scholarly journals Hydrogen as a Maritime Fuel–Can Experiences with LNG Be Transferred to Hydrogen Systems?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 743
Author(s):  
Ann Rigmor Nerheim ◽  
Vilmar Æsøy ◽  
Finn Tore Holmeset
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Distance Travel ◽  
Hydrogen Systems ◽  
System Knowledge

As the use of fossil fuels becomes more and more restricted there is a need for alternative fuels also at sea. For short sea distance travel purposes, batteries may be a solution. However, for longer distances, when there is no possibility of recharging at sea, batteries do not have sufficient capacity yet. Several projects have demonstrated the use of compressed hydrogen (CH2) as a fuel for road transport. The experience with hydrogen as a maritime fuel is very limited. In this paper, the similarities and differences between liquefied hydrogen (LH2) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a maritime fuel will be discussed based on literature data of their properties and our system knowledge. The advantages and disadvantages of the two fuels will be examined with respect to use as a maritime fuel. Our objective is to discuss if and how hydrogen could replace fossil fuels on long distance sea voyages. Due to the low temperature of LH2 and wide flammability range in air these systems have more challenges related to storage and processing onboard than LNG. These factors result in higher investment costs. All this may also imply challenges for the LH2 supply chain.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Alternative Fuels for Shipping in Terms of Lifecycle Energy and Cost

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8502
Author(s):  
Li Chin Law ◽  
Beatrice Foscoli ◽  
Epaminondas Mastorakos ◽  
Stephen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Marine Fuel

Decarbonization of the shipping sector is inevitable and can be made by transitioning into low- or zero-carbon marine fuels. This paper reviews 22 potential pathways, including conventional Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) marine fuel as a reference case, “blue” alternative fuel produced from natural gas, and “green” fuels produced from biomass and solar energy. Carbon capture technology (CCS) is installed for fossil fuels (HFO and liquefied natural gas (LNG)). The pathways are compared in terms of quantifiable parameters including (i) fuel mass, (ii) fuel volume, (iii) life cycle (Well-To-Wake—WTW) energy intensity, (iv) WTW cost, (v) WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and (vi) non-GHG emissions, estimated from the literature and ASPEN HYSYS modelling. From an energy perspective, renewable electricity with battery technology is the most efficient route, albeit still impractical for long-distance shipping due to the low energy density of today’s batteries. The next best is fossil fuels with CCS (assuming 90% removal efficiency), which also happens to be the lowest cost solution, although the long-term storage and utilization of CO2 are still unresolved. Biofuels offer a good compromise in terms of cost, availability, and technology readiness level (TRL); however, the non-GHG emissions are not eliminated. Hydrogen and ammonia are among the worst in terms of overall energy and cost needed and may also need NOx clean-up measures. Methanol from LNG needs CCS for decarbonization, while methanol from biomass does not, and also seems to be a good candidate in terms of energy, financial cost, and TRL. The present analysis consistently compares the various options and is useful for stakeholders involved in shipping decarbonization.

scholarly journals Turning Waste Cooking Oils into Biofuels—Valorization Technologies: A Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Lucas Nascimento ◽  
André Ribeiro ◽  
Ana Ferreira ◽  
Nádia Valério ◽  
Vânia Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sustainable Society ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
Cooking Oils

In search of a more sustainable society, humanity has been looking to reduce the environmental impacts caused by its various activities. The energy sector corresponds to one of the most impactful activities since most energies produced come from fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, which are finite resources. Moreover, their inherent processes to convert energy into electricity emit various pollutants, which are responsible for global warming, eutrophication, and acidification of soil and marine environments. Biofuels are one of the alternatives to fossil fuels, and the raw material used for their production includes vegetable oils, wood and agricultural waste, municipal waste, and waste cooking oils (WCOs). The conventional route for WCO valorization is the production of biodiesel, which, as all recovery technologies, presents advantages and disadvantages that must be explored from a technical and economic perspective. Despite its successful use in the production of biodiesel, it should be noticed that there are other approaches to use WCO. Among them, thermochemical technologies can be applied to produce alternative fuels through cracking or hydrocracking, pyrolysis, and gasification processes. For each technology, the best conditions were identified, and finally, projects and companies that work with this type of technology and use WCO were identified.

scholarly journals Improving The Economic And Environmental Performance Of Engines Through The Use Of Alternative Fuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Ismatov J.F. ◽  
◽  
Jalilov J.Kh. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Environmental Friendliness

The rapid depletion of fossil fuels and the steady increase in human energy consumption, leading to environmental pollution, are creating a situation characterized as an energy-environmental degradation. For this reason, extensive research is being conducted to address the problem of reducing the consumption of non-renewable energy sources and pollution of the environment with toxic waste. In such cases, the concept of hydrogen energy, ie the use of hydrogen as a source of energy on a large industrial scale and in road transport, is important. The prospects for the use of hydrogen for automobile engines can be summarized as follows. First of all, environmental friendliness, renewability and unrestricted raw material reserves, as well as unique engine performance; these allow hydrogen to be used without drastic changes to modern engine designs.

scholarly journals Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Hoang Chinh Nguyen ◽  
My-Linh Nguyen ◽  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Alkali Catalysts ◽  
A Current

Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and mainly produced from oils/fat through the (trans)esterification process. To enhance the reaction efficiency and simplify the production process, various catalysts have been introduced for biodiesel synthesis. Recently, the use of bio-derived catalysts has attracted more interest due to their high catalytic activity and ecofriendly properties. These catalysts include alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, and enzymes (biocatalysts), which are (bio)synthesized from various natural sources. This review summarizes the latest findings on these bio-derived catalysts, as well as their source and catalytic activity. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts are also discussed. These bio-based catalysts show a promising future and can be further used as a renewable catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.

War Captives, Left-Behind Wives, and Buddhist Nuns: Female Migrants in Early Medieval China (4th–6th Century CE)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Wen-Yi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Textual Representations ◽  
Medieval China ◽  
Gender And Migration ◽  
Early Medieval China ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Northern Wei ◽  
Distance Travel

Abstract Using received texts and excavated funerary epitaphs, this article examines the intricacies of gender and migration in early medieval China by exploring women's long-distance mobility from the fourth century to the sixth century, when what is now known as China was divided by the Northern Wei and a succession of four southern states—the Eastern Jin, Liu-Song, Southern Qi, and Liang. I focus on three types of migration in which women participated during this period: war-induced migration, family reunification, and religious journeys. Based on this analysis, I propose answers to two important questions: the connection between migration and the state, and textual representations of migrants. Though the texts under consideration are usually written in an anecdotal manner, the references to women, I argue, both reveals nuances in perceptions of womanhood at the time and elucidates the contexts within—and through—which long-distance travel became possible for women.

scholarly journals Future Power Train Solutions for Long-Haul Trucks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2225
Author(s):  
Ralf Peters ◽  
Janos Lucian Breuer ◽  
Maximilian Decker ◽  
Thomas Grube ◽  
Martin Robinius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

Achieving the CO2 reduction targets for 2050 requires extensive measures being undertaken in all sectors. In contrast to energy generation, the transport sector has not yet been able to achieve a substantive reduction in CO2 emissions. Measures for the ever more pressing reduction in CO2 emissions from transportation include the increased use of electric vehicles powered by batteries or fuel cells. The use of fuel cells requires the production of hydrogen and the establishment of a corresponding hydrogen production system and associated infrastructure. Synthetic fuels made using carbon dioxide and sustainably-produced hydrogen can be used in the existing infrastructure and will reach the extant vehicle fleet in the medium term. All three options require a major expansion of the generation capacities for renewable electricity. Moreover, various options for road freight transport with light duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) are analyzed and compared. In addition to efficiency throughout the entire value chain, well-to-wheel efficiency and also other aspects play an important role in this comparison. These include: (a) the possibility of large-scale energy storage in the sense of so-called ‘sector coupling’, which is offered only by hydrogen and synthetic energy sources; (b) the use of the existing fueling station infrastructure and the applicability of the new technology on the existing fleet; (c) fulfilling the power and range requirements of the long-distance road transport.

scholarly journals Effects of Stocking and Transport Conditions on Physicochemical Properties of Meat and Acute-Phase Proteins in Cattle

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Abubakar ◽  
Idrus Zulkifli ◽  
Yong M. Goh ◽  
Ubedullah Kaka ◽  
Azad B. Sabow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Water Holding

This study’s objective was to evaluate the effects of distance and stocking density on physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of meat and acute-phase proteins in Brahman crossbred cattle transported by road under hot and humid tropical conditions. Sixty Brahman crossbred heifers were subjected to road transport from a cattle feedlot farm located in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, to a commercial ruminant abattoir in Shah Alam, Selangor. Animals were assigned to long and short distances and high, medium, and low stocking densities. The results revealed that the intensity of response significantly increased in meat samples from animals subjected to long-distance transportation and higher stocking density. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and serum amyloid-A values increased considerably and were different from the baseline values recorded at preload. In conclusion, the current results revealed that the color, pH, shear force values, water holding capacity (WHC), glycogen level, and malondilaldehyde assay (MDA) concentrations in meat and acute-phase proteins (APP) were affected by both distances and stocking densities, as evidenced by the significant changes recorded from the parameters above.

scholarly journals Use of diesel and emulsified diesel in CI engine: A comparative analysis of engine characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 003685042110209
Author(s):  
Zain Ul Hassan ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Muhammad Asim ◽  
Ali Hussain Kazim ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Injection Methods ◽  
Ci Engine ◽  
Ci Engines

Despite a number of efforts to evaluate the utility of water-diesel emulsions (WED) in CI engine to improve its performance and reduce its emissions in search of alternative fuels to combat the higher prices and depleting resources of fossil fuels, no consistent results are available. Additionally, the noise emissions in the case of WED are not thoroughly discussed which motivated this research to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of WED. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were calculated at 1600 rpm within 15%–75% of the load range. Similarly, the contents of NOx, CO, and HC, and level of noise and smoke were measured varying the percentage of water from 2% to 10% gradually for all values of loads. BTE in the case of water emulsified diesel was decreased gradually as the percentage of water increased accompanied by a gradual increase in BSFC. Thus, WED10 showed a maximum 13.08% lower value of BTE while BSFC was increased by 32.28%. However, NOx emissions (21.8%) and smoke (48%) were also reduced significantly in the case of WED10 along with an increase in the emissions of HC and CO and noise. The comparative analysis showed that the emulsified diesel can significantly reduce the emission of NOx and smoke, but it has a negative impact on the performance characteristics and HC, CO, and noise emissions which can be mitigated by trying more fuels variations such as biodiesel and using different water injection methods to decrease dependency on fossil fuels and improve the environmental impacts of CI engines.

scholarly journals Sustainable Transport in the Danube Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6797
Author(s):  
Peter Mako ◽  
Andrej Dávid ◽  
Patrik Böhm ◽  
Sorin Savu
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Inland Water ◽  
Danube Region ◽  
Inland Water Transport

Sustainability of transport systems is a key issue in transport. The main question is whether high levels of road and railway transport in areas along navigable waterways is an effective solution for this issue. The Danube waterway is an example. Generally, it is not observed that traffic performance is not as high as on the Rhine. This paper deals with the revelation of the available capacity of this waterway based on approximation functions and their comparison with real transport performances. This methodology points to the level of use of waterways. The connection of this model with the production of fossil fuels creates a basis for a case study. The case study in this paper offers a possibility for a sustainable and environmentally friendly transition from road transport to inland water transport on the example of specific transport routes. The main contribution of this paper is a presentation of the application of sustainable models of use transport capacity to increase the share of environmentally friendly and sustainable inland water transport. The conclusion based on the case study and materials is that the available capacity of inland water transport on the Danube could support the transition of traffic performances to sustainable and environmentally friendly means of transport.

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