Thermally Treated Waste Silt as Filler in Geopolymer Cement

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of including silt, a by-product of limestone aggregate production, as a filler in geopolymer cement. Two separate phases were planned: The first phase aimed to determine the optimum calcination conditions of the waste silt obtained from Società Azionaria Prodotti Asfaltico Bituminosi Affini (S.A.P.A.B.A. s.r.l.). A Design of Experiment (DOE) was produced, and raw silt was calcined accordingly. Geopolymer cement mixtures were made with sodium or potassium alkali solutions and were tested for compressive strength and leaching. Higher calcination temperatures showed better compressive strength, regardless of liquid type. By considering the compressive strength, leaching, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the optimum calcination temperature and time was selected as 750 °C for 2 h. The second phase focused on determining the optimum amount of silt (%) that could be used in a geopolymer cement mixture. The results suggested that the addition of about 55% of silt (total solid weight) as filler can improve the compressive strength of geopolymers made with Na or K liquid activators. Based on the leaching test, the cumulative concentrations of the released trace elements from the geopolymer specimens into the leachant were lower than the thresholds for European standards.

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The Impact of Fly Ash after SNCR Treated with Tannin-Based Products on AAC Production

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.296.173 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 296 ◽

pp. 173-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matěj Lédl ◽

Lucie Galvánková ◽

Rostislav Drochytka

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Catalytic Reduction ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Gaseous Ammonia ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Consistency Test ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

The Impact

This paper is focused on the effect of treatment of fly ash after selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) with tannin on autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) production in order to reduce or stop ammonia leakage from the fresh mixture due to its alkalinity. A pure form of tannin and a tannin-based product „Farmatan“ were used as a treatment in dosage ranging from 0,5 g – 3 g of agent per 1 kg of fly ash. Efficient dosage was determined at 2 wt.% of fly ash by the speed of an indicator change due to gaseous ammonia diluted in water. The rheological properties of fresh mixtures were observed by consistency test in Viskomat showing that Farmatan causes delay of hydration. The results of bulk density and compressive strength testing revealed that Farmatan causes an increase of bulk density and at higher amount decreases the compressive strength because of thermal crack formation due to combined effect of delayed hydration and thixotropy. Using x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis there were no differences in phase composition observed.

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Characteristics and Design of Inong Balee Fort Binding Mortar For Restoration Purposes

Elkawnie ◽

10.22373/ekw.v6i2.6581 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 302

Author(s):

Muttaqin Hasan ◽

Teuku Budi Aulia ◽

Fido Yurnalis

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Diffraction Pattern ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Indonesian Government ◽

Powder Samples

Abstract: Inong Balee Fort is one of the Islamic Kingdom of Aceh heritage built in 1599 by Admiral Malahayati but several parts of the fortress wall have currently been damaged and the stone removed. Indonesian Government plans to restore the fort and this makes it necessary to examine the characteristics of the fortress mortar with a focus on the chemical composition and mineralogical elements. Therefore, mortar powder samples obtained from the fort walls were tested through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the results showed the main composition of mortar is CaCO3 and SiO2 from a mixture of lime and sand while the others are P2O5, MgCO3, and Al2O3. Meanwhile, two mortar mixtures including 1 lime: 2 sand and 1 cement: 2 lime: 3 sand were designed for restoration purposes and they were both found by the XRD analysis results to have a diffraction pattern similar to Inong Balee Fort mortar. However, mortar with 1 lime: 2 sand has a very low compressive strength subsequently it does not meet the specifications of the SNI 6882:2014 and ASTM C270-19a while mortar with 1 cement: 2 lime: 3 sand has a compressive strength that meets the specifications. Therefore, a mortar with 1 cement: 2 lime: 3 sand is recommended to be used for the restoration of Inong Balee Fort.Abstrak: Benteng Inong Balee merupakan salah satu peninggalan Kerajaan Islam Aceh yang dibangun pada tahun 1599 oleh Laksamana Malahayati. Saat ini banyak bagian dinding pasangan batu benteng tersebut sudah rusak dan batunya sudah terlepas dari ikatan mortar. Pemerintah Republik Indonesia berencana melakukan restorasi benteng tersebut. Oleh karena itu perlu diteliti karakteristik mortar pengikat dari pasangan batu benteng tersebut, berupa kandungan senyawa kimia dan mineralnya. Metode yang digunakan untuk karakterisasi adalah dengan melakukan pengujian X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) terhadap bubuk sampel mortar yang diambil dari dinding benteng. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi utama mortar pengikatnya adalah CaCO3 dan SiO2 yang menunjukkan bahwa mortar tersebut terbuat dari campuran kapur dan pasir. Disamping itu juga terdapat kandungan senyawa P2O5, MgCO3 dan Al2O3. Selanjutnya untuk keperluan restorasi didesain 2 campuran mortar, yaitu mortar dengan campuran 1 kapur : 2 pasir dan mortar dengan campuran 1 semen : 2 kapur : 3 pasir. Hasil analisis XRD menunjukkan bahwa kedua campuran tersebut mempunyai pola diffraksi yang mirip dengan Benteng Inong Balee. Akan tetapi mortar dengan campuran 1 kapur : 2 pasir mempunyai kuat tekan yang sangat rendah sehingga tidak memenuhi spesifikasi Standar SNI 6882:2014 dan ASTM C270-19a, sedangkan mortar dengan campuran 1 semen : 2 kapur : 3 pasir mempunyai kuat tekan yang memenuhi spesifikasi Standar SNI 6882:2014 dan ASTM C270-19a, sehingga mortar ini disarankan digunakan untuk keperluan restorasi Benteng Inong Balee.

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Study on the Growth Mechanism of K2Ti4O9 Crystal

High Temperature Materials and Processes ◽

10.1515/htmp-2016-0168 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 405-410

Author(s):

Xuesong Zhou ◽

Jing Fan ◽

Xiaoli Wei ◽

Yi Shen ◽

Yanzhi Meng

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Growth Mechanism ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Calcination Temperatures ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Transformation Reaction ◽

Calcination Method ◽

Potassium Hexatitanate ◽

Parallel Action

AbstractPotassium hexatitanate (K2Ti4O9) whiskers were prepared by the kneading–drying–calcination method. After the preparation of products under different calcination temperatures and holding times, their morphology and structure were characterized by thermogravimetric and differential thermal, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The XRD analysis showed that the reaction mixture was completely converted to K2Ti4O9 crystals at 800 °C when the T/K ratio was 3. Based on the analysis of LS (liquid–solid) growth mechanism, the corresponding transformation reaction mechanism during the roasting was elucidated. K2Ti4O9 whiskers grow mainly through the parallel action at a low temperature. With the increase in temperature, the series effect is obvious.

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Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Boron Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Alloy (Al-Fe-Si-Zn-Cu) Matrix Composites Produced via Powder Metallurgy Route

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14154315 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (15) ◽

pp. 4315

Author(s):

M. Meignanamoorthy ◽

Manickam Ravichandran ◽

Vinayagam Mohanavel ◽

Asif Afzal ◽

T. Sathish ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Powder Metallurgy ◽

Corrosion Behavior ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Matrix Composites ◽

Energy Dispersive Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Time Period ◽

Mechanical Properties And Corrosion

In this paper, Al-Fe-Si-Zn-Cu (AA8079) matrix composites with several weight percentages of B4C (0, 5, 10, and 15) were synthesized by powder metallurgy (PM). The essential amount of powders was milled to yield different compositions such as AA8079, AA8079-5 wt.%B4C, AA8079-10 wt.%B4C, and AA8079-15 wt.%B4C. The influence of powder metallurgy parameters on properties’ density, hardness, and compressive strength was examined. The green compacts were produced at three various pressures: 300 MPa, 400 MPa, and 500 MPa. The fabricated green compacts were sintered at 375 °C, 475 °C, and 575 °C for the time period of 1, 2 and 3 h, respectively. Furthermore, the sintered samples were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDAX), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) examinations. The SEM examination confirmed the uniform dispersal of B4C reinforcement with AA8079 matrix. Corrosion behavior of the composites samples was explored. From the studies, it is witnessed that the rise in PM process parameters enhances the density, hardness, compressive strength, and corrosion resistance.

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Mineralogical, Microstructural and Compressive Strength Characterization of Fly Ash as Materials in Geopolymer Cement

Elkawnie ◽

10.22373/ekw.v7i1.7787 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cut Rahmawati ◽

Sri Aprilia ◽

Taufiq Saidi ◽

Teuku Budi Aulia

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Fourier Transform ◽

Fly Ash ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Bending Vibration ◽

X Ray ◽

Geopolymer Cement ◽

Scanning Electron

Abstract: This study was designed to examine the mineral, microstructural, and mechanical strength properties of fly ash and its feasibility as a raw material for geopolymer cement. The study used an experimental method by examining the characteristics of fly ash by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), hydrometer method, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and compressive strength testing. For creating the geopolymer cement paste, a concentration of NaOH 10M was used, with a ratio of water/solid = 0.4 and a ratio of Na2SiO3/NaOH = 1 using curring at room temperature. The results showed the geopolymer pastes have a compressive strength of 18.1 MPa and 21.5 MPa after 7 days and 28 days. The XRD results showed a decrease in the peak of 2θ at 26.54° because the amorphous part had transformed into a C-S-H solution in geopolymer cement. This finding was supported by the FTIR spectra results showing Si-O-Si bending vibration and the functional group of AlO2. It showed that Nagan Raya fly ash-based geopolymer is a potential construction material.Abstrak: Penelitian ini dirancang untuk mendapatkan sifat mineral, mikrostruktural, dan kekuatan mekanis dari fly ash serta kesesuaiannya sebagai material dasar pada semen geopolimer. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan cara menguji karakteristik dari fly ash dengan pengujian X-ray Fluorescense Spectrometer (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectoscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), hydrometer method, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) dan kuat tekan. Untuk pembuatan pasta semen geopolimer digunakan konsentrasi NaOH 10 M, rasio water/solid 0,4 dan rasio Na2SiO3/NaOH = 1 dengan perawatan pada suhu kamar. Hasil menunjukkan setelah 7 hari pasta geopolimer memiliki kuat tekan 18,1 MPa dan 21,5 MPa pada 28 hari. Hasil XRD menunjukkan adanya penurunan puncak 2θ pada 26,54° ini disebabkan karena bagian amorf dari fly ash telah menjadi larutan C-S-H pada semen geopolimer. Hasil ini diperkuat dengan analisis FTIR spectra yang menunjukkan adanya Si-O-Si bending vibration dan gugus fungsi dari AlO2. Hasil menunjukkan fly ash dari Nagan Raya potensial sebagai bahan material konstruksi berbasis geopolimer.

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Study of the reduction mechanism of ironsands with addition of blast furnace bag dust

Metallurgical Research & Technology ◽

10.1051/metal/2017097 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (2) ◽

pp. 214 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xiangdong Xing ◽

Yunfei Chen ◽

Yiran Liu

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Blast Furnace ◽

Reduction Process ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Reduction Mechanism ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Carbon Gasification ◽

Metallization Rate ◽

Addition Rate ◽

Gasification Reaction

To improve the reduction properties of ironsands carbon-containing briquettes, the behavior of ironsand during reduction by the addition of blast furnace bag dust (BFBD) is studied using a high temperature resistance furnace, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the reduction mechanism is discussed in this study. The results showed that the reduction level and compressive strength of ironsand carbon-containing briquettes could be promoted by increasing the proportion of BFBD. When the addition rate of BFBD was 31.25%, the metallization rate and compressive strength increased from 82.1% and 21.5 N/a to 91.4% and 172.5 N/a, respectively. Metallic iron reduced from BFBD particles favored the carbon gasification reaction, which enhanced the internal CO concentration, and then promoted the FeTiO3 reduction to Fe in ironsand. Meanwhile, a large amount of the liquid phase generated during the reduction process also favored Fe2+ diffusion, spread of iron joined crystals and the growth of crystals, which resulted in the improvement of the compressive strength of the ironsand carbon-containing briquettes.

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In-Situ MMC Production through VXBY Intermetallics Formation in an Al Matrix

Advanced Composites Letters ◽

10.1177/096369350301200102 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 096369350301200

Author(s):

C. Polyzos ◽

S. Skolianos ◽

H. Lefakis ◽

D.N. Tsipas

Keyword(s):

Aluminum Matrix ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Synthesis Temperature ◽

Second Phase ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Second Phase Particles ◽

Stirring Time ◽

Al Matrix

The production of in-situ MMC's (Metal Matrix Composite) of an aluminum matrix with VxBy intermetallic compounds as the reinforcing phase has been investigated. The approach is modelled after that of Al-Ti-B alloys and salts added to an Al matrix to produce in-situ grain-refining TiB2. In the present work, V was used instead of Ti in an effort to investigate the possibility of an in-situ synthesis of a new, alternative, B-V reinforcing compound. Al, Al-V4.5wt% and Al-B5.5wt% alloys and a B-salt (KBF4) were used as starting materials. The synthesis temperature, the stirring time and the reaction holding time (RHT) were 1000°C, 5 min and 5 or 10 min respectively. The microstructure of the resulted MMC's consisted of second-phase particles, ranging in size between 1 and 10 μm, dispersed within an Al matrix. The second phase particles were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis as VB2 and VB.

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Utilization of Waste Glass in Autoclaved Silica–Lime Materials

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15020549 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 549

Author(s):

Katarzyna Borek ◽

Przemysław Czapik

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Quartz Sand ◽

Reference Sample ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Waste Glass ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Waste Container

This paper aims to investigate the possibility of using waste glass of different colours as a complete substitute for quartz sand in autoclaved silica–lime samples. On the one hand, this increases the possibility of recycling waste glass; on the other hand, it allows obtaining autoclaved materials with better properties. In this research, reference samples with quartz sand (R) and white (WG), brown (BG), and green (GG) waste container glass were made. Parameters such as compressive strength, bulk density, and water absorption were examined on all samples. The samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectroscopy detector (SEM/EDS) and subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The WG samples showed 187% higher compressive strength, BG by 159%, and GG by 134% compared to sample R. In comparison to the reference sample, volumetric density was 16.8% lower for sample WG, 13.2% lower for BG, and 7.1% lower for GG. Water absorption increased as bulk density decreased. The WG sample achieved the highest water absorption value, 15.84%. An X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of calcite, portlandite, and tobermorite phases. Depending on the silica aggregate used, there were differences in phase composition linked to compressive strength. Hydrated calcium silicates with varying crystallisation degrees were visible in the microstructure image.

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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Fe2O3 NANOPARTICLES USING Averrhoa bilimbi AS BIOMATERIAL CHELATING AGENT FOR NANOFLUIDS APPLICATION

ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia ◽

10.20961/alchemy.13.2.4348.133-146 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 133 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arie Hardian ◽

Alvi Aristia Ramadhiany ◽

Dani Gustaman Syarif ◽

Senadi Budiman

Keyword(s):

Calcination Temperature ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Chelating Agent ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Solid Particles ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Calcination Temperatures ◽

Basic Fluid ◽

Sol Gel Synthesis

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of calcination temperature on the characteristics of Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) in sol-gel synthesis. The obtained Fe2O3 NPs was then used as material for preparation of Fe2O3-water nanofluids. Nanofluids is a mixture between basic fluid like water and 1 - 100 nm solid particles (nanoparticles). Nanoparticles of Fe2O3 have been synthesized from the local mineral Jarosite using sol-gel method by using starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi) extracts as the chelating agent. The calcination temperature was then varied from 500 ºC to 700 ºC for 5 hours. Based on the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, the diffraction pattern of obtained Fe2O3 was relevant with the JCPDS data No. 33-0664 for α-Fe2O3 with hexagonal crystallite system. The crystallite size (Scherrer’s Equation) of obtained α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles at calcination temperatures of 500 ºC, 600 ºC and 700 ºC was 50 nm, 48 nm and 40 nm, respectively. The Surface Area of Fe2O3 NPs at temperature of 500 ºC, 600 ºC and 700 ºC was 45.45 m2/g; 26.91 m2/g and 17.51 m2/g, respectively. Fe2O3-water nanofluids was relativly stable with zeta potential of -39.60 mV; -46.37 mV and -41.57 mV, respectively for 500 ºC, 600 ºC and 700 ºC calcination temperature. The viscosity of Fe2O3-water nanofluids was higher than the viscosity of water. The critical heat flux (CHF) value of water-Fe2O3 nanofluids was higher than the CHF water. The highest CHF value for nanofluids was obtained by using α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with calcination temperature of 600 ºC which 34.99 % of increment compare to the base fluid (water).

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Biocement Fabrication and Design Application for a Sustainable Urban Area

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10114079 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 4079 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chungmin Lee ◽

Hyesun Lee ◽

Ok Kim

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Sustainable Design ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Calcite Precipitation ◽

Conventional Concrete ◽

Water Percolation ◽

Living Organisms ◽

Two Parameters ◽

Optimized Conditions

Recently, designers have begun to pursue sustainability through the fabrication of materials from living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae in order to address environmental issues. Based on the potential of materials from living organisms, this study has explored a sustainable design application using biocement formed thorough microbially-induced calcite precipitation (MICP), which produces minerals by bacterial metabolic activity. Since most of the studies on MICP thus far have focused on limited fields such as engineering, biotechnology, and geo-technology, this study has focused more on improving the application of biocement in design. We optimized MICP conditions using two parameters (i.e., concentration of urea-CaCl2 and bacterial cell density) through water percolation testing, compressive strength testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Then, based on the optimized conditions, material compatibility testing and scalability testing were performed, and design application research was conducted as well. As a result, biocement has been identified as a potential sustainable design material, based on its 40% compressive strength compared to conventional concrete, improved material finish, aesthetic aspects, and environmental impact. This paper contributes to the development of biocement applications in the environmental design field through multidisciplinary research ranging from biological experiments to design applications.

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