Effect of a Synbiotic Containing Lactobacillus paracasei and Opuntia humifusa on a Murine Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

The administration of a combination of probiotics and prebiotics is expected to be a promising strategy for improving irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a synbiotic containing Lactobacillus paracasei and Opuntia humifusa extract for symptomatic improvement of IBS in a murine model and to evaluate the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of this synbiotic. A total of 20 male Wistar rats aged 8 weeks with IBS induced by restraint stress were assigned into four groups and administered L. paracasei as a probiotic and O. humifusa extract as a prebiotic for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was stool consistency at week 4. To evaluate the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of the synbiotic, fecal microbial analysis was conducted, and the serum corticosterone levels, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the colon tissue, and expression of tight junction proteins were investigated. All three treatment groups showed significantly lower scores for stool consistency than the control group at week 4 (all p < 0.001). When compared with the control group, the synbiotic groups showed a significantly greater abundance of L. paracasei in fecal microbial analysis, lower serum corticosterone levels, lower TNF-α levels in the colon tissue, and higher expression of tight junction proteins. This novel synbiotic containing L. paracasei and O. humifusa extract can improve the stool consistency in a murine model of IBS. It may be a promising treatment option for IBS, and human studies are warranted.

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Effect of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus casei DKGF7 on a Rat Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020568 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 568

Author(s):

Gyeol Seong ◽

Seungbaek Lee ◽

Yang Won Min ◽

Yeon Sil Jang ◽

Hong Seog Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Lactobacillus Casei ◽

Disease Model ◽

Symptomatic Improvement ◽

Stool Consistency ◽

Control Group ◽

Colon Tissue ◽

Serum Corticosterone ◽

Irritable Bowel

Non-viable bacteria, referred to as “paraprobiotics,” have attracted attention as potentially safer alternatives to probiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of heat-killed Lactobacillus casei DKGF7 on the symptomatic improvement of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a rat disease model and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of heat-killed probiotics. Seven male Wistar rats were induced with IBS by restraint stress and administered heat-killed L. casei DKGF7 for four weeks and then compared with seven rats in the control group. Stool consistency measured four weeks after initial treatment was the primary outcome measure. To investigate the mechanism of action of the heat-killed bacteria on IBS, we measured serum corticosterone levels, inflammatory cytokines in colon tissue, and expression of tight junction proteins (TJPs) in the epithelium. The treatment group showed significantly better stool consistency scores than the control group at week 4, as well as at every measured time point (all p values < 0.05). The treatment group showed lower serum corticosterone levels, lower colonic inflammatory cytokine levels, and higher expression of TJPs compared with the control group. Paraprobiotics such as heat-killed L. casei DKGF7 can improve stool consistency in a rat IBS model, which may indicate a potential therapeutic strategy for IBS treatment.

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Dietary Quercetin Alleviated DSS-induced Colitis in Mice Through Several Possible Pathways by Transcriptome Analysis

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201021666200711152726 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (15) ◽

pp. 1666-1673 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuanyang Dong ◽

Jiaqi Lei ◽

Bingkun Zhang

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Control Group ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Colon Tissue ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Intestinal Integrity ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Vegetables And Fruits ◽

Key Pathways

Background: The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease is rapidly increasing around the world. Quercetin is a flavonoid commonly found in vegetables and fruits and has been reported to exert numerous pharmacological activities such as enhancing antioxidant capacity or suppressing inflammation. Objective: We aimed to explore whether quercetin was effective for IBD and the underlying mechanism of quercetin for the ameliorative effects on the DSS-induced colitis in mice. Methods: Thirty-six mice were randomly assigned to three treatments, including the control group (Ctr), DSS-induced colitis group (DSS) and DSS-induced colitis supplemented with 500 ppm quercetin (DQ500). Colitis was induced by DSS intake, and body weight was recorded every day. After six days administration of DSS, intestinal permeability was measured, and the liver was taken for antioxidant enzyme tests. Colonic tissue was taken for the histopathlogical score and RNA-sequencing analysis. Results: In this experiment, dietary quercetin for 500ppm alleviated the DSS-induced colitis, possibly by strengthening intestinal integrity, liver antioxidant capacity. Based on the results of the transcriptome of colon tissue, several key genes were modulated by quercetin. ERK1/2-FKBP pathway and RXR-STAT3 pathway were involved in the development of IBD, furthermore, in the down-regulation of S100a8/9, FBN2 contributed to lowering the risk of colongenesis. Conclusion: We demonstrated that dietary quercetin alleviated the DSS-induced colitis in mice. This is most likely due to its beneficial effects on intestinal integrity and modulation of several key pathways. Based on our research, quercetin was a promising candidate for IBD and its pharmaceutical effects on both IBD and colongenesis need further research.

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Glycyrrhizin Attenuates Carcinogenesis by Inhibiting the Inflammatory Response in a Murine Model of Colorectal Cancer

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22052609 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 2609

Author(s):

Guifeng Wang ◽

Keiichi Hiramoto ◽

Ning Ma ◽

Nobuji Yoshikawa ◽

Shiho Ohnishi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Dna Damage ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Murine Model ◽

Licorice Root ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Stem Cell Markers ◽

Tnf Α

Glycyrrhizin (GL), an important active ingredient of licorice root, which weakens the proinflammatory effects of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) by blocking HMGB1 signaling. In this study, we investigated whether GL could suppress inflammation and carcinogenesis in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced murine model of colorectal cancer. ICR mice were divided into four groups (n = 5, each)—control group, GL group, colon cancer (CC) group, and GL-treated CC (CC + GL) group, and sacrificed after 20 weeks. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The colonic tissue samples were immunohistochemically stained with DNA damage markers (8-nitroguanine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxy-guanosine), inflammatory markers (COX-2 and HMGB1), and stem cell markers (YAP1 and SOX9). The average number of colonic tumors and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the CC + GL group were significantly lower than those in the CC group. The levels of all inflammatory and cancer markers were significantly reduced in the CC + GL group. These results suggest that GL inhibits the inflammatory response by binding HMGB1, thereby inhibiting DNA damage and cancer stem cell proliferation and dedifferentiation. In conclusion, GL significantly attenuates the pathogenesis of AOM/DSS-induced colorectal cancer by inhibiting HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB signaling.

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Beneficial Effects of Neurotensin in Murine Model of Hapten-Induced Asthma

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20205025 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (20) ◽

pp. 5025 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ewelina Russjan ◽

Katarzyna Kaczyńska

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Murine Model ◽

Airway Hyperreactivity ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Atopic Asthma ◽

Mast Cell Activation ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Neurotensin (NT) demonstrates ambiguous activity on inflammatory processes. The present study was undertaken to test the potential anti-inflammatory activity of NT in a murine model of non-atopic asthma and to establish the contribution of NTR1 receptors. Asthma was induced in BALB/c mice by skin sensitization with dinitrofluorobenzene followed by intratracheal hapten provocation. The mice were treated intraperitoneally with NT, SR 142948 (NTR1 receptor antagonist) + NT or NaCl. Twenty-four hours after the challenge, airway responsiveness to nebulized methacholine was measured. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs were collected for biochemical and immunohistological analysis. NT alleviated airway hyperreactivity and reduced the number of inflammatory cells in BALF. These beneficial effects were inhibited by pretreatment with the NTR1 antagonist. Additionally, NT reduced levels of IL-13 and TNF-α in BALF and IL-17A, IL12p40, RANTES, mouse mast cell protease and malondialdehyde in lung homogenates. SR 142948 reverted only a post-NT TNF-α decrease. NT exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in the hapten-induced asthma. Reduced leukocyte accumulation and airway hyperresponsiveness indicate that this beneficial NT action is mediated through NTR1 receptors. A lack of effect by the NTR1 blockade on mast cell activation, oxidative stress marker and pro-inflammatory cytokine production suggests that other pathways can be involved, which requires further research.

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Beneficial effects of rosmarinic acid against alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/cjpp-2017-0135 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 32-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Parisa Hasanein ◽

Rosa Seifi

Keyword(s):

Rosmarinic Acid ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Liver Parenchyma ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Control Group ◽

Ethanol Group ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Hepatic Lipid Peroxidation

Alcohol is a severe hepatotoxicant that causes a variety of liver disorders. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a natural phenol, shows some biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the effects of RA (10 mg/kg) against ethanol-induced oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity in rats. Animals received ethanol (4 g/kg, i.g.) and (or) RA (10 mg/kg, i.g.) daily for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, rats were weighed and use for biochemical, molecular, and histopathological examinations. Ethanol increased hepatic lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001) and decreased hepatic levels of reduced glutathione (P < 0.01), catalase (P < 0.05), and superoxide dismutase (P < 0.001) compared with control group. RA prevented the prooxidant and antioxidant imbalance induced by ethanol in liver. Furthermore, RA ameliorated the increased liver mass, serum levels of ALT, AST, LDH, TNF-α, and IL-6 in ethanol group. Necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in liver parenchyma were attenuated by RA treatment. Our findings showed that RA prevents ethanol-induced oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and liver injury in an experimental model of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, RA may be a good candidate to protect against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity; this deserves consideration and further examination.

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Excessive Intake of Longan Arillus Alters Gut Homeostasis and Aggravates Colitis in Mice

10.21203/rs.3.rs-117893/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Huimin Huang ◽

Mingxing Li ◽

Yi Wang ◽

Xiaoxiao Wu ◽

Jing Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Expression ◽

Elevated Serum ◽

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Colon Tissue ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Gut Homeostasis ◽

Gut Microbe ◽

Microbial Analysis ◽

Excessive Intake

Abstract BackgroundLongan is the fruit of Dimocarpus longan Lour. and the longan arillus has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years possessing various health benefits. However, the excessive intake of longan is found in daily life to cause “shanghuo” syndrome. Shanghuo has been linked to increased disease susceptibility. The present study thus aimed to investigate the toxicological outcomes after excess longan treatment.MethodsLongan extract at a normal dosage of 4 g/kg and two excess dosages of 8 and 16 g/kg was orally administered to normal C57BL/6J mice for 2 weeks. Another set of study used C57BL/6J mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis by giving mice drinking water containing 3.5% DSS for 5 consecutive days. Mouse feces were collected at the end of experiments for microbial analysis by 16S rRNA sequencing. After mice were sacrificed, colonic contents were collected for measurement of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents. Colon tissue was used for histopathological observation after H&E staining, detection of ZO-1 protein expression by western blot, analysis of TNF-α and IL-6 gene expression, and detection of apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay. Serum was collected for analysis of LPS, TNF-α and IL-6 by ELISA method.ResultsIn normal mice, repeated longan intake at excess doses, but not the normal dose, increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, elevated serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and reduced production of SCFAs. In DSS-induced colitic mice, longan intake at 4 g/kg did not promoted colitis in mice, while excess longan (8 or 16 g/kg) enhanced colitis in mice, showing increased inflammation (shorter colon length, upregulated IL-1β and TNF-α), more serious histological abnormalities, increased gut permeability (decreased ZO-1 protein expression), and increased epithelia injury (increased TUNEL-positive cells) when compared to DSS alone. Excess longan induced a significant reduction of microbial diversity in colitic mice, accompanied with aggravated alterations of DSS-associated bacteria including the increase of Proteobacteria phylum and genera of Bacteroides, Akkermansia, Turicibacter and Escherchia-Shigella, and the decrease of norank_f__Muribaculaceae. The changed microbial compositions were accompanied with decreased SCFAs when longan was supplemented with DSS. The altered microbial communities and SCFAs were tightly correlated with aggravated colon injury in mice.ConclusionsExcess longan intake disturbs gut homeostasis and aggravates colitis via promoting inflammation and altering gut microbe compositions and associated metabolism in mice. Our findings warrant rational longan arillus consumption as a dietary supplement among general population and suggest contraindications such as inflammatory bowel disease of using longan as an herbal medicine.

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219 EFFECTS OF ADMINISTRATION OF MILK FROM TRANSGENIC COWS CONTAINING RECOMBINANT HUMAN LACTOFERRIN IN A PIG MODEL OF MALNUTRITION

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv26n1ab219 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 223

Author(s):

C. Feltrin ◽

L. C. Garas ◽

C. A. Cooper ◽

K. Hamilton ◽

R. V. L. Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Food Restriction ◽

Transgenic Animals ◽

Control Group ◽

Tight Junction Proteins ◽

Restricted Diet ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Control Milk ◽

Junction Proteins ◽

Transgenic Cows

Infant mortality is still a major problem, with the interaction between malnutrition and diarrhoea among the leading causes of death. One option to fight both diarrhoea and malnutrition is breastfeeding. Benefits of breast milk are attributed to the actions of antimicrobial proteins in human milk, such as lactoferrin (LF), which increase intestinal and systemic immune functions. One way to convey the benefits of LF to children is the use of transgenic animals that express human proteins in the mammary gland. In this sense, the availability of animal milk with properties of human milk can be a potential source to increase and prolong the protective benefits of human milk in reducing disease and stimulating growth. Transgenic cows expressing rhLF were produced by pronuclear microinjection with the goal of using the milk to improve human health. To test this hypothesis, we have created a model of malnutrition in pigs by reducing the intake (50%) of calories and protein. The animals (n = 26) were randomly divided as follows: after weaning at 3 weeks of age, 18 animals were fed the protein and calorie-restricted diet (mal) for 3 weeks and 8 animals served as a control group and were fed standard feed (full-fed). After 3 weeks, 4 animals in each group were necropsied and the remaining animals (n = 18) were placed into the following experimental groups: 4 animals remained in the control group (full-fed-no milk), and the 14 malnourished animals were divided as follows: 4 animals were maintained on food restriction but received no milk (mal-no milk) and 10 animals were maintained on food restriction with 5 receiving 500 mL of control milk/day (con milk) and 5 receiving 500 mL of rhLF milk/day (rhLF milk) for a total of 15 days. Intestinal permeability and morphology, mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO1, claudin, occludin), and cytokines (TGF-β, TLR-4, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-6 IL-8, CCL-11) in the intestine, and hematological parameters were assessed. Data were analysed by ANOVA with P-values <0.05 considered statistically significant. The restricted diet was capable of inducing a state of malnutrition after 3 weeks as demonstrated by multiple changes in blood chemistry, a significant decrease in gut surface area, and an increase in electrical conductance indicative of compromised intestinal barrier function. Supplementation of the diet with either control milk or rhLF milk promoted the recovery of the intestine as indicated by significantly improved intestinal morphology and permeability. Levels of TNF-α were increased in the mal-no milk group; however, rhLF-fed animals were capable of regulating the expression of TNF-α, which did not significantly differ from full-fed controls. Tight junction proteins were also significantly up-regulated in the rhLF group. Overall, a model of malnutrition was established and the administration of both control and rhLF milk was beneficial in the recovery of the gastrointestinal tract. Our intention is that such milk from transgenic animals can benefit malnourished children around the world.

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Effect of Arrabideae chica (crajiru) extract in a model of induced experimental colitis in rats

JOURNAL OF SURGICAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH ◽

10.20398/jscr.v12i2.27516 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 68-76

Author(s):

Evelynne Silva ◽

Ítalo Medeiros Azevedo ◽

Irami Araújo Filho ◽

Aldo Cunha Medeiros

Keyword(s):

Experimental Colitis ◽

Rectal Administration ◽

Colon Perforation ◽

Control Group ◽

Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid ◽

Colon Tissue ◽

Colon Wall ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of A. chica extract on the evolution of experimental rectocolitis in rats, and the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1β and IL-6 in colonic tissue. Methods: Wistar rats weighing 275±23g were distributed into 4 groups of 6 animals each. Rectocolitis was induced in rats by rectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Seventy-two hours after TNBS injection, animals were treated daily for 6 days. Groups: 1. Normal control group without induction of rectocolitis. Received 0.9% saline injection v.o. by gavage during treatment. 2. TNBS rectocolitis group, treated with normal saline (SN) by gavage (TNBS+SN); 3. TNBS rectocolitis group treated with A. chica extract (ACE), receiving a daily dose of 300 mg of A. chica extract by gavage (TNBS+ACE);4. TNBS rectocolitis group treated with mesalazine, receiving a daily dose of 100 mg/kg of mesalazine orally (TNBS+MEZ). Macroscopic examination of the colon and dosing of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in colon tissue were performed. Results: There was a reduction in weight in animals treated only with TNBS+NS. No difference in weight was observed comparing the animals treated with ACE and MEZ. In the control group no mucosal ulcers or edema of the colon wall were observed. Several mucosal ulcers, edema and hyperemia occurred in the colon of rats in the TNBS+SN group. In two of the animals in this group there was colon perforation, tamponated by omentum. A reduction of mucosal ulcers number in the TNBS+ACE (crajiru) group was seen, compared to the TNBS+SN and TNBS+MEZ group. There was a significant reduction of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the colon tissue of animals treated with crajiru extract, TCBS+ACE group, when compared to the control group (p<0.001), TNBS+SN group, and TNBS+MEZ groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: This is the first study to show that A. chica extract positively influences the treatment of TNBS/induced rectocolitis through its antiinflamatory activity. More comprehensive studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms.

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On the benefit of Teucrium in murine colitis through improvement of toxic inflammatory mediators

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327110361754 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 287-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari ◽

Amir Baghaei ◽

Fariborz Moayer ◽

Hadi Esmaily ◽

Maryam Baeeri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxides ◽

Experimental Colitis ◽

Rectal Administration ◽

Colon Tissue ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Factor Α

Regarding the role of free radicals in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we were interested to investigate the effects of Teucrium persicum with approved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in an experimental model of colitis. Immunologic colitis was induced by rectal administration of a mixture of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) and ethanol through rubber cannula into rats. Three different doses of Teucrium (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) were gavaged in a duration of 10 days to rats. Endpoint markers of colitis included macroscopic and microscopic examination of colon tissue and measuring colonic cells concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interlukin-1β (IL-1β), total antioxidant power as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and lipid peroxidation as thiobarbitoric acid-reactive substance (TBARS). Teucrium at all doses improved both macroscopic and histological damages of rats with colitis. Teucrium reduced colonic MPO activity and concentrations of cellular lipid peroxides, TNF-α, and IL-1β, with a concomitant increase in FRAP value in rats with colitis. It is concluded that beneficial effects of Teucrium in experimental colitis is mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. Examination of this herbal medicine in patients with IBD as a supplement would further reveal the potential of Teucrium.

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Disruption of the pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins expression, associated with changes of the composition of the gut microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0252930 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0252930

Author(s):

V. Ivashkin ◽

Y. Poluektov ◽

E. Kogan ◽

O. Shifrin ◽

A. Sheptulin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tight Junction ◽

Healthy Volunteers ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Low Grade ◽

Tight Junction Proteins ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Irritable Bowel ◽

Low Grade Inflammation ◽

Junction Proteins

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a pathologic condition characterized by changes in gut microbiome composition, low-grade inflammation, and disruption of intestinal wall permeability. The interaction between the gut microbiome and the disease manifestation remains unclear. The changing of tight junction proteins and cytokines expression throughout the gastrointestinal tract in IBS patients has not been studied yet. Aim of the study To assess the changes of gut microbiome composition, tight junction proteins, and cytokines expression of intestinal mucosa from the duodenum to the distal part of the colon in IBS patients and healthy volunteers. Methods In 31 IBS patients (16 patients with IBS-D; 15 patients with IBS-C) and 10 healthy volunteers the expression of CLD-2, CLD-3, CLD-5, IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α in mucosal biopsy specimens was determined by morphological and immune-histochemical methods. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microbiota was assessed based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing in both groups of patients. Results The expression of IL-2 and TNF-α was significantly increased in IBS patients compared with the controls (p<0.001), with a gradual increase from the duodenum to the sigmoid colon. The expression of IL-10, CLD-3, and CLD-5 in mucosal biopsy specimens of these patients was lower than in the control group (p<0.001). Increased ratios of Bacteroidetes and decreased ratios of Firmicutes were noted in IBS patients compared to healthy volunteers (p<0.05). Conclusion IBS patients have impaired gut permeability and persisting low-grade inflammation throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Changes in the gut microbiota may support or exacerbate these changes.

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