scholarly journals Obesity and Bone: A Complex Relationship

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13662
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Rinonapoli ◽  
Valerio Pace ◽  
Carmelinda Ruggiero ◽  
Paolo Ceccarini ◽  
Michele Bisaccia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Obese Subject ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Mechanical Effect ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Risk Of Fracture ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
The Relationship

There is a large literature on the relationship between obesity and bone. What we can conclude from this review is that the increase in body weight causes an increase in BMD, both for a mechanical effect and for the greater amount of estrogens present in the adipose tissue. Nevertheless, despite an apparent strengthening of the bone witnessed by the increased BMD, the risk of fracture is higher. The greater risk of fracture in the obese subject is due to various factors, which are carefully analyzed by the Authors. These factors can be divided into metabolic factors and increased risk of falls. Fractures have an atypical distribution in the obese, with a lower incidence of typical osteoporotic fractures, such as those of hip, spine and wrist, and an increase in fractures of the ankle, upper leg, and humerus. In children, the distribution is different, but it is not the same in obese and normal-weight children. Specifically, the fractures of the lower limb are much more frequent in obese children. Sarcopenic obesity plays an important role. The authors also review the available literature regarding the effects of high-fat diet, weight loss and bariatric surgery.

Effects of Television on Metabolic Rate: Potential Implications For Childhood Obesity

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-286
Author(s):  
Robert C. Klesges ◽  
Mary L. Shelton ◽  
Lisa M. Klesges
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Television Viewing ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resting Energy

The effects of television viewing on resting energy expenditure (metabolic rate) in obese and normal-weight children were studied in a laboratory setting. Subjects were 15 obese children and 16 normal-weight children whose ages ranged from 8 to 12 years. All subjects had two measures of resting energy expenditure obtained while at rest and one measurement of energy expenditure taken while viewing television. Results indicated that metabolic rate during television viewing was significantly lower (mean decrease of 211 kcal extrapolated to a day) than during rest. Obese children tended to have a larger decrease, although this difference was not statistically significant (262 kcal/d vs 167 kcal/d, respectively). It was concluded that television viewing has a fairly profound lowering effect of metabolic rate and may be a mechanism for the relationship between obesity and amount of television viewing.

scholarly journals Accelerometer-determined peak cadence and weight status in children from São Caetano do Sul, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 3689-3698
Author(s):  
Gerson Luis de Moraes Ferrari ◽  
Timóteo Araújo ◽  
Luis Carlos Oliveira ◽  
Victor Keihan Rodrigues Matsudo ◽  
Emily Mire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Brazilian Children

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between peak cadence indicators and body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%)-defined weight status in children. The sample comprised 485 Brazilian children. Minute-by-minute step data from accelerometry were rank ordered for each day to identify the peak 1-minute, 30-minute and 60-minute cadence values. Data were described by BMI–defined and bioelectrical impedance-determined BF% weight status. BMI-defined normal weight children had higher peak 1-minute (115.5 versus 110.6 and 106.6 steps/min), 30-minute (81.0 versus 77.5 and 74.0 steps/min) and 60-minute cadence (67.1 versus 63.4 and 60.7 steps/min) than overweight and obese children (p<.0001), respectively. Defined using %BF, normal weight children had higher peak 1-minute (114.5 versus 106.1 steps/min), 30-minute (80.4 versus 73.1 steps/min) and 60-minute cadence (66.5 versus 59.9 steps/min) than obese children (p<.0001). Similar relationships were observed in boys; however, only peak 1- minute cadence differed significantly across BMI and %BF-defined weight status categories in girls. Peak cadence indicators were negatively associated with BMI and BF% in these schoolchildren and significantly higher among normal weight compared to overweight or obese children.

Comorbid Conditions and GFR Predict Nonvertebral Fractures in Patients With Diabetes in an Ethnic-Specific Manner

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. e2168-e2175
Author(s):  
Rajesh K Jain ◽  
Mark G Weiner ◽  
Huaqing Zhao ◽  
Tamara Vokes
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Risk Of Fracture ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Major Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Insulin Use

Abstract Context Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with an increased risk of fracture, but it is not clear which diabetes and nondiabetes risk factors may be most important. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate risk factors for incident major osteoporotic fractures (MOFs) of the hip, wrist, and humerus in African American (AA), Hispanic (HIS), and Caucasian (CA) subjects with DM. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 18 210 subjects with DM (7298 CA, 7009 AA and 3903 HIS) at least 40 years of age, being followed at a large healthcare system in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Results In a global model in CA with DM, MOF were associated with dementia (HR 4.16; 95% CI, 2.13-8.12), OSA (HR 3.35; 95% CI, 1.78-6.29), COPD (HR 2.43; 95% CI, 1.51-3.92), and diabetic neuropathy (HR 2.52; 95% CI, 1.41-4.50). In AA, MOF were associated with prior MOF (HR 13.67; 95% CI, 5.48-34.1), dementia (HR 3.10; 95% CI, 1.07-8.98), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 45 (HR 2.05; 95% CI, 1.11-3.79), thiazide use (HR 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31-0.93), metformin use (HR 0.59; 95% CI, 0.36-0.97), and chronic steroid use (HR 5.03; 95% CI, 1.51-16.7). In HIS, liver disease (HR 3.06; 95% CI, 1.38-6.79) and insulin use (HR 2.93; 95% CI, 1.76-4.87) were associated with MOF. Conclusion In patients with diabetes, the risk of fracture is related to both diabetes-specific variables and comorbid conditions, but these relationships vary by race/ethnicity.

scholarly journals Perceived Difficulty with Physical Tasks, Lifestyle, and Physical Performance in Obese Children

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Valerio ◽  
Valeria Gallarato ◽  
Osvaldo D’Amico ◽  
Maura Sticco ◽  
Paola Tortorelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Overweight Children ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

We estimated perceived difficulty with physical tasks, lifestyle, and physical performance in 382 children and adolescents (163 obese, 54 overweight, and 165 normal-weight subjects) and the relationship between perceived physical difficulties and sports participation, sedentary behaviors, or physical performance. Perceived difficulty with physical tasks and lifestyle habits was assessed by interview using a structured questionnaire, while physical performance was assessed through the six-minute walking test (6MWT). Obese children had higher perceived difficulty with several activities of daily living, were less engaged in sports, and had lower physical performance than normal-weight or overweight children; on the contrary, they did not differ with regard to time spent in sedentary behaviors. Perceived difficulty in running and hopping negatively predicted sports participation (P<0.05and <0.01, resp.), while perceived difficulty in almost all physical activities negatively predicted the 6MWT, independently of BMI (P<0.01). Our results indicate that perception of task’s difficulty level may reflect an actual difficulty in obese children. These findings may have practical implications for approaching physical activity in obese children. Exploring both the perception of a task’s difficulty level and physical performance may be useful to design exercise programs that allow safe and successful participation.

scholarly journals Association between Obesity and Omega-3 Status in Healthy Young Women

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1480
Author(s):  
Isabel E. Young ◽  
Helen M. Parker ◽  
Rebecca L. Cook ◽  
Nicholas J. O’Dwyer ◽  
Manohar L. Garg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential for healthy development and protect against metabolic disease. However, individuals with obesity may be pre-disposed to experiencing lower n-3 PUFA status than normal-weight individuals. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between the omega-3 index (O3I), body mass index (BMI) and dietary intake in healthy young women (n = 300; age = 18–35 y), a group not previously focused on. Intake was adjusted for energy using the residuals method, and associations were explored using independent t-tests and Pearson’s correlations. Participants with obesity were found to have significantly lower O3I than normal-weight participants (p < 0.0001); however, no significant differences were observed in mean n-3 PUFA intakes. Even so, energy-adjusted intakes of n-3 PUFAs, with the exception of alpha-linolenic acid, were significantly correlated with O3I. This study demonstrates that O3I is influenced by both BMI and diet in young women; however the relationship between these two variables may be complex. Current intakes of n-3 PUFA observed in young women may not be effective in achieving target O3I levels in those with obesity, and further research is needed to find effective ways of improving n-3 PUFA status in a group already at increased risk of metabolic disease.

scholarly journals Dizziness and its association with walking speed and falls efficacy among older men and women in an urban population

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1049-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Lindell ◽  
Lena Kollén ◽  
Mia Johansson ◽  
Therese Karlsson ◽  
Lina Rydén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Walking Speed ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Functional Tests ◽  
Swedish Version ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Older Men And Women

Abstract Background Dizziness is common among older people and falling is a feared complication. Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of dizziness and its association with falls, walking speed and fear of falling, including sex differences, among 79-year-olds. Secondary purposes were to describe the relationship between dizziness and falls to number of medications and diseases. Method The study consisted of the fifth cohort of Gothenburg’s H70 birth cohort studies. A sample of 662 79-year-olds (404 women, 258 men) were investigated with questions regarding dizziness, previous falls and falls efficacy [estimated according to the falls efficacy scale Swedish version (FES (S))]. Functional tests included self-selected and maximal walking speed over 20 m. Results Dizziness was reported among 51% of the women and by 58% of the men (p = 0.12). Approximately, 40% had fallen during the past 12 months (41% women, 38% of the men, p = 0.48). Dizziness was related to a higher risk of falls among women (OR 2.63 (95% CI 1.67−4.14, p < 0.0001), but not among men (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.63−1.82, p = 0.8). Dizzy individuals had lower scores on FES (S) (p < 0.01), more medications (p < 0.001) and diseases (p < 0.001) than those without dizziness. Participants who reported dizziness walked 10% slower than participants without dizziness (p < 0.001). Conclusion Women with dizziness more often reported falls compared to women without dizziness—a trend that was not seen among men. Persons with dizziness walked slower. Many medications increased risk of falling; hence, number of medications alone might help pinpoint risk groups for falling.

scholarly journals Overweight and decreased baroreflex sensitivity as independent risk factors for hypertension in children, adolescents, and young adults

2008 ◽  
pp. 385-391
Author(s):  
K Krontorádová ◽  
N Honzíková ◽  
B Fišer ◽  
Z Nováková ◽  
E Závodná ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Receiver Operating Curve ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hypertension In Children

We studied the relationship between blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS, ms/mmHg) in adolescents. We examined 34 subjects aged 16.2±2.4 years who had repeatedly high causal BP (H) and 52 controls (C) aged 16.4±2.2 years. Forty-four C and 22 H were of normal weight (BMI between 19-23.9), and 8 C and 12 H were overweight (BMI between 24-30). Systolic BP was recorded beatto-beat for 5 min (Finapres, controlled breathing 0.33 Hz). BRS was determined by the cross-spectral method. The predicting power of BMI and BRS for hypertension was evaluated by sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating curve (ROC - plot of sensitivity versus specificity). H compared with C had lower BRS (p<0.01) and higher BMI (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis (p<0.001) revealed that a decreased BRS (p<0.05) and an increased BMI (p<0.01) were independently associated with an increased risk of hypertension. No correlation between BMI and BRS was found either in H or in C. Following optimal critical values by ROC, the sensitivity, specificity and area under ROC were determined for: BMI - 22.2 kg/m2, 61.8 %, 69.2 %, 66.0 %; BRS - 7.1 ms/mmHg, 67.7 %, 69.2 %, 70.0 %; BMI and BRS - 0.439 a.u., 73.5 %, 82.7 %, and 77.3 %. Decreased BRS and overweight were found to be independent risk factors for hypertension.

scholarly journals Obesity and Bone

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1111
Author(s):  
Joseph Proietto
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Marrow Fat ◽  
Risk Of Fracture ◽  
Bone Marrow Fat ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Regulate Body Weight ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
The Relationship

Obesity and osteoporosis are both common conditions with high rates of morbidity and mortality. There is a relationship between obesity and bone. There are multiple factors that influence the risk of fracture, including the quality of bone, the risk of falls, and the padding around the bone. These multiple factors partly explain the finding that obesity protects against fractures in some sites while increasing the risk in other parts of the body. While it is well known that increased weight builds bone, there are several mechanisms related to the obese state that make the bone more fragile. These include the increased production of bone marrow fat cells at the expense of bone-forming osteoblasts, an increase in inflammatory cytokines leading to the activation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, mutations in the FTO gene, and obesity-induced increased osteoblast senescence. Surprisingly, the relationship between bone and obesity is not unidirectional; there is now evidence that osteocytes are able to regulate body weight by acting as weighing machines.

Evaluation of Serum 25(OH)D Levels in Obese and Normal-Weight Children with Carious and Hypomineralized Teeth

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Gülçin Doğusal ◽  
Işıl Sönmez ◽  
Tolga Ünüvar
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Significant Difference

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the association between dental caries, molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) and obesity in relationship with different vitamin D levels in children. Study design: This retrospective case-controlled study enrolled 455 children aged 6–18 years, who attended to both pediatric endocrinology and pediatric dentistry clinics at the Aydin Adnan Menderes University Hospital, Turkey. Vitamin D status was measured with serum (25(OH)D) concentrations. Body mass index (BMI) were used to determine adiposity. Caries status was assessed using the decayed-missing-filled teeth (dft) and (DMFT) index for primary and permanent dentitions using WHO standard methodology. MIH were diagnosed according to the EAPD criteria. Results: DMFT did not show any significant difference between obese and normal weight children in both age groups. However, in 6–11 age group, obese children had lower dft and the difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). Median caries index values and MIH prevelance among the obese and normal weight children found similar with deficient, insufficient and sufficient levels of serum 25(OH) D in both age groups. Conclusion: Our analyses provide no evidence to suggest that obese children are at increased risk for dental caries. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations would not seem to have a significant effect on dental caries and MIH in children.

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