High Substitution Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Chitosan for Properties Improvement of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Films Depending on Particle Sizes

This study investigated the effect of chitosan particle sizes on the properties of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) powders and films. Chitosan powders with different particle sizes (75, 125, 250, 450 and 850 µm) were used to synthesize the CMCh powders. The yield, degree of substitution (DS), and water solubility of the CMCh powders were then determined. The CMCh films prepared with CMCh based on chitosan with different particle sizes were fabricated by a solution casting technique. The water solubility, mechanical properties, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the CMCh films were measured. As the chitosan particle size decreased, the yield, DS, and water solubility of the synthesized CMCh powders increased. The increase in water solubility was due to an increase in the polarity of the CMCh powder, from a higher conversion of chitosan into CMCh. In addition, the higher conversion of chitosan was also related to a higher surface area in the substitution reaction provided by chitosan powder with a smaller particle size. As the particle size of chitosan decreased, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and WVTR of the CMCh films increased. This study demonstrated that a greater improvement in water solubility of the CMCh powders and films can be achieved by using chitosan powder with a smaller size.

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Effects of Milling Methods and Cultivars on Physicochemical Properties of Whole-Wheat Flour

Journal of Food Quality ◽

10.1155/2019/3416905 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Min Jeong Kang ◽

Mi Jeong Kim ◽

Han Sub Kwak ◽

Sang Sook Kim

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Wheat Flour ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Principal Component ◽

Hammer Mill ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Whole Wheat Flour ◽

Whole Wheat ◽

Milling Method ◽

Dough Extensibility

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of milling methods (jet mill (JM) and hammer mill (HM)) and wheat cultivars (Keumkang (K), Jokyung (J), and Anzunbaengi (A)) on physicochemical and dough properties of whole-wheat flour (WWF). The color, particle size, starch damage (SD), falling number (FN), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), pasting and Mixolab® properties, and dough extensibility of WWF were measured. Significant differences were observed in proximate compositions as well as in color, particle size, FN, and WAI between the distinct milling methods and cultivars (p<0.001). The particle sizes of each cultivar milled with a HM (K: 188.5 µm; J: 115.7 µm; A: 40.34 µm) were larger than those milled with a JM (K: 41.8 µm; J: 50.7 µm; A: 20.8 µm). The final viscosity of WWF milled with a HM (K: 1304 cP; J: 1249 cP; A: 1548 cP) was higher than that of cultivars milled with a JM (K: 1092 cP; J: 1062 cP; A: 994 cP). Dough extensibility and resistance to extension also differed among the cultivars, and the C2 Mixolab® parameter (an indicator of protein weakening) was influenced by the milling method. Overall, results from principal component analysis showed that, among the three cultivars, Keumkang WWF was the most affected by the milling method.

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The Evaluation of Meloxicam Nanocrystals by Oral Administration with Different Particle Sizes

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules27020421 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 421

Author(s):

Yao Yu ◽

Yang Tian ◽

Hui Zhang ◽

Qingxian Jia ◽

Xuejun Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Cell Model ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Laser Scattering ◽

Transport Studies ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Transmission And Absorption

Meloxicam (MLX) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, its poor water solubility limits the dissolution process and influences absorption. In order to solve this problem and improve its bioavailability, we prepared it in nanocrystals with three different particle sizes to improve solubility and compare the differences between various particle sizes. The nanocrystal particle sizes were studied through dynamic light scattering (DLS) and laser scattering (LS). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the morphology of nanocrystals. The sizes of meloxicam-nanocrystals-A (MLX-NCs-A), meloxicam-nanocrystals-B (MLX-NCs-B), and meloxicam-nanocrystals-C (MLX-NCs-C) were 3.262 ± 0.016 μm, 460.2 ± 9.5 nm, and 204.9 ± 2.8 nm, respectively. Molecular simulation was used to explore the distribution and interaction energy of MLX molecules and stabilizer molecules in water. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) proved that the crystalline state did not change in the preparation process. Transport studies of the Caco-2 cell model indicated that the cumulative degree of transport would increase as the particle size decreased. Additionally, plasma concentration–time curves showed that the AUC0–∞ of MLX-NCs-C were 3.58- and 2.92-fold greater than those of MLX-NCs-A and MLX-NCs-B, respectively. These results indicate that preparing MLX in nanocrystals can effectively improve the bioavailability, and the particle size of nanocrystals is an important factor in transmission and absorption.

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Effect of Roasting Time and Cryogenic Milling on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Dried Ginseng Powder

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9020223 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 223

Author(s):

Hayeong Jeong ◽

Dong Hyeon Park ◽

Han Geuk Seo ◽

Mi-Jung Choi ◽

Youngjae Cho

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Particle Size ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Ginseng Root ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Cryogenic Milling ◽

Ginsenoside Content ◽

Roasting Time

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reduced particle size of ginseng by roasting and cryogenic milling on increasing its water solubility and physiological activity. The samples were roasted for different times (9–21 min) and generated in different sizes (10–50, and >50 μm). All roasted samples revealed significantly smaller particle sizes than did non-roasted samples, based on Sauter mean diameter (D [3,2], p < 0.05). Furthermore, the particle sizes of roasted samples decreased until roasting up to 15 min. In terms of the water solubility index (WSI), antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content (TPC), and total polysaccharides according to particle size, 10–20 μm-sized samples showed the highest values when compared with >50 μm-sized samples. Based on roasting time, WSI values of all samples roasted for up to 15 min were higher than those of the control (not roasted) (p < 0.05). Antioxidant activity and TPC also increased with increasing roasting time. Total polysaccharide content was the highest upon roasting for 15 min, except for the 10–20 μm sample. Ginsenoside content of roasted samples >20 μm size was higher than that of the control (not roasted) except after 15 min of roasting. Therefore, roasting and cryogenic milling are effective in producing ginseng root powder.

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Effects of particle size on structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of potato residue from starch isolation and quality characteristics of residue-based starch noodles

Food Science and Technology International ◽

10.1177/1082013220954606 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 108201322095460

Author(s):

Md. Hasan Waliullah ◽

Taihua Mu ◽

Mengmei Ma ◽

Jingwang Chen

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Functional Properties ◽

Ultrafine Particles ◽

Water Solubility ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Water Holding ◽

Physicochemical And Functional Properties

The structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of potato residue with different mesh sizes (<180 µm, <150 µm, <106 µm, <75 µm, ultrafine) obtained from starch isolation were investigated, and its effects on the shear strength, tensile strength, cooking time, and in vitro digestibility of 5% potato residue-based starch noodles were further compared. The results showed that the protein, ash, dietary fiber, water holding capacity, and water solubility of fractionated potato residue were decreased with decreasing particle size, while the starch, fat, polyphenols, and α-amylase activity inhibition ratio were increased. Ultrafine particles exhibited the highest phenolic content (2.26 mg chlorogenic acid equivalent/g), glucose adsorption capacity (7.03 mmol/g), cholesterol adsorption capacity (16.54%), and better performance on starch noodles formulation. However, oil holding capacity and microstructure did not show any significant differences. Therefore, potato residues with desired particle sizes could be successfully used to develop fiber-enriched food products for reducing food waste.

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Effect of Alginate and Polyethylene Glycol Addition on Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of k-Carrageenan-based Edible Film

SQUALEN Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology ◽

10.15578/squalen.v15i1.418 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Giyatmi Giyatmi ◽

Tika Annisa Eka Poetri ◽

Hari Eko Irianto ◽

Dina Fransiska ◽

Agusman Agusman

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Renewable Resources ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Edible Film ◽

Biodegradable Films ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Physical And Mechanical Characteristics

Waste disposal problems have attracted scientists around the world to explore the use of renewable resources to produce biodegradable films and coatings. Indonesia has diverse renewable resources of biopolymers that originated from seaweeds such as carrageenan, agar, and alginate. Carrageenan is considered as a potential biopolymer for edible film manufacture due to its characteristic range. This study aimed to develop carrageenan-based edible film using alginate and polyethylene glycol as plasticizers. Edible film made from k-carrageenan with the addition of alginate and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as plasticizers was tested for its mechanical properties, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and water solubility. Blending k-carrageenan with alginate (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% w/v) increased tensile strength, thickness, and water solubility, but reduced elongation at break, WVTR, and moisture content. The addition of PEG (1%, 2%, and 3% w/v) reduced tensile strength and water solubility, but increased elongation at break, thickness, and moisture content. This study recommended that the best carrageenan-based edible film was obtained from a formula using 1% alginate (w/v) and 1% PEG (w/v).

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Effect of Rice Husk Particle Size on Tensile and Density of Recycled PPVC Composite

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.812.145 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 812 ◽

pp. 145-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Azizul Rahman Farah Nordyana ◽

Ahmad Zafir Romli ◽

Mohd Hanafiah Abidin

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Filler Loading ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Hot Press ◽

Rice Husks ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Density Result

This study is to measure the effect of various rice husks particle size on density, tensile strength, Youngs modulus and elongation at break of PPVC composite. Rice husk was grind before being sieved to particle sizes of 60 μm, 60 μm < particle size 80 μm, and 80 μm < particle size 100μm. Each size was compounded with PPVC at same filler loading which is 20 % rice husk and being pressed using hot press machine. Tensile strength, Youngs modulus and elongation at break increased as particle size increases. The highest value for tensile strength, Youngs modulus and elongation at break are 21.48 MPa, 1344.88 MPa and 2.29 % respectively. However, it is different for density result which decreased as particle size increases. The results obtained from the study shows that the bigger the size of the rice husks, the better the composite tensile properties.

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Effect of Roasting Time and Cryogenic Milling on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Dried Ginseng Powder

10.20944/preprints202001.0097.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hayeong Jeong ◽

Dong Hyeon Park ◽

Han Geuk Seo ◽

Mi-Jung Choi ◽

Youngjae Cho

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Particle Size ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Ginseng Root ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Cryogenic Milling ◽

Ginsenoside Content ◽

Roasting Time

This study aimed to decrease the particle size of ginseng by roasting and cryogenic milling to increase its water solubility and physiological activity. The samples were roasted for different times (9–21 min) and generated in different sizes (10–50, and > 50 μm). All roasted samples revealed significantly smaller particle sizes than did non-roasted samples based on Sauter mean diameter (D [3,2], p < 0.05). Further, the particle sizes of roasted samples decreased till roasting up to 15 min. In terms of the water solubility index (WSI), antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content (TPC), and total polysaccharides according to particle size, 10-20 μm-sized samples showed the highest values when compared with >50 μm-sized samples. Based on roasting time, WSI values of all samples roasted for up to 15 min were higher than those of the control (not roasted) (p < 0.05). Antioxidant activity and TPC also increased with increasing roasting time. Total polysaccharide content was the highest upon roasting for 15 min except for the 10-20 μm sample. Ginsenoside content of roasted samples >20 μm size was higher than that of the control (not roasted) except after 15 min of roasting. Therefore, roasting and cryogenic milling are effective in producing ginseng root powder.

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The Study of Silica Sol with Great Particle Size for the SiO2 Dielectric CMP

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.2228 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 652-654 ◽

pp. 2228-2231

Author(s):

Juan Wang ◽

Ming Sun ◽

Xia Jiang ◽

Yan Zhang

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Chemical Mechanical Polishing ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Silica Sol ◽

Mechanical Polishing ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Oxidation Reduction

The most widely used Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) process and most difficulty is the SiO2 dielectric CMP in ULSI. SiO2 cannot be removed by oxidation-reduction because Silicon is already quadrivalence. So we adopt water-solubility SiO2 growing directly from water which size can arrive 110~130nm to improve the polishing rate. The growth of silica sol is studied and the silica sol whose particle sizes can reach 120nm is gained.

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Effect of glycerol plasticizer loading on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) starch biopolymers

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93094-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

J. Tarique ◽

S. M. Sapuan ◽

A. Khalina

Keyword(s):

Food Packaging ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Glycerol Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vapour Permeability ◽

Solubility In Water ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Casting Technique ◽

Solution Casting Technique ◽

Film Making

AbstractThis research was set out to explore the development of arrowroot starch (AS) films using glycerol (G) as plasticizer at the ratio of 15, 30, and 45% (w/w, starch basis) using solution casting technique. The developed films were analyzed in terms of physical, structural, mechanical, thermal, environmental, and barrier properties. The incorporation of glycerol to AS film-making solution reduced the brittleness and fragility of films. An increment in glycerol concentration caused an increment in film thickness, moisture content, and solubility in water, whereas density and water absorption were reduced. The tensile strength and modulus of G-plasticized AS films were reduced significantly from 9.34 to 1.95 MPa and 620.79 to 36.08 MPa, respectively, while elongation at break was enhanced from 2.41 to 57.33%. FTIR analysis revealed that intermolecular hydrogen bonding occurred between glycerol and AS in plasticized films compared to control films. The G-plasticized films showed higher thermal stability than control films. The cross-sectional micrographs revealed that the films containing 45% glycerol concentration had higher homogeneity than 15% and 30%. Water vapour permeability of plasticized films increased by an increase in glycerol concentrations. The findings of this research provide insights into the development of bio-degradable food packaging.

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Surface energy of cellulosic materials: The effect of particle morphology, particle size, and hydroxyl number

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj14.9.565 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 565-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

YUCHENG PENG ◽

DOUGLAS J. GARDNER

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Surface Energy ◽

Particle Morphology ◽

Nanofibrillated Cellulose ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Hydroxyl Number ◽

Small Individual ◽

Dispersion Component ◽

Commercial Applications ◽

Lower Temperature

Understanding the surface properties of cellulose materials is important for proper commercial applications. The effect of particle size, particle morphology, and hydroxyl number on the surface energy of three microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparations and one nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) preparation were investigated using inverse gas chromatography at column temperatures ranging from 30ºC to 60ºC. The mean particle sizes for the three MCC samples and the NFC sample were 120.1, 62.3, 13.9, and 9.3 μm. The corresponding dispersion components of surface energy at 30°C were 55.7 ± 0.1, 59.7 ± 1.3, 71.7 ± 1.0, and 57.4 ± 0.3 mJ/m2. MCC samples are agglomerates of small individual cellulose particles. The different particle sizes and morphologies of the three MCC samples resulted in various hydroxyl numbers, which in turn affected their dispersion component of surface energy. Cellulose samples exhibiting a higher hydroxyl number have a higher dispersion component of surface energy. The dispersion component of surface energy of all the cellulose samples decreased linearly with increasing temperature. MCC samples with larger agglomerates had a lower temperature coefficient of dispersion component of surface energy.

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