scholarly journals Recent Trends of microRNA Significance in Pediatric Population Glioblastoma and Current Knowledge of Micro RNA Function in Glioblastoma Multiforme

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Mazurek ◽  
Cezary Grochowski ◽  
Jakub Litak ◽  
Ida Osuchowska ◽  
Ryszard Maciejewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumors ◽  
Cell Resistance ◽  
Apoptosis Resistance ◽  
Recent Trends

Central nervous system tumors are a significant problem for modern medicine because of their location. The explanation of the importance of microRNA (miRNA) in the development of cancerous changes plays an important role in this respect. The first papers describing the presence of miRNA were published in the 1990s. The role of miRNA has been pointed out in many medical conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorder, arthritis and cancer. There are several miRNAs responsible for invasiveness, apoptosis, resistance to treatment, angiogenesis, proliferation and immunology, and many others. The research conducted in recent years analyzing this group of tumors has shown the important role of miRNA in the course of gliomagenesis. These particles seem to participate in many stages of the development of cancer processes, such as proliferation, angiogenesis, regulation of apoptosis or cell resistance to cytostatics.

Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Süß ◽  
Johannes C.M. Schlachetzki
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapy ◽  
Transcriptomic Signature

: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. Although proteinaceous aggregates of extracellular Amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated microtubule- associated tau have long been identified as characteristic neuropathological hallmarks of AD, a disease- modifying therapy against these targets has not been successful. An emerging concept is that microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are major players in AD pathogenesis. Microglia are longlived tissue-resident professional phagocytes that survey and rapidly respond to changes in their microenvironment. Subpopulations of microglia cluster around Aβ plaques and adopt a transcriptomic signature specifically linked to neurodegeneration. A plethora of molecules and pathways associated with microglia function and dysfunction has been identified as important players in mediating neurodegeneration. However, whether microglia exert either beneficial or detrimental effects in AD pathology may depend on the disease stage. : In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the stage-dependent role of microglia in AD, including recent insights from genetic and gene expression profiling studies as well as novel imaging techniques focusing on microglia in human AD pathology and AD mouse models.

scholarly journals The role of micro-RNAs in the female reproductive tract

Reproduction ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren B Nothnick
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
And Function

Proper development and function of the female reproductive tract are essential for successful reproduction. Regulation of the differentiated functions of the organs that make up the female reproductive tract is well established to occur at multiple levels including transcription, translation, and posttranslational modifications. Micro-RNA (miRNA)-mediated posttranscriptional gene regulation has emerged as a fundamental mechanism controlling normal tissue development and function. Emerging evidence indicates that miRNAs are expressed within the organs of the female reproductive tract where they function to regulate cellular pathways necessary for proper function of these organs. In this review, the functional significance of miRNAs in the development and function of the organs of the female reproductive tract is discussed. Initial discussion focuses on the role of miRNAs in the development of the organs of the female reproductive tract highlighting recent studies that clearly demonstrate that mice with disrupted Dicer1 expression are sterile, fail to develop uterine glands, and have muted estrogen responsiveness. Next, emphasis moves to discussion on our current knowledge on the characterization of miRNA expression in each of the organs of the female reproductive tract. When possible, information is presented and discussed with respect to regulation, function, and/or functional targets of these miRNA within each specific organ of the female reproductive tract.

scholarly journals Epigenetics of Alzheimer’s Disease

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Matea Nikolac Perkovic ◽  
Alja Videtic Paska ◽  
Marcela Konjevod ◽  
Katarina Kouter ◽  
Dubravka Svob Strac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Mtdna Copy Number ◽  
Rna Regulation ◽  
The Central Nervous System

There are currently no validated biomarkers which can be used to accurately diagnose Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or to distinguish it from other dementia-causing neuropathologies. Moreover, to date, only symptomatic treatments exist for this progressive neurodegenerative disorder. In the search for new, more reliable biomarkers and potential therapeutic options, epigenetic modifications have emerged as important players in the pathogenesis of AD. The aim of the article was to provide a brief overview of the current knowledge regarding the role of epigenetics (including mitoepigenetics) in AD, and the possibility of applying these advances for future AD therapy. Extensive research has suggested an important role of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and non-coding RNA regulation (with the emphasis on microRNAs) in the course and development of AD. Recent studies also indicated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as an interesting biomarker of AD, since dysfunctions in the mitochondria and lower mtDNA copy number have been associated with AD pathophysiology. The current evidence suggests that epigenetic changes can be successfully detected, not only in the central nervous system, but also in the cerebrospinal fluid and on the periphery, contributing further to their potential as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets in AD.

scholarly journals Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Production, Characterisations, Recent Trends and Difficulties

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077
Author(s):  
Mostafa Mabrouk ◽  
Diganta B. Das ◽  
Zeinab A. Salem ◽  
Hanan H. Beherei
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Medication Delivery ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Characterisation Techniques

Designing of nanomaterials has now become a top-priority research goal with a view to developing specific applications in the biomedical fields. In fact, the recent trends in the literature show that there is a lack of in-depth reviews that specifically highlight the current knowledge based on the design and production of nanomaterials. Considerations of size, shape, surface charge and microstructures are important factors in this regard as they affect the performance of nanoparticles (NPs). These parameters are also found to be dependent on their synthesis methods. The characterisation techniques that have been used for the investigation of these nanomaterials are relatively different in their concepts, sample preparation methods and obtained results. Consequently, this review article aims to carry out an in-depth discussion on the recent trends on nanomaterials for biomedical engineering, with a particular emphasis on the choices of the nanomaterials, preparation methods/instruments and characterisations techniques used for designing of nanomaterials. Key applications of these nanomaterials, such as tissue regeneration, medication delivery and wound healing, are also discussed briefly. Covering this knowledge gap will result in a better understanding of the role of nanomaterial design and subsequent larger-scale applications in terms of both its potential and difficulties.

scholarly journals Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis of endometrial pathology

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciprian Mihaita Pop ◽  
Dan Mihu ◽  
Radu Badea
Keyword(s):  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
3D Ultrasound ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Examination Techniques ◽  
Special Examination ◽  
Endometrial Pathology

AbstractUltrasound is the reference imaging procedure used for the exploration of endometrial pathology. As medical procedures improve and the requirements of modern medicine become more demanding, gray-scale ultrasound is insufficient in establishing gynecological diagnosis. Thus, more complex examination techniques are required: Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), 3D ultrasound, etc. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a special examination technique that gains more and more ground. This allows a detailed real-time evaluation of microcirculation in a certain territory, which is impossible to perform by Doppler ultrasound. The aim of this review is to synthesize current knowledge regarding CEUS applications in endometrial pathology, to detail the technical aspects of endometrial CEUS and the physical properties of the equipment and contrast agents used, as well as to identify the limitations of the method.

scholarly journals Alzheimer’s disease: new concepts on the role of autoimmunity and of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of the disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia Severini ◽  
Christian Barbato ◽  
Maria Grazia Di Certo ◽  
Francesca Gabanella ◽  
Carla Petrella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Amyloid Aβ

: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), recognized as the most common neurodegenerative disorder, is clinically characterized by the presence of extracellular beta amyloid (Aβ) plaques and by intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles, accompanied by glial activation and neuroinflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that self-misfolded proteins stimulate an immune response mediated by glial cells, inducing release of inflammatory mediators and the recruitment of peripheral macrophages into the brain, which in turn aggravate AD pathology. Aim of the present review is to update the current knowledge on the role of autoimmunity and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of the disease, indicating new target for therapeutic intervention. We mainly focused on the NLRP3 microglial inflammasome as a critical factor in stimulating innate immune responses, thus sustaining chronic inflammation. Additionally, we discussed the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the gut-brain axis. Direct targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and the associated receptors could be a potential pharmacological strategy, since its inhibition would selectively reduce AD neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals Bacterial Colonization as a Possible Source of Overactive Bladder Symptoms in Pediatric Patients: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1645
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kilis-Pstrusinska ◽  
Artur Rogowski ◽  
Przemysław Bienkowski
Keyword(s):  
Overactive Bladder ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Overactive Bladder Symptoms ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Urinary Microbiome ◽  
Bladder Symptoms ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

Overactive Bladder (OAB) is a common condition that is known to have a significant impact on daily activities and quality of life. The pathophysiology of OAB is not completely understood. One of the new hypothetical causative factors of OAB is dysbiosis of an individual urinary microbiome. The major aim of the present review was to identify data supporting the role of bacterial colonization in overactive bladder symptoms in children and adolescents. The second aim of our study was to identify the major gaps in current knowledge and possible areas for future clinical research. There is a growing body of evidence indicating some relationship between qualitative and quantitative characteristics of individual urinary microbiome and OAB symptoms in adult patients. There are no papers directly addressing this issue in children or adolescents. After a detailed analysis of papers relating urinary microbiome to OAB, the authors propose a set of future preclinical and clinical studies which could help to validate the concept in the pediatric population.

scholarly journals Role of Orai3 in the Pathophysiology of Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11426
Author(s):  
Jose Sanchez-Collado ◽  
Isaac Jardin ◽  
Jose J. López ◽  
Victor Ronco ◽  
Gines M. Salido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cancer Tissue ◽  
Apoptosis Resistance ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Cancer Hallmarks ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Positive ◽  
A Cell

The mammalian exclusive Orai3 channel participates in the generation and/or modulation of two independent Ca2+ currents, the store-operated current, Icrac, involving functional interactions between the stromal interaction molecules (STIM), STIM1/STIM2, and Orai1/Orai2/Orai3, as well as the store-independent arachidonic acid (AA) (or leukotriene C4)-regulated current Iarc, which involves Orai1, Orai3 and STIM1. Overexpression of functional Orai3 has been described in different neoplastic cells and cancer tissue samples as compared to non-tumor cells or normal adjacent tissue. In these cells, Orai3 exhibits a cell-specific relevance in Ca2+ influx. In estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is strongly dependent on Orai3 expression while in colorectal cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells Orai3 predominantly modulates SOCE. On the other hand, in prostate cancer cells Orai3 expression has been associated with the formation of Orai1/Orai3 heteromeric channels regulated by AA and reduction in SOCE, thus leading to enhanced proliferation. Orai3 overexpression is associated with supporting several cancer hallmarks, including cell cycle progression, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis resistance. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the functional role of Orai3 in the pathogenesis of cancer.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

Prospective Memory Development Across the Lifespan

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Zuber ◽  
Matthias Kliegel
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Integrative Framework

Abstract. Prospective Memory (PM; i.e., the ability to remember to perform planned tasks) represents a key proxy of healthy aging, as it relates to older adults’ everyday functioning, autonomy, and personal well-being. The current review illustrates how PM performance develops across the lifespan and how multiple cognitive and non-cognitive factors influence this trajectory. Further, a new, integrative framework is presented, detailing how those processes interplay in retrieving and executing delayed intentions. Specifically, while most previous models have focused on memory processes, the present model focuses on the role of executive functioning in PM and its development across the lifespan. Finally, a practical outlook is presented, suggesting how the current knowledge can be applied in geriatrics and geropsychology to promote healthy aging by maintaining prospective abilities in the elderly.

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