scholarly journals Exosomes in Gliomas: Biogenesis, Isolation, and Preliminary Applications in Nanomedicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Eugenia Romano ◽  
Paolo Antonio Netti ◽  
Enza Torino
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intracellular Communication ◽  
Isolation Methods ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tumoral Cells ◽  
Brain Malignancy

Exosomes are phospholipid-based particles endogenously produced by both normal and tumor cells. Initially identified as a pathway for shuttling cellular waste, for a long time they were thought to act as “garbage bags”, and only in the past few years have they emerged as a promising drug delivery system. In this review, we provide an overview of the knowledge about exosome architecture and biogenesis and the recent progress in isolation methods. Furthermore, we describe the mechanisms involved in both extra- and intracellular communication with a focus on glioma brain tumors. Glioma is considered a rare disease and is the most prominent aggressive brain malignancy. How exosomes target glial tumoral cells in vivo remains largely unknown. However, they are able to influence numerous physio-pathological aspects. Here, we discuss the role they play in this heterogeneous and complex microenvironment and their potential applications.

Application of Microfluidic Technique in Drug Delivery

Nano LIFE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 06 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 1642009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjian Guan ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Therapeutic Treatment ◽  
Smart Systems ◽  
Recent Advancement ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Microfluidic Technique

Drug delivery as a strategy to improve the effect of therapeutic treatment is gaining tremendous interest in biomedical research. The recent advancement in microfluidic technique designed to precisely control the liquid at micro or nano liter level has shed some new lights on reshaping the ongoing drug delivery research. In this aspect, this present mini-review gives an overview on the potential applications of microfluidic technique in the area of drug delivery, which basically covers the fabrication of drug delivery carriers and the design of microfluidic-based smart systems for localized in vivo drug delivery.

Functional Nanomaterials and Their Potential Applications in Antibacterial Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Hong ◽  
Shu-Han Luo ◽  
Chen-Hao Yu ◽  
Yu Xie ◽  
Meng-Ying Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Functional Nanomaterials ◽  
Graphene Oxides ◽  
The Past ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Carbon Based Nanomaterials ◽  
Direct Use

In the past decades, nanomaterials have shown great potential in biomedical fields, especially in drug delivery, imaging and targeted therapy. Recently, the development of novel functional nanomaterials for antibacterial application has attracted much attention. Compared to the traditional direct use of antibiotics, antibacterial nanomaterials either as drug delivery systems or active agents have a higher efficacy and lower side effects. Herein, we will focus on the antibacterial applications of four commonly used nanomaterials, including metal-based nanomaterials, polymeric nanoparticles, graphene oxides or carbon-based nanomaterials and nanogels.

scholarly journals Study of the Dynamic Uptake of Free Drug and Nanostructures for Drug Delivery Based on Bioluminescence Measurements

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zhongjian Fang ◽  
Houchao Xu ◽  
Xiangjun Ji ◽  
Congbiao Liu ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Multicellular Tumor Spheroid ◽  
The Past ◽  
Loading Methods ◽  
Model Drug ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Liposomal Drugs ◽  
Great Growth

The past two decades have witnessed the great growth of the development of novel drug carriers. However, the releasing dynamics of drug from drug carriers in vivo and the interactions between cells and drug carriers remain unclear. In this paper, liposomes were prepared to encapsulate D-luciferin, which was the substrate of luciferase and served as a model drug. Based on the theoretical calculation of active loading, methods of preparation for liposomes were optimized. Only when D-luciferin was released from liposomes or taken in by the cells could bioluminescence be produced under the catalysis of luciferase. Models of multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) were built with 4T1-luc cells that expressed luciferase stably. The kinetic processes of uptake and distribution of free drugs and liposomal drugs were determined with models of cell suspension, monolayer cells, MCTS, and tumor-bearing nude mice. The technology platform has been demonstrated to be effective for the study of the distribution and kinetic profiles of various liposomes as drug delivery systems.

Nanostructured Calcium-based Biomaterials and their Application in Drug Delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (31) ◽  
pp. 5189-5212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Juan Yi ◽  
Jun-Feng Li ◽  
Ming-Guo Ma ◽  
Ying-Jie Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Past ◽  
Biomedical Fields

In the past several decades, various types of nanostructured biomaterials have been developed. These nanostructured biomaterials have promising applications in biomedical fields such as bone repair, tissue engineering, drug delivery, gene delivery, antibacterial agents, and bioimaging. Nanostructured biomaterials with high biocompatibility, including calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and calcium silicate, are ideal candidates for drug delivery. This review article is not intended to offer a comprehensive review of the nanostructured biomaterials and their application in drug delivery but rather presents a brief summary of the recent progress in this field. Our recent endeavors in the research of nanostructured biomaterials for drug delivery are also summarized. Special attention is paid to the synthesis and properties of nanostructured biomaterials and their application in drug delivery with the use of typical examples. Finally, we discuss the problems and future perspectives of nanostructured biomaterials in the drug delivery field.

A Novel Drug Delivery System: Floating Microspheres in the Development of Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
Vandana Gupta ◽  
Jaya Singh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Medication Delivery ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Drug Waste ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Absorption Window ◽  
Gastric Retention Time

Gastric emptying is a complicated process in the human body because it is very inconstant, resulting in ambiguous in vivo drug delivery system efficacy. To combat this variability, scientists have been working on developing a regulated medication delivery system with a long gastric residence period. This review article on gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) focuses on numerous gastroretentive approaches that have recently emerged as a leading methodology in the field of site-specific orally administered controlled release drug administration. Gastroretentive medicines come in a variety of forms on the market, including tablets, granules, capsules, floating microspheres, laminated films, and powders. Floating microspheres are currently garnering more attention than previous techniques because of their benefits, which include more consistent drug absorption and a lower risk of local discomfort. The primary goal of this method is to increase gastric retention time in the GIT, which is defined as more than 12 hours in the stomach with an absorption window in the upper small intestine. Longer stomach retention improves bioavailability, reduces drug waste, and boosts solubility for medications that are less soluble in a high pH environment. The medicines are released into the stomach for a long time and consistently thanks to the floating microsphere systems. The current study compiles the most recent research on the techniques of production, characterization, and numerous aspects that impact the performance of floating microspheres for oral administration.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Experimental Models of Cholangiocarcinoma

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annamaria Massa ◽  
Chiara Varamo ◽  
Francesca Vita ◽  
Simona Tavolari ◽  
Caterina Peraldo-Neia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Models ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Models ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Poor Overall Survival ◽  
The Past ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Consistent Increase ◽  
Molecular Aberrations

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare, aggressive disease with poor overall survival. In advanced cases, surgery is often not possible or fails; in addition, there is a lack of effective and specific therapies. Multidisciplinary approaches and advanced technologies have improved the knowledge of CCA molecular pathogenesis, highlighting its extreme heterogeneity and high frequency of genetic and molecular aberrations. Effective preclinical models, therefore, should be based on a comparable level of complexity. In the past years, there has been a consistent increase in the number of available CCA models. The exploitation of even more complex CCA models is rising. Examples are the use of CRISPR/Cas9 or stabilized organoids for in vitro studies, as well as patient-derived xenografts or transgenic mouse models for in vivo applications. Here, we examine the available preclinical CCA models exploited to investigate: (i) carcinogenesis processes from initiation to progression; and (ii) tools for personalized therapy and innovative therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy and immune/targeted therapies. For each model, we describe the potential applications, highlighting both its advantages and limits.

RECENT ADVANCES IN GRAPHENE-BASED NANOMATERIALS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Nano LIFE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 1230001 ◽  
Author(s):  
HONGQIAN BAO ◽  
YONGZHENG PAN ◽  
LIN LI
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
First Time ◽  
Potential Cancer

Graphene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial reported for the first time in 2004, has been widely investigated for its novel physicochemical properties and potential applications. This review selectively summarizes the recent progress in using graphene-based nanomaterials for various biomedical applications. In particular, graphene-based sensors and biosensors, which are classified according to different sensing mechanisms and targets, are thoroughly discussed. Next, the utilization of graphene as nanocarriers for drug delivery, gene delivery and nanomedicine are demonstrated for potential cancer therapies. Finally, other graphene-based matrices, nanoscaffolds, and composites, which are used in bioapplications, are presented, followed by conclusions and perspective.

Inhibitors of the heme oxygenase – carbon monoxide system: on the doorstep of the clinic?

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 577-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Kinobe ◽  
Ryan A. Dercho ◽  
Kanji Nakatsu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Heme Oxygenases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Potential Applications

The past decade has seen substantial developments in our understanding of the physiology, pathology, and pharmacology of heme oxygenases (HO), to the point that investigators in the field are beginning to contemplate therapies based on administration of HO agonists or HO inhibitors. A significant amount of our current knowledge is based on the judicious application of metalloporphyrin inhibitors of HO, despite their limitations of selectivity. Recently, imidazole-based compounds have been identified as potent and more selective HO inhibitors. This ‘next generation’ of HO inhibitors offers a number of desirable characteristics, including isozyme selectivity, negligible effects on HO protein expression, and physicochemical properties favourable for in vivo distribution. Some of the applications of HO inhibitors that have been suggested are treatment of hyperbilirubinemia, neurodegenerative disorders, certain types of cancer, and bacterial and fungal infections. In this review, we address various approaches to altering HO activity with a focus on the potential applications of second-generation inhibitors of HO.

scholarly journals Exosomes for mRNA delivery: a novel biotherapeutic strategy with hurdles and hope

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Aslan ◽  
Seyed Hossein Kiaie ◽  
Naime Majidi Zolbanin ◽  
Parisa Lotfinejad ◽  
Reihaneh Ramezani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
New Class ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cell Sources ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

AbstractOver the past decade, therapeutic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have emerged as a highly promising new class of drugs for protein replacement therapies. Due to the recent developments, the incorporation of modified nucleotides in synthetic mRNAs can lead to maximizing protein expression and reducing adverse immunogenicity. Despite these stunning improvements, mRNA therapy is limited by the need for the development of safe and efficient carriers to protect the mRNA integrity for in vivo applications. Recently, leading candidates for in vivo drug delivery vehicles are cell-derived exosomes, which have fewer immunogenic responses. In the current study, the key hurdles facing mRNA-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on recent strategies to overcoming its immunogenicity and instability, were highlighted. Then the immunogenicity and toxicity of exosomes derived from various cell sources were mentioned in detail. Finally, an overview of the recent strategies in using exosomes for mRNA delivery in the treatment of multiple diseases was stated.

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding circular RNAs

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanze Ebermann ◽  
Theodor Schnarr ◽  
Sabine Müller
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Experimental Protocols

Exonic circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been discovered in all kingdoms of life. In many cases, the details of circRNA function and their involvement in cellular processes and diseases are not yet fully understood. However, the past few years have seen significant developments in bioinformatics and in experimental protocols that advance the ongoing research in this still-emerging field. Sophisticated methods for circRNA generation in vitro and in vivo have been developed, allowing model studies into circRNA function and application. We here review the ongoing circRNA research, giving special attention to recent progress in the field.

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