-Triana ◽

Diana Cordoba-Patiño ◽

Juan Francisco Muñoz ◽

Julian Cifuentes ◽

Victor Melgarejo Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Memory Task ◽

Discrimination Performance ◽

Rest Period ◽

Emotional Memory ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Exercise Condition

Mounting research has linked acute moderate-intensity exercise with changes indiscrimination of similar events – i.e., mnemonic memory. Conversely, few studies have compared performance in tasks associated to each type of memory(mnemonic similarity and emotional) and less have evaluatedperformance several days after exercise sessions. Thirty-five undergraduate students were randomly distributed in three groups that differed in the assigned duration of the moderate-intensity exercise session.Weestablished first the moderate-intensityexercise program by calculating the VO2max 50%. Two-to-five days later, participantsengaged in the exercise condition to which they were assigned, followed by a five-minute rest period. Immediately after, all participantswere exposed to the training phase of both memory tasks. The first retrieval phase was tested 45 minutes afterencoding phase was completed. Subsequent retrieval phases were conducted 24, 48, and 168 hours post-training. Exercise of long duration in creased discrimination performance in images of low similarity. Comparison of the effects of exercise on discrimination of the three types of images that the emotional-memory task entailsshowed improved performance only for aversive and neutral images. Exercise improves discrimination of low similarity images, with better overall performance after a longer exercise session. This finding adds to previous reports that have found analogous effects using other memory tasks.It also supports the notion that acute effects due to exercise are specifically related to hippocampal functionality and its ability to separate patterns. Finally, maintenance of emotional information across time suggest a different mechanism,independent of pattern-separation processing.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Single Bout of Acute Exercise on Working Memory Performance

Birat Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.3126/bjhs.v3i2.20966 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 484-487

Author(s):

Santosh Kumar Deo ◽

Kopila Agrawal ◽

Prem Bhattrai ◽

Raju Kumar Chaudhary

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Working Memory ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Test Procedure ◽

Step Test ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Single Bout ◽

Back Task

Introduction: Working memory is a kind of short term memory important for reasoning and guiding decision-making and behavioral process.Objective: The goal of the present research was to study the outcome of single bout of acute moderate-intensity exercise on working memory.Methodology: Twenty two male subjects were asked to perform working memory task by 2n back task in baseline resting, immediately after exercise and after five minute of exercise session. 3 minute step test procedure was used as a moderate intensity exercise intervention.Results: The percentage correctness of 2n back task of working memory was found to be 64.36% for baseline resting condition, 78.01 % for immediately after 3-minute step test and 80.70% for 5 minute after the exercise. In both exercise session (i.e. immediately after exercise and after 5 minute of exercise), significant improvement (p value <0.05) in working memory was seen as compared to the baseline resting session while no such significant beneficial improvement was seen when compared between immediately after exercise and after 5 minute of exercise.Conclusion: Improvement in working memory after moderate exercise intervention was seen, which is important for learning and memory and decision-making. BJHS 2018;3(2)6:484-487.

Download Full-text

What Doesn't Kill you Makes you Fitter: A Systematic Review of High-Intensity Interval Exercise for Patients with Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Clinical Medicine Insights Cardiology ◽

10.4137/cmc.s26230 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. CMC.S26230 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Itamar Levinger ◽

Christopher S. Shaw ◽

Nigel K. Stepto ◽

Samantha Cassar ◽

Andrew J. McAinch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

High Intensity ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Peak Power Output ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Interval Exercise ◽

Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽

High Intensity Interval

High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has gained popularity in recent years for patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Despite potential benefits, concerns remain about the safety of the acute response (during and/or within 24 hours postexercise) to a single session of HIIE for these cohorts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to evaluate the safety of acute HIIE for people with cardiometabolic diseases. Electronic databases were searched for studies published prior to January 2015, which reported the acute responses of patients with cardiometabolic diseases to HIIE (≥80% peak power output or ≥85% peak aerobic power, VO2peak). Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 156; clinically stable, aged 27-66 years), with 13 adverse responses reported (~8% of individuals). The rate of adverse responses is somewhat higher compared to the previously reported risk during moderate-intensity exercise. Caution must be taken when prescribing HIIE to patients with cardiometabolic disease. Patients who wish to perform HIIE should be clinically stable, have had recent exposure to at least regular moderate-intensity exercise, and have appropriate supervision and monitoring during and after the exercise session.

Download Full-text

The Time Course of Inflammatory Biomarkers Following a One-Hour Exercise Bout in Canines: A Pilot Study

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10030486 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 486

Author(s):

Wendy Pearson ◽

Julia Guazzelli Pezzali ◽

Renan Antunes Donadelli ◽

Ashley Wagner ◽

Preston Buff

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Time Course ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Exercise Stress ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Resolvin D1 ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Hunting Dogs ◽

Inflammation Resolution

There is little information available to describe the inflammatory consequences of and recovery from moderate-intensity exercise bouts in hunting dogs. The purpose of the current study is to generate pilot data on the appearance and disappearance of biomarkers of inflammation and inflammation resolution following a typical one-hour exercise bout in basset hounds. Four hounds were set out to find a scent and freely adopted running or walking over wooded terrain for approximately one hour. Venous blood samples were obtained before the exercise and at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 h following cessation of exercise and were analyzed for biomarkers of inflammation (prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 1β (IL-1β)) tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), and inflammation resolution (resolvin D1 (RvD1)). There was an increase in inflammation one hour after the exercise, shown by a significant increase in PGE2. Following this peak, PGE2 steadily declined at the same time as RvD1 increased, with RvD1 peaking at six hours. This pilot study provides evidence that dogs that undergo an hour of hunt exercise experience transient inflammation that peaks one hour after the end of exercise; inflammation resolution peaks six hours after the end of exercise. Future studies should seek to further understand the distinct and combined roles of PGE2 and RvD1 in dog adaptation to exercise stress.

Download Full-text

Great Expectations: A Qualitative Analysis of the Factors That Influence Affective Forecasts for Exercise

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17020551 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 551 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amanda J. Calder ◽

Elaine A. Hargreaves ◽

Ken Hodge

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Analysis ◽

Thematic Analysis ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Design Strategies ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Great Expectations ◽

Exercise Participation ◽

Exercise Environment

The extent to which people expect to feel pleasure during exercise is proposed to influence an individual’s decision to be active. In order to identify the factors that shape this affective forecast for exercise, this study explored what people think about when creating their affective forecast for exercise. Thirty-one inactive participants provided an affective forecast for a moderate intensity exercise session using the global affective forecast questionnaire. Immediately after, they were asked a series of questions to verbally explain what they were thinking about in order to generate their forecast. Thematic analysis identified four themes relating to the exercise intensity, the exercise outcomes, the exercise environment, and the enjoyment of exercise that influenced affective forecast creation. Exercise practitioners should design strategies to manipulate these factors, and structure exercise environments to support a positive affective forecast and better motivate exercise participation.

Download Full-text

Consistency in compensatory eating responses following acute exercise in inactive, overweight and obese women

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711451500046x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 113 (7) ◽

pp. 1170-1177 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jessica L. Unick ◽

Kevin C. O'Leary ◽

Leah Dorfman ◽

J. Graham Thomas ◽

Kelley Strohacker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Exercise ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Obese Women ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Overweight Women ◽

Increase Energy Intake ◽

The Difference

It is often assumed that some individuals reliably increase energy intake (EI) post-exercise (‘compensators’) and some do not (‘non-compensators’), leading researchers to examine the characteristics that distinguish these two groups. However, it is unclear whether EI post-exercise is stable over time. The present study examined whether compensatory eating responses to a single exercise bout are consistent within individuals across three pairs of trials. Physically inactive, overweight/obese women (n28, BMI 30·3 (sd2·9) kg/m2) participated in three pairs of testing sessions, with each pair consisting of an exercise (30 min of moderate-intensity walking) and resting testing day. EI was measured using a buffet meal 1 h post-exercise/rest. For each pair, the difference in EI (EIdiff= EIex− EIrest) was calculated, where EIexis the EI of the exercise session and EIrestis the EI of the resting session, and women were classified as a ‘compensator’ (EIex>EIrest) or ‘non-compensator’ (EIex≤ EIrest). The average EI on exercise days (3328·0 (sd1686·2) kJ) was similar to those on resting days (3269·4 (sd1582·4) kJ) (P= 0·67). Although EI was reliable within individuals across the three resting days (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0·75, 95 % CI 0·60, 0·87;P< 0·001) and three exercise days (ICC 0·83, 95 % CI 0·70, 0·91;P< 0·001), the ICC for EIdiffacross the three pairs of trials was low (ICC 0·20, 95 % CI − 0·02, 0·45;P= 0·04), suggesting that compensatory eating post-exercise is not a stable construct. Moreover, the classification of ‘compensators’/‘non-compensators’ was not reliable (κ =− 0·048;P= 0·66). The results were unaltered when ‘relative’ EI was used, which considers the energy expenditure of the exercise/resting sessions. Acute compensatory EI following an exercise bout is not reliable in overweight women. Seeking to understand what distinguishes ‘compensators’ from ‘non-compensators’ based on a single eating episode post-exercise is not justified.

Download Full-text

PO-220 HIIT prescription and diabetes

Exercise Biochemistry Review ◽

10.14428/ebr.v1i5.9513 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaorui Xing ◽

Sai Zhang

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Secretion ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Diabetic Mellitus ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Continuous Training ◽

Intervention Effect

Objective To clarify the effect of HIIT prescription on diabetic mellitus (DM) and provide reliable exercise advise for DM patients. Method: Through literature Methods Through literature method to collect studies by key words: HIIT, diabetic mellitus, T1DM , T2DM. And through data analyze method to organize the related studies to make a conclusion. Results As a non-infectious metabolic disease，the incidence of DM is increasingly continuing in recent years. The epidemiological studies show that the global incidence of DM in the population aged 20-79 was 8.8% in 2015, and the total number reached 415 million. It is predicted that by 2040, the number of DM patients in this age group will reach 642 million with the prevalence rate rose to 10.4%. Insulin secretion and insulin signal transduction disorders are the main mechanisms of the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) respectively. The inducers of DM are complex, such as obesity, inactivity, insomnia and heredity. The current interventions for DM are mainly drugs, diet, exercise, self-monitoring and education. Among them, exercise is accepted by the majority of diabetic patients because of its economic, fewer side effects and obvious effects. The occurrence of T1DM is closely related to heredity with the majority of adolescence patients. Due to insufficient insulin secretion, the clinical treatment of T2DM is mainly exogenous insulin injections. However, long-term insulin injections on the one hand leads to a continuous decline in the effect of insulin action, and are also a painful process for T1DM patients. Regular exercise can increase insulin sensitivity, decrease insulin resistance, promote the glucose uptake of skeletal muscle and regulate the blood glucose. However, the occurrence of exercise hypoglycemia makes it difficult for T1DM patients to insist exercise. The mechanism for the occurrence of exercise hypoglycemia is not clear, but studies show that it may related to insulin regulation change, counter-regulatory response decline and energy substrate metabolism disorder. Studies have shown that high intensity interval training (HIIT) prescription can avoid the occurrence of exercise-induced hypoglycemia caused by long-term moderate-intensity exercise to a certain extent. Therefore, the relationship between HIIT exercise and T1DM patients requires more research to prove. The occurrence of T2DM is accompanied by obesity. Obesity leads to the development of insulin resistance. A large number of studies have confirmed that exercise has a good intervention effect on obesity and T2DM. Compared with the traditional moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), HIIT has a better effect on reducing abdominal fat in the obesity. T2DM is often accompanied by many complications, such as diabetes cognitive dysfunction, diabetic Cardiomyopathy, diabetic liver disease and so on. The intervention effect of the HIIT prescription on these complications has also been confirmed by numerous studies. Conclusions As a non-pharmaceutical treatment of diabetes, exercise has obvious effects on diabetes intervention. The HIIT has gradually become one of the exercise intervention prescription because of its short time-consuming and obvious effects. However, the HIIT exercise prescription for DM patients of different ages, types, and complications remains to be further clarified.

Download Full-text