scholarly journals Effects of Shift Work on the Eating Behavior of Police Officers on Patrol

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasi Kosmadopoulos ◽  
Laura Kervezee ◽  
Philippe Boudreau ◽  
Fernando Gonzales-Aste ◽  
Nina Vujovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Working Populations

Recent studies indicate that the timing of food intake can significantly affect metabolism and weight management. Workers operating at atypical times of the 24-h day are at risk of disturbed feeding patterns. Given the increased risk of weight gain, obesity and metabolic syndrome in shift working populations, further research is required to understand whether their eating behavior could contribute to these increased metabolic risks. The objective of this study was to characterize the dietary patterns of police officers across different types of shifts in their natural environments. Thirty-one police officers (six women; aged 32.1 ± 5.4 years, mean ± SD) from the province of Quebec, Canada, participated in a 28- to 35-day study, comprising 9- to 12-h morning, evening, and night shifts alternating with rest days. Sleep and work patterns were recorded with actigraphy and diaries. For at least 24 h during each type of work day and rest day, participants logged nutrient intake by timestamped photographs on smartphones. Macronutrient composition and caloric content were estimated by registered dieticians using the Nutrition Data System for Research database. Data were analyzed with linear mixed effects models and circular ANOVA. More calories were consumed relative to individual metabolic requirements on rest days than both evening- and night-shift days (p = 0.001), largely sourced from increased fat (p = 0.004) and carbohydrate (trend, p = 0.064) intake. Regardless, the proportions of calories from carbohydrates, fat, and protein did not differ significantly between days. More calories were consumed during the night, between 2300 h and 0600 h, on night-shift days than any other days (p < 0.001). Caloric intake occurred significantly later for night-shift days (2308 h ± 0114 h, circular mean ± SD) than for rest days (1525 h ± 0029 h; p < 0.01) and was dispersed across a longer eating window (13.9 h ± 3.1 h vs. 11.3 h ± 1.8 h, mean ± SD). As macronutrient proportions were similar and caloric intake was lower, the finding of later meals times on night-shift days versus rest days is consistent with emerging hypotheses that implicate the biological timing of food intake—rather than its quantity or composition—as the differentiating dietary factor in shift worker health.

scholarly journals Endogenous Oxytocin Levels in Relation to Food Intake, Menstrual Phase, and Age in Females

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1348-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Aulinas ◽  
Reitumetse L Pulumo ◽  
Elisa Asanza ◽  
Christopher J Mancuso ◽  
Meghan Slattery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Menstrual Cycle Phase ◽  
Mixed Meal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Healthy Females

Abstract Context Oxytocin regulates a range of physiological processes including eating behavior and oxytocin administration reduces caloric intake in males. There are few data on oxytocin and eating behavior in healthy females or on the response of endogenous oxytocin to food intake and its relationship to appetite in humans. Objectives To determine the postprandial pattern of oxytocin levels, the relationship between oxytocin and appetite, and the impact of menstrual cycle phase and age on oxytocin levels in females. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Clinical research center. Participants Fifty-five healthy females (age 10 to 45 years). Interventions A standardized mixed meal was administered. Main Outcome Measurements Blood sampling for oxytocin occurred at fasting and at 30, 60, and 120 minutes postmeal. Appetite was assessed using Visual Analogue Scales pre- and postmeal. Results Mean fasting oxytocin levels were 1011.2 ± 52.3 pg/mL (SEM) and decreased at 30 and 60 minutes postmeal (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Mean oxytocin levels decreased19.6% ± 3.0% from baseline to nadir. Oxytocin area under the curve was lower in the early to midfollicular menstrual cycle phase (P = 0.0003) and higher in younger females (P = 0.002). The percent change in oxytocin (baseline to nadir) was associated with postprandial hunger (rs = -0.291, P = 0.03) and fullness (rs = 0.345, P = 0.009). These relations remained significant after controlling for calories consumed, menstrual cycle status, and age (P = 0.023 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions Peripheral oxytocin levels in females decrease after a mixed meal and are associated with appetite independent of menstrual phase, age, and caloric intake, suggesting that endogenous oxytocin levels may play a role in perceived hunger and satiety.

scholarly journals Early Morning Food Intake as a Risk Factor for Metabolic Dysregulation

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
Ellen R. Stothard ◽  
Hannah K. Ritchie ◽  
Brian R. Birks ◽  
Robert H. Eckel ◽  
Janine Higgins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Increased risk of obesity and diabetes in shift workers may be related to food intake at adverse circadian times. Early morning shiftwork represents the largest proportion of shift workers in the United States, yet little is known about the impact of food intake in the early morning on metabolism. Eighteen participants (9 female) completed a counterbalanced 16 day design with two conditions separated by ~1 week: 8 h sleep opportunity at habitual time and simulated early morning shiftwork with 6.5 h sleep opportunity starting ~1 h earlier than habitual time. After wake time, resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured and blood was sampled for melatonin and fasting glucose and insulin. Following breakfast, post-prandial blood samples were collected every 40 min for 2 h and the thermic effect of food (TEF) was assessed for 3.25 h. Total sleep time was decreased by ~85 min (p < 0.0001), melatonin levels were higher (p < 0.0001) and post-prandial glucose levels were higher (p < 0.05) after one day of simulated early morning shiftwork compared with habitual wake time. REE was lower after simulated early morning shiftwork; however, TEF after breakfast was similar to habitual wake time. Insufficient sleep and caloric intake during a circadian phase of high melatonin levels may contribute to metabolic dysregulation in early morning shift workers.

P0919CALORIC RESTRICTION DOES NOT PROTECT AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR CALCIFICATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Ríos-Varo ◽  
Ángela Vidal ◽  
Ana Isabel Raya ◽  
Carmen Pineda ◽  
Ignacio López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Vascular Calcification ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background and Aims Vascular calcification (VC) is an important contributor to the high rate of cardiovascular mortality associated to chronic kidney disease. The inability to eliminate phosphorus (P) and the subsequent P retention promotes CV. P metabolism and uremic VC are influenced by obesity and by the caloric content of the diet. Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to have multiple beneficial effects on health, for example, CR has been reported to improve vascular health and retard vascular ageing. However, to our knowledge the effect of CR on the development of uremic VC has not been explored. We hypothesize that CR may be beneficial to prevent the development of uremic VCs. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine if rats subjected to CR were protected against VC. Method 48 Wistar rats were divided in four groups. The control diet provided Metabolizable Energy = 3.528 kcal/g and contained 0.6% Calcium (Ca) and 0.6% P. Additional diets of identical composition to the control diet but containing varying levels of Ca and P: 0.9% Ca, 0.9% P; 0.6% Ca, 1.2% P; and 0.9% Ca, 1.8% P, were also used in the experiments. Rats in Group 1 and 3 were fed 15 g/day of the control diet. Rats in Group 2 and 4 were calorie restricted and fed 10 g/day of diet with Ca/P = 0.9%/0.9%. Thus the daily P intake should be identical in the four groups. Uremia was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx). After Nx rats in Group 1 and 2 were fed ad libitum a diet with 0.6% Ca and 1.2% P. While rats in Group 3 and 4 were fed ad libitum a diet with 0.9% Ca and 1.8% P. Rats were supplemented with calcitriol. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed to obtain blood samples and tissue samples (thoracic and abdominal aortas). After blood collection, plasma was separated by centrifugation and stored at –20° C until assayed. Plasma creatinine, Ca and P were measured by spectrophotometry. Energy intake was calculated based on food intake. VC was studied by histology and by measuring the tissue Ca content. Values are expressed as mean ± standard error (SE), the difference between groups was assessed by ANOVA. Fisher LSD test was used as a post-hoc procedure. p&lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results Before Nx, caloric intake was significantly lower in calorie restricted rats (35.4 ± 0.1 and 35.8 ± 0.1 kcal/day) than in rats eating normal calories (52.7 ± 0.1 and 52.8 ± 0.2 kcal/day); however, P intake was almost identical in the four groups and ranged between 89.8 and 91.6 mg/day. After Nx, rats in all groups reduced food intake and, consequently, caloric intake. Thus, although the P content of the diet was increased after Nx, daily P intake was not increased in Groups 1 and 2; however, P intake was significantly increased in Groups 3 and 4 (120.9 ± 4.6 and 122.2 ± 6.2 mg/day, respectively). In all groups, rats had high plasma concentrations of creatinine and P, and low plasma concentrations of Ca. Also, all rats had elevated Ca content in the aorta. No significant differences between the study groups were found in any of these parameters (Table 1). Von Kossa staining of the aortas showed abundant mineral deposition in the four groups. Conclusion This study shows that, contrary to what was expected, CR did not prevent or ameliorate uremic calcifications.

In search for an alternative to sugar to reduce obesity

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshag D. Mooradian
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Rare Sugars ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract. Consumption of table sugar has been increasing despite the warnings of public health officials as to the potential adverse consequences of sugar consumption. The World Health Organization recommends restricting consumption of sugars to no more than 10% of daily caloric intake, with a proposal to lower this level to 5% or less for optimal health. Unfortunately substituting sugar with the currently available artificial sweeteners does not appear to have favorable clinical effects. Given the health-related concerns with the currently available sweeteners such as increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes there is renewed interest in identifying a safe and palatable sweetener. The sweet extracts of natural plants such as stevia and monk fruit as well as naturally occurring rare sugars have become attractive alternatives. Although most of the sweeteners are sugars, there are some proteins such as braziien and miraculin that have intense sweetness and are being developed as sweeteners. Several companies are pursuing the development of “bitterness-blockers” to remove flavor defects. Other novel approaches include coating mineral carriers with sugar or hollowing out the sugar crystals. Naturally occurring rare sugars such as D-allulose (D-psicose), D-tagatose, D-sorbose and D-allose are attractive sweeteners. They do have the bulk and the mouth fill of table sugar with reduced caloric content (0.2 kcal/g for D-allulose). Additional randomized controlled trials are necessary to define the long term safety and efficacy of these sugars.

Cardio-metabolic consequences of dietary carbohydrates: reconciling contradictions using nutritional geometry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jibran A Wali ◽  
David Raubenheimer ◽  
Alistair M Senior ◽  
David G Le Couteur ◽  
Stephen J Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Carbohydrate Restriction ◽  
Geometric Framework ◽  
Compensatory Feeding ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Characteristics Analysis

Abstract Carbohydrates are the major source of dietary energy, but their role in health and disease remains controversial. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that the increased consumption of carbohydrates is associated with obesity and increased risk of mortality and dietary trials show that carbohydrate restriction leads to weight loss and improved glycaemic status in obese and diabetic subjects. In contrast, the diets of populations with long and healthy lifespans (e.g. traditional Okinawans from Japan) are high in carbohydrate and low in protein, and several clinical and preclinical studies have linked low-carbohydrate–high-protein diets with increased mortality risk. In this paper we attempt to reconcile these contradictory findings by moving beyond traditional single-nutrient analyses to consider the interactions between nutrients on health outcomes. We do so using the Geometric Framework (GF), a nutritional modelling platform that explicitly considers the main and interactive effects of multiple nutrients on phenotypic characteristics. Analysis of human data by GF shows that weight loss and improved cardio-metabolic outcomes under carbohydrate restriction derive at least in part from reduced caloric intake due to the concomitantly increased proportion of protein in the diet. This is because, as in many animals, a specific appetite for protein is a major driver of food intake in humans. Conversely, dilution of protein in the diet leverages excess food intake through compensatory feeding for protein (‘protein leverage’). When protein is diluted in the diet by readily digestible carbohydrates and fats, as is the case in modern ultra-processed foods, protein leverage results in excess calorie intake, leading to rising levels of obesity and metabolic disease. However, when protein is diluted in the diet by increased quantities of less readily digestible forms of carbohydrate and fibre, energy balance is maintained and health benefits accrue, especially during middle age and early late-life. We argue that other controversies in carbohydrate research can be resolved using the GF methodology in dietary studies.

scholarly journals PSIII-40 Dietary effects on food intake, body weight, body composition and metabolism of adult female cats after spay surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
Eiji Iwazaki ◽  
Anne H Lee ◽  
Thunyaporn Phungviwatnikul ◽  
Helen Valentine ◽  
Kelly S Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Fiber Diet ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Spay and neuter surgeries are common procedures to control the pet population, but have been associated with increased risk for obesity due to changes in appetite, decreased metabolic rate, and decreased energy expenditure. Dietary management post-spay could help decrease obesity risk, but few research studies have been conducted on cats following spay surgery. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a high-protein, high-fiber diet (HPHF) vs. a moderate-protein, moderate-fiber diet (MPMF) in female cats following spay surgery. Twenty healthy female cats (9.5±0.1 months old) were used. After a 5-wk baseline phase with cats fed MPMF to maintain BW, 16 cats were spayed and randomly allotted to MPMF (n = 8) or HPHF (n = 8), with the remaining cats being sham-operated and fed MPMF (n = 4). Cats were fed to maintain BW for 12 wk, then fed up to twice that amount during the subsequent 12 wk of study. Daily food intake, twice weekly BW and twice weekly BCS were assessed. Body composition using DEXA, serum metabolite concentrations, and voluntary physical activity levels were measured prior to spay (wk 0) and every 6 wk post-spay. A treatment*time effect was observed for food intake (g/d), but not caloric intake (kcal ME/d). Caloric intake was affected by time and treatment effects, being reduced over the first 12 wk and reduced at higher amounts in HPHF and MPMF cats vs. sham cats. BW, BCS and body fat percentage were affected over time. A treatment*time effect was observed for blood urea nitrogen, ALP, and fructosamine, while blood triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine, total protein, phosphorus, and bicarbonate were affected by time. Physical activity was also reduced over time. Our results demonstrate that spay surgery affects food intake, BW, metabolism, and physical activity in cats. Dietary intervention in this study, however, led to minor changes.

Pramlintide treatment reduces 24-h caloric intake and meal sizes and improves control of eating in obese subjects: a 6-wk translational research study

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (2) ◽  
pp. E620-E627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Smith ◽  
John E. Blundell ◽  
Colleen Burns ◽  
Cinzia Ellero ◽  
Brock E. Schroeder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Translational Research ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Portion Sizes ◽  
Obese Subjects

Evidence from rodent studies indicates that the β-cell-derived neurohormone amylin exerts multiple effects on eating behavior, including reductions in meal size, intake of highly palatable foods, and stress-induced sucrose consumption. To assess the effect of amylin agonism on human eating behavior we conducted a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study investigating the effects of the amylin analog pramlintide on body weight, 24-h caloric intake, portion sizes, “fast food” intake, and perceived control of eating in 88 obese subjects. After a 2-day placebo lead-in, subjects self-administered pramlintide (180 μg) or placebo by subcutaneous injection 15 min before meals for 6 wk without concomitant lifestyle modifications. Compared with placebo, pramlintide treatment elicited significant mean reductions from baseline in body weight on day 44 (−2.1 ± 0.3 vs. +0.1 ± 0.4%, P < 0.001), 24-h caloric intake (−990 ± 94 vs. −243 ± 126 kcal on day 3, P < 0.0001; −680 ± 86 vs. −191 ± 161 kcal on day 43, P < 0.01), portion sizes, and caloric intake at a “fast food challenge” (−385 ± 61 vs. −109 ± 88 kcal on day 44, P < 0.05). Pramlintide treatment also improved perceived control of eating, as demonstrated by a 45% placebo-corrected reduction in binge eating scores ( P < 0.01). The results of this translational research study confirm in humans various preclinical effects of amylin agonism, demonstrating that pramlintide-mediated weight loss in obese subjects is accompanied by sustained reductions in 24-h food intake, portion sizes, fast food intake, and binge eating tendencies.

scholarly journals Withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids versus continuation of triple therapy in patients with COPD in real life: observational comparative effectiveness study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helgo Magnussen ◽  
◽  
Sarah Lucas ◽  
Therese Lapperre ◽  
Jennifer K. Quint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Triple Therapy ◽  
Comparative Effectiveness ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Blood Eosinophil ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Effectiveness Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Comparative Effectiveness Study ◽  
Oral Corticosteroids

Abstract Background Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are indicated for prevention of exacerbations in patients with COPD, but they are frequently overprescribed. ICS withdrawal has been recommended by international guidelines in order to prevent side effects in patients in whom ICS are not indicated. Method Observational comparative effectiveness study aimed to evaluate the effect of ICS withdrawal versus continuation of triple therapy (TT) in COPD patients in primary care. Data were obtained from the Optimum Patient Care Research Database (OPCRD) in the UK. Results A total of 1046 patients who withdrew ICS were matched 1:4 by time on TT to 4184 patients who continued with TT. Up to 76.1% of the total population had 0 or 1 exacerbation the previous year. After controlling for confounders, patients who discontinued ICS did not have an increased risk of moderate or severe exacerbations (adjusted HR: 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94–1.15; p = 0.441). However, rates of exacerbations managed in primary care (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.33, 95% CI 1.10–1.60; p = 0.003) or in hospital (IRR 1.72, 95% CI 1.03–2.86; p = 0.036) were higher in the cessation group. Unsuccessful ICS withdrawal was significantly and independently associated with more frequent courses of oral corticosteroids the previous year and with a blood eosinophil count ≥ 300 cells/μL. Conclusions In this primary care population of patients with COPD, composed mostly of infrequent exacerbators, discontinuation of ICS from TT was not associated with an increased risk of exacerbation; however, the subgroup of patients with more frequent courses of oral corticosteroids and high blood eosinophil counts should not be withdrawn from ICS. Trial registration European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (EUPAS30851).

scholarly journals The Gut–Brain Axis and Its Role in Controlling Eating Behavior in Intestinal Inflammation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 981
Author(s):  
Gordon William Moran ◽  
Gita Thapaliya
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Inflammatory Burden

Malnutrition represents a major problem in the clinical management of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Presently, our understanding of the cross-link between eating behavior and intestinal inflammation is still in its infancy. Crohn’s disease patients with active disease exhibit strong hedonic desires for food and emotional eating patterns possibly to ameliorate feelings of low mood, anxiety, and depression. Impulsivity traits seen in IBD patients may predispose them to palatable food intake as an immediate reward rather than concerns for future health. The upregulation of enteroendocrine cells (EEC) peptide response to food intake has been described in ileal inflammation, which may lead to alterations in gut–brain signaling with implications for appetite and eating behavior. In summary, a complex interplay of gut peptides, psychological, cognitive factors, disease-related symptoms, and inflammatory burden may ultimately govern eating behavior in intestinal inflammation.

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