Dynamics of Fat Oxidation from Sitting at Rest to Light Exercise in Inactive Young Humans

Societal erosion of daily life low-level physical activity has had a great influence on the obesity epidemic. Given that low fat oxidation is also a risk factor for obesity, we investigated, in a repeated measures design, the dynamics of fat oxidation from a resting state to a light-intensity leg cycling exercise (0–50 watts) in inactive, healthy young adults. Using indirect calorimetry, energy expenditure and the respiratory quotient (RQ) were assessed in a sitting posture at rest and during a cycling exercise in 35 subjects (20 women). The rate of perceived exhaustion (RPE) was assessed using the Borg Scale. During graded leg cycling, the mean RPE did not exceed values corresponding to the exercise being perceived as ‘light’. However, analysis of individual data at 50 watts revealed two distinct subgroups among the subjects: those having RPE values corresponding to the exercise being perceived as ‘very light to light’ and showing no increase in RQ relative to resting levels, as opposed to an increase in RQ in those who perceived the exercise as being ‘somewhat hard to hard’ (p < 0.001). Our study in inactive individuals showing that high fat oxidation was maintained during ‘light-perceived’ physical activity reinforced the potential importance of light physical activity in the prevention of obesity.

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Effects of the Carrier Phrase on Word Recognition Performances by Younger and Older Listeners Using Two Stimulus Paradigms

Journal of the American Academy of Audiology ◽

10.3766/jaaa.19061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (06) ◽

pp. 412-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Richard H. Wilson ◽

Victoria A. Sanchez

Keyword(s):

Word Recognition ◽

Target Word ◽

Speaker Recognition ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Recognition Performance ◽

Test Word ◽

Root Mean Square Amplitude ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

The Mean ◽

The Individual

Abstract Background In the 1950s, with monitored live voice testing, the vu meter time constant and the short durations and amplitude modulation characteristics of monosyllabic words necessitated the use of the carrier phrase amplitude to monitor (indirectly) the presentation level of the words. This practice continues with recorded materials. To relieve the carrier phrase of this function, first the influence that the carrier phrase has on word recognition performance needs clarification, which is the topic of this study. Purpose Recordings of Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 by two female speakers were used to compare word recognition performances with and without the carrier phrases when the carrier phrase and test word were (1) in the same utterance stream with the words excised digitally from the carrier (VA-1 speaker) and (2) independent of one another (VA-2 speaker). The 50-msec segment of the vowel in the target word with the largest root mean square amplitude was used to equate the target word amplitudes. Research Design A quasi-experimental, repeated measures design was used. Study Sample Twenty-four young normal-hearing adults (YNH; M = 23.5 years; pure-tone average [PTA] = 1.3-dB HL) and 48 older hearing loss listeners (OHL; M = 71.4 years; PTA = 21.8-dB HL) participated in two, one-hour sessions. Data Collection and Analyses Each listener had 16 listening conditions (2 speakers × 2 carrier phrase conditions × 4 presentation levels) with 100 randomized words, 50 different words by each speaker. Each word was presented 8 times (2 carrier phrase conditions × 4 presentation levels [YNH, 0- to 24-dB SL; OHL, 6- to 30-dB SL]). The 200 recorded words for each condition were randomized as 8, 25-word tracks. In both test sessions, one practice track was followed by 16 tracks alternated between speakers and randomized by blocks of the four conditions. Central tendency and repeated measures analyses of variance statistics were used. Results With the VA-1 speaker, the overall mean recognition performances were 6.0% (YNH) and 8.3% (OHL) significantly better with the carrier phrase than without the carrier phrase. These differences were in part attributed to the distortion of some words caused by the excision of the words from the carrier phrases. With the VA-2 speaker, recognition performances on the with and without carrier phrase conditions by both listener groups were not significantly different, except for one condition (YNH listeners at 8-dB SL). The slopes of the mean functions were steeper for the YNH listeners (3.9%/dB to 4.8%/dB) than for the OHL listeners (2.4%/dB to 3.4%/dB) and were <1%/dB steeper for the VA-1 speaker than for the VA-2 speaker. Although the mean results were clear, the variability in performance differences between the two carrier phrase conditions for the individual participants and for the individual words was striking and was considered in detail. Conclusion The current data indicate that word recognition performances with and without the carrier phrase (1) were different when the carrier phrase and target word were produced in the same utterance with poorer performances when the target words were excised from their respective carrier phrases (VA-1 speaker), and (2) were the same when the carrier phrase and target word were produced as independent utterances (VA-2 speaker).

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Serum Folate Forms Are Stable during Repeated Analysis in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid and during Frozen Sample Storage

The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1373/jalm.2018.027102 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 993-1002

Author(s):

Neelima Paladugula ◽

Zia Fazili ◽

Maya R Sternberg ◽

Gwendolyn Gabey ◽

Christine M Pfeiffer

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Folic Acid ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Storage Stability ◽

Frozen Storage ◽

Serum Folate ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Repeat Analysis ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background Serum folate forms, and particularly tetrahydrofolate, are sensitive to oxidation. Methods Using a repeated measures design, we investigated the stability of folate forms in convenience samples with added ascorbic acid (AA; 5 g/L) analyzed initially and after variable (approximately 1–33 weeks) storage time at −70 °C. We examined the recovery of tetrahydrofolate added at different spiking levels to serum with and without AA (5 g/L). We also assessed the long-term frozen storage stability of folate forms. Results Repeat analysis produced consistent results with the initial analysis; the mean relative change (95% CI; Lin's concordance correlation between initial and repeat result; sample size) was 0.08% (−0.24% to 0.39%; rc = 0.999; n = 301) for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 4.23% (2.44%–6.05%; rc = 0.984; n = 211) for pyrazino-s-triazine derivative of 4α-hydroxy-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MeFox), −0.22% (−1.90% to 1.49%; rc = 0.986; n = 214) for folic acid, and 1.49% (−2.71% to 5.88%; rc = 0.889; n = 81) for tetrahydrofolate. Linear regression testing for a time trend indicated an estimated average percent change of less than ±5% for samples retested after 4 months: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate Ptrend = 0.0007, folic acid Ptrend < 0.0001, MeFox Ptrend = 0.38, and tetrahydrofolate Ptrend = 0.0256. The mean ± SD tetrahydrofolate spiking recovery was 96.7% ± 9.4% for serum with added AA, but <50% for serum without added AA. We observed ≤10% loss for most serum folate forms during 4 years of storage at −70 °C. Conclusions Serum containing added AA showed acceptable stability of folate forms during repeat analysis from the same vial within 4 months, complete spiking recovery of tetrahydrofolate during sample processing, and long-term frozen storage stability of folate forms.

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Determination of Positional Skin-Surface Pressures in Premature Infants

Neonatal Network The Journal of Neonatal Nursing ◽

10.1891/0730-0832.23.1.25 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 25-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Lenora Marcellus

Keyword(s):

Premature Infants ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Skin Surface ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Pressure Distributions ◽

Body Tissues ◽

Starting Point ◽

Postconceptional Age ◽

Maximal Pressure ◽

The Mean

Purpose: To describe the skin-surface pressure distributions and points of maximal pressure that are generated by healthy premature infants in the supine, prone, and right side–lying positions.Design: A descriptive, repeated-measures design.Sample: Four medically stable premature infants of 34 weeks postconceptional age. The mean weight was 2,180 gm, and the mean age was 24.5 days.Results: Similar regions of increased skin-surface pressures were identified for the four infants. Within areas of peak pressure, some sensor cells reached 28–32 millimeters of mercury, which is considered to be the critical compressive pressure for obstruction of nutritive flow to the underlying body tissues. These descriptive results may be a starting point for development of research studies to determine positioning strategies to optimize the skin integrity of premature infants while minimizing unnecessary handling.

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Effect of exercise intensity and duration on postexercise metabolism

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1990.68.6.2362 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 68 (6) ◽

pp. 2362-2368 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

C. J. Gore ◽

R. T. Withers

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

O2 Consumption ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

The Mean ◽

Per Se ◽

Male Subjects

Data are reported on the net recovery O2 consumption (VO2) for nine male subjects (mean age 21.9 yr, VO2max 63.0 ml.kg-1.min-1, body fat 10.6%) used in a 3 (independent variables: intensities of 30, 50, and 70% VO2max) x 3 (independent variables: durations of 20, 50, and 80 min) repeated measures design (P less than or equal to 0.05). The 8-h mean excess postexercise O2 consumptions (EPOCs) for the 20-, 50-, and 80-min bouts, respectively, were 1.01, 1.43, and 1.04 liters at 30% VO2max (6.8 km/h); 3.14, 5.19, and 6.10 liters at 50% VO2max (9.5 km/h); and 5.68, 10.04, and 14.59 liters at 70% VO2max (13.4 km/h). The mean net total O2 costs (NTOC = net exercise VO2 + EPOC) for the 20-, 50-, and 80-min bouts, respectively, were 20.48, 53.20, and 84.23 liters at 30% VO2max; 38.95, 100.46, and 160.59 liters at 50% VO2max; and 58.30, 147.48, and 237.17 liters at 70% VO2max. The nine EPOCs ranged only from 1.0 to 8.9% of the NTOC (mean 4.8%) of the exercise. These data, therefore, indicate that in well-trained subjects the 8-h EPOC per se comprises a very small percentage of the NTOC of exercise.

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Social reward and support effects on exercise experiences and performance: Evidence from parkrun

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0256546 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. e0256546

Author(s):

Arran J. Davis ◽

Pádraig MacCarron ◽

Emma Cohen

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Social Factors ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Social Perceptions ◽

Social Reward ◽

Structural Factors ◽

Research Attention ◽

Repeated Measures Design

There is growing academic, civic and policy interest in the public health benefits of community-based exercise events. Shifting the emphasis from competitive sport to communal activity, these events have wide appeal. In addition to physical health benefits, regular participation can reduce social isolation and loneliness through opportunities for social connection. Taking a broad evolutionary and social psychological perspective, we suggest that social factors warrant more attention in current approaches to physical (in)activity and exercise behavior. We develop and test the hypothesis that social reward and support in exercise are associated with positive exercise experiences and greater performance outputs. Using a repeated-measures design, we examine the influence of social perceptions and behavior on subjective enjoyment, energy, fatigue, effort, and objective performance (run times) among a UK sample of parkrun participants. Social factors were associated with greater subjective enjoyment and energy. Higher subjective energy, in turn, was associated with faster run times, without any corresponding increase in perceived effort. No significant main effects of social factors on fatigue, performance or effort were detected. The role of social structural factors has long been recognized in public health approaches to physical activity. Our results indicate that there should be greater research attention on how positive and rewarding social behaviors and experiences—particularly subjective enjoyment and energy, and perceptions of community social support and belonging—influence exercise-related behavior, psychology and physiology, and promote health through collective physical activity. The research also supplements traditional emphases on social facilitation and team sport that have dominated sport and exercise psychology and offers new avenues for understanding the deep connections among psychological, social and physical function in everyday health.

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Effects of the Nursing Therapeutics Program for Facilitating Patient Transition (NTPFPT) on Subjective Well-Being, Role Mastery, and Relationships’ Well-Being among Adult Stroke Patients in Bandung, Indonesia

Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) ◽

10.48048/wjst.2020.4819 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 460-475

Author(s):

Cecep Eli KOSASIH ◽

Busakorn PUNTHMATHARITH ◽

Umaporn BOONYASOPUN

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Well Being ◽

Routine Care ◽

Control Group ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

The Mean ◽

Role Mastery ◽

Experimental Group

This quasi-experimental, repeated measures design was used to examine the effects of the nursing therapeutics program for facilitating patient transition (NTPFPT) on subjective well-being, role mastery, and relationships’ well-being among adult patients who suffered from stroke in Indonesia. Purposive sampling was used to recruit the sample. The control group (n = 42) received the routine care, while the experimental group (n = 42) received the NTPFPT and routine care. The data were collected using 1) the subjective well-being inventory, 2) the role function mode, and 3) the brief family relationship scale. The Chronbach’s alpha coefficients of questionnaires 1 - 3 were .89, .77 and .89, respectively. Descriptive statistics, repeated measures ANOVA, one-way ANOWA, and t-test were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that significant differences of the mean scores of subjective well-being, role mastery and relationships’ well-being were found between the control and experimental groups (p < .000) and between three times (e.g., Day 3 of hospitalization, T1; one day before discharge, T2; and one month after discharge, T3) within group (p < .000). Significant differences between all three pair wise comparisons of these three variables were found in the experimental group (p < .000) while, two pair wise comparisons showed significant differences in the control group. The mean scores of the three variables in the experimental group measured at T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < .000) whereas those of measured at T1 showed no significant differences between two groups (p > .05). Thus, it is appropriate for nurses to provide the NTPFPT to stroke patients and families. The results revealed that significant differences of the mean scores of subjective well-being, role mastery and well-being of relationships were found between the control and experimental groups (p < .000) and between three times (e.g., Day 3 of hospitalization, T1; one day before discharge, T2; and one month after discharge, T3)within group (p < .000).Significant differences between all three pair wise comparisons of these three variables were found in the experimental group (p < .000) whereas in the control group, only two pair wise comparisons were significant differences. The mean scores of the three variables in the experimental group measured at T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < .000) whereas those of measured at T1 were non significant differences between two groups (p > .05). Thus, it is appropriate for nurses to provide the NTPFPT to stroke patients and families.

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Tracking Children’s Physical Activity Patterns across the School Year: A Mixed-Methods Longitudinal Case Study

Children ◽

10.3390/children7100178 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 178

Author(s):

Irfan Khawaja ◽

Lorayne Woodfield ◽

Peter Collins ◽

Adam Benkwitz ◽

Alan Nevill

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Mixed Methods ◽

Focus Groups ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Positioning Systems ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

School Year

Despite the breadth of health benefits associated with regular physical activity (PA), many children in the UK are not sufficiently active enough to meet health guidelines, and tend to become less active as they mature into and throughout adolescence. Research has indicated that children’s school, home and neighbourhood environments can all significantly influence their opportunities to engage in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, less is known about how children’s MVPA patterns within these key environments may change across the school year. The current mixed-methods case study aims to explore this issue by tracking key stage 2 (KS2) and key stage 3 (KS3) children’s MVPA patterns across the school year. Fifty-eight children (29 boys, 29 girls, KS2 = 34, KS3 = 24) wore an integrated global positioning systems (GPS) and heart rate (HR) monitor over four consecutive days in the first term of school (autumn), before these measurements were repeated in the two remaining school terms (winter–summer). A subsample of children (n = 6–8 per group) were invited to take part in one of six focus groups each term to further explore their PA behaviours and identify the barriers and facilitators to PA. The children’s MVPA was significantly lower (p = 0.046) in term 2 (winter/spring term) than during the warmer terms (autumn and summer). All the locations showed reductions in MVPA in term 2, except indoor MVPA, which increased, and MVPA on foot in the neighbourhood, which remained consistent. Focus groups revealed location, friends, and the variety of options to be associated with MVPA, and poor weather, parental permission, and time limitations to be barriers to MVPA. This mixed-methodological, repeated-measures design study highlights differences in the activity patterns and perceptions of children over the school year. Future studies should implement longitudinal, multi-method approaches to gain deeper insight into how children’s PA behaviours differ over time. Consequently, this can inform future health policies promoting children’s PA throughout the year.

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A Pilot Home Study of Temporal Variations of Symptoms in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800407303501 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 8-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Cynthia McCarley ◽

Sandra K. Hanneman ◽

Nikhil Padhye ◽

Michael H. Smolensky

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythm ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Home Study ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

The Mean ◽

Design Protocol

The purposes of this pilot study are to describe the 24-hr patterns of dyspnea, fatigue, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and examine their interrelationships. The repeated-measures design protocol involved 10 patients with moderate to severe COPD who self-assessed dyspnea, fatigue, and PEFR five times a day for 8 days. Circadian rhythms were documented by single cosinor analysis in 40% of the participants for dyspnea, 60% for fatigue, and 60% for PEFR. The 8-day, 24-hr means of dyspnea and fatigue were moderately correlated; 70% of the sample displayed significant correlations. The means of PEFR and both dyspnea and fatigue were weakly negatively correlated. The findings suggest that circadian rhythm in lung function may not be temporally coupled with the circadian rhythm in dyspnea and fatigue in all patients and that the mean self-perceived levels of dyspnea and fatigue are moderately related.

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Abstract P094: Sex Differences in Fitness Outcomes After Participation in a Park-Based After school Program Among Minority Youth

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p094 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Sarah E Messiah ◽

Emily M D'Agostino ◽

Hersila H Patel ◽

Eric Hansen ◽

M. Sunil Mathew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

After School ◽

Future Research ◽

Weight Category ◽

Physical Activity Guidelines ◽

Obesity Epidemic ◽

School Year ◽

After School Program

Introduction: Only 18% of high school girls compared with 37% of boys are reported to meet national physical activity guidelines, but much less is known about sex differences in fitness levels during the elementary and middle school years. This study aimed to describe sex differences in longitudinal fitness outcomes after participation in Fit2Play TM , a park-based afterschool health and wellness program targeting high risk youth ages 6-to-14 years old. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that over time boys would have more improvement in (1) cardiorespiratory fitness via the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) and 400 meter run test; (2) strength via 1-minute timed push-ups and sit-ups; and (3) flexibility via the sit-and-reach test, versus girls. Methods: Youth who participated in Fit2Play TM for either 1, 2 or 3 school years between 2010-2016 (N=2129, mean age 9.1 years, 52% Hispanic, 48% non-Hispanic black, 54% male) participated in a fitness battery at the beginning and end of the school year(s). Effects of length of Fit2Play TM participation on fitness outcomes were assessed via 3-level repeated measures analysis stratified by sex and adjusted for child sociodemographics, weight category, area poverty, and year. Results: Adjusted models showed significant improvements for both boys and girls in the PACER and 400 meter run tests (p<0.001 for both), with greater magnitude of effects and dose-response trends for girls after up to 3 years of participation in Fit2Play TM . Specifically, from baseline to 1, 2 and 3 years of program participation, girls demonstrated 8% (95% CI: 0.87, 0.97), 14% (95% CI: 0.77, 0.96), and 23% (95% CI: 0.65, 0.92) mean improvement in 400 meter run times versus 9% (95% CI: 0.86, 0.96), 9% (95% CI: 0.82, 1.01), and 17% (95% CI: 0.70, 0.98) for boys, respectively (p<0.001 for all). Significant strength improvements were found for both boys and girls for push-ups (p<.01 for both, though 4%, 11% and 12% higher magnitude of effects in girls vs. boys for 1, 2 and 3 years of participation, respectively), and only girls for sit-ups (p<.001). Conclusions: Park-based afterschool physical activity programs have the potential to improve fitness performance in all youth, and particularly girls. Future research should further examine sex differences in the effects of park and other community based programs to ultimately reduce sex disparities in youth fitness, particularly in light of the current youth obesity epidemic that continues to challenge our nation.

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The influence of selected factors and sport results of endurance horses on their saliva cortisol concentration

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.2478/pjvs-2013-0074 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 533-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

I. Janczarek ◽

A. Bereznowski ◽

K. Strzelec

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Cortisol Level ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Hormone Level ◽

Cortisol Concentration ◽

The Body ◽

Clear Correlation ◽

Mean Values ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

The Mean

Abstract The aim of the study was to define the influence of the selected factors (gender, age, transportation time, riding distance and air temperature during the ride) on the cortisol secretion and finding a correlation between the hormone level and the horses’ sport results (veterinary parameters and the ride route parameters). The research was performed on 38 Arabian pure breed horses taking part in the endurance rides. The cortisol level was measured with enzyme-immunological method in saliva samples, taken four times from each horse. In order to verify the differences between the mean results the repeated measures design was applied. The significance of the differences between the mean values was determined by the Tukey test. To evaluate the interrelations between the analysed attributes Pearson’s correlation analysis was applied. The cortisol level at rest was not affected by any of the analysed factors. In case of other results, the most significant influence (P ≤ 0.05) was related to the gender, as well as the ride distance and air temperature during the ride. Higher cortisol level was noted in mares, horses running the longest distances and at the highest temperatures. A significant increase in the cortisol level was noted when the ride distance was longer. There were no clear correlation between the adrenal cortex activity and the veterinary parameters at different riding speed. High cortisol concentration can negatively affect the heart rate (HR) by increasing it, but it can simultaneously stimulate the body to fight dehydration.

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