Bioactive Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Potential of Freeze-Dried Extracts from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds

Background: Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seeds have long been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for numerous conditions due to a range of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the solvent extraction of compounds that could be responsible for antioxidant activity and anticancer potential. Methods: Defatted Gac seed kernel powder was extracted with different solvents: 100% water, 50% methanol:water, 70% ethanol:water, water saturated butanol, 100% methanol, and 100% ethanol. Trypsin inhibitors, saponins, phenolics, and antioxidant activity using the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays; and anticancer potential against two melanoma cancer cell lines (MM418C1 and D24) were analysed to determine the best extraction solvents. Results: Water was best for extracting trypsin inhibitors (581.4 ± 18.5 mg trypsin/mg) and reducing the viability of MM418C1 and D24 melanoma cells (75.5 ± 1.3 and 66.9 ± 2.2%, respectively); the anticancer potential against the MM418C1 cells was highly correlated with trypsin inhibitors (r = 0.92, p < 0.05), but there was no correlation between anticancer potential and antioxidant activity. The water saturated butanol had the highest saponins (71.8 ± 4.31 mg aescin equivalents/g), phenolic compounds (20.4 ± 0.86 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), and antioxidant activity, but these measures were not related to anticancer potential. Conclusions: Water yielded a Gac seed extract, rich in trypsin inhibitors, which had high anticancer potential against two melanoma cell lines.

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Optimised Extraction of Trypsin Inhibitors from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds for Production of a Trypsin Inhibitor‐Enriched Freeze Dried Powder

Separations ◽

10.3390/separations6010008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anh V. Le ◽

Sophie E. Parks ◽

Minh H. Nguyen ◽

Paul D. Roach

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Trypsin Inhibitors ◽

Seed Kernel ◽

Solvent Ratio ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

High Solubility ◽

High Quality ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Momordica Cochinchinensis

The seeds of the Gac fruit, Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng, are rich in trypsin inhibitors (TIs) but their optimal extraction and the effects of freeze drying are not established. This study aims to (1) compare aqueous solvents (DI water, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.02 M NaOH and ACN)/water/FA, 25:24:1) for extracting TIs from defatted Gac seed kernel powder, (2) to optimise the extraction in terms of solvent, time and material to solvent ratio and (3) to produce a TI-enriched freeze-dried powder (FD-TIP) with good characteristics. Based on the specific TI activity (TIA), the optimal extraction was 1 h using a ratio of 2.0 g of defatted powder in 30 mL of 0.05 M NaCl. The optimisation improved the TIA and specific TIA by 8% and 13%, respectively. The FD-TIP had a high specific TIA (1.57 ± 0.17 mg trypsin/mg protein), although it also contained saponins (43.6 ± 2.3 mg AE/g) and phenolics (10.5 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g). The FD-TIP was likely stable during storage due to its very low moisture content (0.43 ± 0.08%) and water activity (0.18 ± 0.07) and its ability to be easily reconstituted in water due to its high solubility index (92.4 ± 1.5%). Therefore, the optimal conditions for the extraction of TIs from defatted Gac seed kernel powder followed by freeze drying gave a high quality powder in terms of its highly specific TIA and physical properties.

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Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds

Separations ◽

10.3390/separations5030039 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 39 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anh V. Le ◽

Sophie E. Parks ◽

Minh H. Nguyen ◽

Paul D. Roach

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Trypsin Inhibitors ◽

Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽

Frap Assay ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Total Solids ◽

Momordica Cochinchinensis ◽

Microwave Assistance ◽

Water Saturated

Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain bioactive compounds with medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine a suitable solvent and extraction technique for recovery of important compounds, namely, trypsin inhibitors, saponins, and phenolics. The antioxidant capacity and total solids of derived extracts were also measured. Water with conventional extraction method gave the highest value of trypsin inhibitor activity (118.45 ± 4.90 mg trypsin g−1) while water-saturated n-butanol and methanol extracts were characterized by their highest content of saponins (40.75 ± 0.31 and 38.80 ± 2.82 mg AE g−1, respectively). Aqueous extract with microwave assistance achieved the highest phenolics (3.18 ± 0.04 mg GAE g−1). As a measure of antioxidant capacity, the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay gave highest value to the aqueous microwave extract (23.56 ± 0.82 μmol TE g−1) while the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay gave highest values to water-saturated n-butanol and 70% ethanol extracts (5.25 ± 0.04 and 4.71 ± 0.39 μmol TE g−1, respectively). The total solids value was highest using water with microwave assistance (141.5 g kg−1) while ultrasound treatment did not improve any extractions. Therefore, trypsin inhibitors are suitably recovered using water while water-saturated n-butanol or methanol is for saponins, both using a conventional method. Microwave extraction is suitable for phenolics recovery. These conditions are recommended for an efficient recovery of bioactive compounds from defatted Gac seeds.

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Anticancer Activity, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic and Flavonoids Content of Wild Tragopogon porrifolius Plant Extracts

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2016/9612490 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Fuad Al-Rimawi ◽

Suzi Rishmawi ◽

Sharehan H. Ariqat ◽

Mahmoud F. Khalid ◽

Ismail Warad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Anticancer Activity ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Osteosarcoma Cell ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Antioxidant Power

Tragopogon porrifolius, commonly referred to as white salsify, is an edible herb used in folk medicine to treat cancer. Samples of Tragopogon porrifolius plant grown wild in Palestine were extracted with different solvents: water, 80% ethanol, and 100% ethanol. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA). Four different antioxidant assays were used to evaluate AA of the extracts: two measures the reducing power of the extracts (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and cupric reducing antioxidant power (CUPRAC)), while two other assays measure the scavenging ability of the extracts (2,2-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothialozine-sulphonic acid (ABTS)) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)). Anticancer activity of the plant extracts were also tested on HOS and KHOS osteosarcoma cell lines. The results revealed that the polarity of the extraction solvent affects the TPC, TFC, and AA. It was found that both TPC and AA are highest for plant extracted with 80% ethanol, followed by water, and finally with 100% ethanol. TFC however was the highest in the following order: 80% ethanol > 100% ethanol > water. The plant extracts showed anticancer activities against KHOS cancer cell lines; they reduced total cell count and induced cell death in a drastic manner.

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Contents of total phenolics and flavonoids in and antioxidant activity of Ilex paraguariensis leaves

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s1678-3921.pab2019.v54.00856 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dilson Antônio Bisognin ◽

Leandro Vinícius da Luz ◽

Kelen Haygert Lencina ◽

Clarissa Obem dos Santos ◽

Cláudia Kaehler Sautter

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Total Phenolics ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Mechanical Agitation ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Ultrasound Assisted ◽

Highly Correlated

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate different solvents and times in the ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols, in order to quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in and the antioxidant activity of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) leaves. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 8x3 (solvent x time of extraction) factorial arrangement. The solvent extractors were distilled water and aqueous solutions of ethanol, acetone, and methanol, acidified or not with hydrochloric acid, and the time of ultrasound-assisted extractions were 15, 30, and 45 min. All extractions were finished with a mechanical agitation of 30 min. Samples treated with acidified hydroalcoholic solvents resulted in higher values of total phenolics and flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The extraction using acidified hydroethanol solvent was not affected by the time in the ultrasound. The contents of total phenolics and flavonoids were highly correlated with each other and with the antioxidant activity, especially when it was determined by the ferric-reducing antioxidant power method. Acidified hydroethanol solvent in ultrasound for 15 min is the most suitable extraction condition for the quantification of the contents of total phenolics and flavonoids in and the antioxidant activity of mate leaves.

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Comparative Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activity of Four Major Medicinal Halophytes from Qassim Flora

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10102208 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2208

Author(s):

Hamdoon A. Mohammed ◽

Hussein M. Ali ◽

Kamal A. Qureshi ◽

Mansour Alsharidah ◽

Yasser I. Kandil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Human Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽

Anabasis Articulata ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽

Induced Apoptosis

Four halophytic plants, Lycium shawii, Anabasis articulata, Rumex vesicarius, and Zilla spinosa, growing in the central Qassim area, Saudi Arabia, were phytochemically and biologically investigated. Their hydroalcoholic extracts’ UPLC-ESIQ-TOF analyses demonstrated the presence of 44 compounds of phenolic acids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, and fatty acids chemical classes. Among all the plants’ extracts, L. shawii showed the highest quantities of total phenolics, and flavonoids contents (52.72 and 13.01 mg/gm of the gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively), along with the antioxidant activity in the TAA (total antioxidant activity), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and DPPH-SA (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-scavenging activity) assays with 25.6, 56.68, and 19.76 mg/gm, respectively, as Trolox equivalents. The hydroalcoholic extract of the L. shawii also demonstrated the best chelating activity at 21.84 mg/gm EDTA equivalents. Among all the four halophytes, the hydroalcoholic extract of L. shawii exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity against MCF7 and K562 cell lines with IC50 values at 194.5 µg/mL and 464.9 µg/mL, respectively. The hydroalcoholic extract of A. articulata demonstrated better cytotoxic activity amongst all the tested plants’ extracts against the human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC1) with an IC50 value of 998.5 µg/mL. The L. shawii induced apoptosis in the MCF7 cell lines, and the percentage of the necrotic cells changed to 28.1% and 36.5% for the IC50 and double-IC50 values at 22.9% compared with the untreated groups. The hydroalcoholic extract of L. shawii showed substantial antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 with a MIC value of 12.5 mg/mL. By contrast, the A. articulata and Z. spinosa exhibited antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger ATCC 6275 with MIC values at 12.5 and 50 mg/mL, respectively. These findings suggested that the L. shawii is a potential halophyte with remarkable biological properties, attributed to its contents of phenolics and flavonoid classes of compounds in its extract.

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Effect of Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction on the Properties of Freeze-Dried Pomegranate Arils

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401315666181130100200 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 83-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nishant Kumar ◽

Neeraj

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Frap Assay ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted ◽

Pomegranate Fruit ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid ◽

Pomegranate Arils

Background: All parts of the pomegranate (fruits, leaves, flowers, and roots) are traditionally used as a folk medicine due to its high antioxidant and phenolic property. The pomegranate fruit is known for its antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-arteriosclerotic properties. Objective: The current study aims to the effect of ultra-sonication and temperature (45°C) on freezedried pomegranate arils powder for extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and to study the antioxidant activity. Methods: The freeze-dried arils of pomegranate (Ganesh variety) were procured and subjected to ultra- sonication methods at 45ºC applied for 30 minutes by using methanol, ethanol, water, acetone and hexane solvent for obtaining the extract. The methanolic extract showed the highest phenolic (3036.725 ± 5.39 Gallic acid equivalents mg/100gm), flavonoid (15882.088 ± 0.64, quercetin mg/100g), antioxidant activity (96.1367±0.13%) and free reducing antioxidant power (FRAP assay-18.9033 ± 0.12, Tor. mg/100 ml) respectively, as compared to the extract obtained through other solvents. Results: The results obtained indicate that the freeze-drying method and ultrasonic extraction method is one of the effective and quick methods for quality extraction of phenolic and flavonoids compounds from fruits. Conclusion: The technology can further be explored for the development of nutraceutical and health supplements.

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Sea Buckthorn Leaf Powders: The Impact of Cultivar and Drying Mode on Antioxidant, Phytochemical, and Chromatic Profile of Valuable Resource

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26164765 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (16) ◽

pp. 4765

Author(s):

Lina Raudone ◽

Viktorija Puzerytė ◽

Gabriele Vilkickyte ◽

Aurelija Niekyte ◽

Juozas Lanauskas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Sea Buckthorn ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Array Detector ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

The Impact

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. (HR)) leaf powders are the underutilized, promising resource of valuable compounds. Genotype and processing methods are key factors in the preparation of homogenous, stable, and quantified ingredients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenolic, triterpenic, antioxidant profiles, carotenoid and chlorophyll content, and chromatic characteristics of convection-dried and freeze-dried HR leaf powders obtained from ten different female cultivars, namely ‘Avgustinka’, ‘Botaniceskaja Liubitelskaja’, ‘Botaniceskaja’, ‘Hibrid Percika’, ‘Julia’, ‘Nivelena’, ‘Otradnaja’, ‘Podarok Sadu’, ‘Trofimovskaja’, and ‘Vorobjovskaja’. The chromatic characteristics were determined using the CIELAB scale. The phytochemical profiles were determined using HPLC-PDA (high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector) analysis; spectrophotometric assays and antioxidant activities were investigated using ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) assays. The sea buckthorn leaf powders had a yellowish-green appearance. The drying mode had a significant impact on the total antioxidant activity, chlorophyll content, and chromatic characteristics of the samples; the freeze-dried samples were superior in antioxidant activity, chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and chromatic profile, compared to convection-dried leaf powder samples. The determined triterpenic and phenolic profiles strongly depend on the cultivar, and the drying technique had no impact on qualitative and quantitative composition. Catechin, epigallocatechin, procyanidin B3, ursolic acid, α-amyrin, and β-sitosterol could be used as quantitative markers in the phenolic and triterpenic profiles. The cultivars ‘Avgustinka’, ‘Nivelena’, and ‘Botaniceskaja’ were superior to other tested cultivars, with the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity.

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Antioxidant and Understanding the Anticancer Properties in Human Prostate and Breast Cancer Cell Lines of Chemically Characterized Methanol Extract from Berberis hispanica Boiss. & Reut

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11083510 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 3510

Author(s):

Loubna El Fakir ◽

Kaoutar Bouothmany ◽

Amal Alotaibi ◽

Mohammed Bourhia ◽

Riaz Ullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Cancer Cell ◽

Cancer Cell Lines ◽

Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Berberis Hispanica ◽

Mcf 7

The current research was conducted to investigate the chemical profile, antiproliferative, and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts obtained by two different methods including maceration and Soxhlet from Berberis hispanica Boiss. & Reut. Antiproliferative activities were evaluated by the MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in four human cancer cell lines including prostate (LnCap and 22 RV1) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7). The antioxidant power was evaluated by DPPH ((2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and FRAPS (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) tests. The chemical composition was conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after methylation. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The phytochemical analysis showed that the tested extracts possessed inserting potentially active compounds. The MTT test revealed that both extracts (maceration and Soxhlet) reduced cell viability in all cell lines tested. In breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, the IC50 values obtained by maceration were 16.55 ± 0.58 and 17.95 ± 0.58 µg/mL, respectively. These values were slightly lower than those obtained with the Soxhlet extract toward MDA-MB-231 (19.93 ± 0.74 µg/mL) and MCF-7 (20.22 ± 0.89 µg/mL). Regarding prostate cancer cells 22 RV and LnCap, the IC50 values obtained by maceration extract (22 RV: 11.75 ± 0.35 µg/mL; LnCap: 11.91 ± 0.54 µg/mL) were also slightly lower than those obtained with Soxhlet (22 RV: 13.47 ± 0.52 µg/mL; LnCap: 19.64 ± 1.05 µg/mL). The antioxidant activity showed that the studied extracts had considerable antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS) with particular attention to the extract obtained with maceration. The Berberis hispanica Bois. and Reut. can serve society as it provides potentially bioactive compounds that may find application in the medical sector to control such diseases.

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Response Surface Optimization for Antioxidant Extraction from Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Seed and Pulp

Journal of Scientific Research ◽

10.3329/jsr.v12i3.44459 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 397-409

Author(s):

M. A. Hossain ◽

M. S. S. Evan ◽

M. S. Moazzem ◽

M. Roy ◽

W. Zzaman

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Response Surface ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Response Surface Optimization ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Surface Optimization

The maximum yield of antioxidant activity of freeze-dried jackfruit seeds and pulps was optimized in experimental conditions using response surface methodology. Temperature (°C), time (min) and solvent types (mL) were selected as three independent variables. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), TPC (total phenolic content) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) were considered for the antioxidant activity. DPPH, TPC and FRAP values of seed ranged from 45-67.90 %, 2.27-5.42 mg GAE/100 g DM and 63.30-156.39 mg AAE/100 g DM, respectively while those of pulp were 49-72.14 %, 2.109-5.02 mg GAE/100 g DM and 54.90-298.00 mg AAE/100 g DM respectively. The response surface optimization revealed that the optimum conditions for maximum antioxidant activity in seeds were at 65 °C, 10 min and acetone as solvent with 8.76 % DPPH, 2.81 mg GAE/100 g DMTPC, 149.99 mg AAE/100 g DM FRAP and 0.99 desirability whereas that of pulp were at 50°C, 10 min and acetone as solvent with 45.42 % DPPH, 3.06 mg GAE/100 g DMTPC, 129.05 mg AAE/100 g DM FRAP and 0.99 desirability. Extraction of antioxidants from jackfruit seed and pulp can be performed more efficiently up to the maximum yield by maintaining the optimum conditions pinpointed in this study.

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Bioaccessibility of Antioxidants and Fatty Acids from Fucus Spiralis

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9040440 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 440 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

João Francisco ◽

André Horta ◽

Rui Pedrosa ◽

Cláudia Afonso ◽

Carlos Cardoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Brown Seaweed ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Drying Process ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Digestive Process ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Fucus Spiralis

Fucus spiralis is an edible brown seaweed (SW) found in the Portuguese Coast. It has been reported to have high antioxidant activity, which may elicit a potential use for the food industry. However, little information is available on how the SW behaves during the digestive process and how the freeze-drying process might affect the bioaccessibility of the different compounds. Therefore, antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, lipid, and fatty acid contents were measured before and after in vitro simulation of the human digestive process, both in fresh and freeze-dry SW. F. spiralis had a lipid content of 3.49 ± 0.3% of dry weight (DW), which is a usual amount described for this SW genus. The total lipid bioaccessibility was 12.1 ± 0.1%. The major omega-3 fatty acid detected was eicosapentaenoic acid, 7.5 ± 0.1%, with a bioaccessibility percentage of 13.0 ± 1.0%. Four different methods—total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH)—were used to assess the antioxidant activity of F. spiralis. The bioaccessibility of the antioxidants studied, ranged between 42.7% and 59.5%, except the bioaccessibility of polyphenols in freeze-dried SW (23.0% ± 1.0%), suggesting that the freeze-drying process reduces the bioaccessibility of these compounds.

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