scholarly journals Breeding for Resistance to Husk Spot Disease in Macadamia

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Jasmine Nunn ◽  
Mobashwer Alam ◽  
Olufemi Akinsanmi ◽  
Craig Hardner ◽  
Bruce Topp
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Breeding For Resistance ◽  
Diseased Fruit ◽  
Costs Of Disease ◽  
Wild Accessions ◽  
Infection Processes

In Australian macadamia orchards, significant decreases in saleable nuts have been reported due to husk spot caused by the fungal pathogen, Pseudocercospora macadamiae. In some cultivars, husk spot induces early fruit abscission. This may result in under developed nuts and consequently, increased proportions of commercial rejects. While fungicides are able to reduce impacts of husk spot, breeding for resistance offers a cost-effective and sustainable control option. Quantification of genetic variation for resistance in Australian macadamia breeding germplasm will assist selection. Previous husk spot studies have utilised different inoculation methods including the insertion of diseased husk into tree canopies and the direct application of P. macadamiae suspensions to fruit. Insertion of diseased husk best reflects natural infection processes; however, it requires rainfall or overhead irrigation to disperse spores and may result in the delivery of unequal quantities of inoculum. Different disease parameters have also been measured to compare susceptibility, including proportions of diseased fruit, mean number of lesions per fruit or mean diameter of chlorosis or necrotic lesions. It is unknown which of these parameters are most valuable to assess when screening for resistance. Determining the proportions of variation in such phenotypic traits that is due to genetic variance could identify which of these will better respond to selection. Finally, the use of marker assisted selection may reduce time and costs of disease screening, but no studies have investigated associations between markers and susceptibility to husk spot. In this study, breeding progeny and parents and wild accessions will be screened for husk spot resistance. Repeatability of different inoculation methods will be compared. The heritability of parameters used to measure husk spot incidence and severity will be estimated. Analysis will be undertaken to identify genetic markers associated with resistance. Screening of a wide genetic base for husk spot resistance will enable selection of parents for current breeding. Optimisation of inoculation and phenotypic screening methods and the identification of markers associated with resistance will increase the efficiency of future trials.

scholarly journals Genotyping Strategies Using ddRAD Sequencing in Farmed Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 899
Author(s):  
Fotis Pappas ◽  
Christos Palaiokostas
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Arctic Charr ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Genomic Relationships ◽  
Low Coverage

Incorporation of genomic technologies into fish breeding programs is a modern reality, promising substantial advances regarding the accuracy of selection, monitoring the genetic diversity and pedigree record verification. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays are the most commonly used genomic tool, but the investments required make them unsustainable for emerging species, such as Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), where production volume is low. The requirement to genotype a large number of animals for breeding practices necessitates cost effective genotyping approaches. In the current study, we used double digest restriction site-associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing of either high or low coverage to genotype Arctic charr from the Swedish national breeding program and performed analytical procedures to assess their utility in a range of tasks. SNPs were identified and used for deciphering the genetic structure of the studied population, estimating genomic relationships and implementing an association study for growth-related traits. Missing information and underestimation of heterozygosity in the low coverage set were limiting factors in genetic diversity and genomic relationship analyses, where high coverage performed notably better. On the other hand, the high coverage dataset proved to be valuable when it comes to identifying loci that are associated with phenotypic traits of interest. In general, both genotyping strategies offer sustainable alternatives to hybridization-based genotyping platforms and show potential for applications in aquaculture selective breeding.

scholarly journals The prediction model for cardiovascular disease using Yazd's health study data (YaHS)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed MohammadReza Tabatabaei Nodoushan1 ◽  
Fatemeh Saadatjoo ◽  
Masoud Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
The People ◽  
Health And Disease

Introdution: Ischemic heart disease is one of the most common diseases, which has led to high mortality rates all over the world. This disease is caused by narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries, which are the provider of blood to the heart. Identifying the people susceptible to this disease and bringing changes in their lifestyles has been said to reduce the related mortality rates and increase the patient's longevity. Methods: Yazd people Health Study (YaHS) was conducted on a random sample of 10,000 people living in the city of Yazd, Iran in the years 2014-15 for a general health and disease survey. These data were first balanced by bootstrapping technique due to their unbalanced nature. Next, classification methods were used in the training phase. Various classifiers, such as artificial neural network, rule inducer, regression, and AdaBoost were used in order to evaluate the proposed method with two scenarios. Results: The results showed that the screening of the people susceptible to ischemic heart disease had the most significant effect on increasing the sensitivity of the discovery classifier of CN2 subgroup through using balanced data by bootstrapping method followed by their analysis for the purpose of producing a sample of the patients. This classifier proved to have the potential for detecting 83.6% of the people susceptible to this disease. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that data mining methods are effective in screening for susceptible people with ischemic heart disease. This method can be compared with other traditional screening methods in that it is more cost-effective and faster.

scholarly journals Reliability of PCR based screening for identification and quantification of GMOs

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ovesná ◽  
L. Kučera ◽  
J. Hodek ◽  
K. Demnerová
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Nos Terminator ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Food Commodities

Handling with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is regulated namely in EC. Laboratories often use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based screening methods to monitor the presence of GM particles in food commodities as a cost effective approach. The reliability was tested of such screening using 35S CaMV promoter as the target sequences. Soya grown from non-GM cultivar as declared by a seed company was investigated after the harvest, transport to the silo, and before processing. The results based on PCR and real-time PCR analysis clearly showed that, the contamination with debris of other species, dust during transport, storage, and other kind of handling led to contamination with detectable amounts of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). Impurities are allowed by EC regulations but may, as we have shown, interfere with the analytical procedures based on PCR. The identification of 35S CaMV promoter and NOS terminator in food with uncertain history and no approved specific events may indicate unknown GMOs and perhaps emergency situation.

Screening US peanut mini-core accessions for resistance to Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
S. Dura ◽  
P. Lujan ◽  
N. Puppala ◽  
S. Sanogo ◽  
R. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Inoculation Method ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Inoculation

Sclerotinia blight is a destructive disease of peanut caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary and Sclerotinia minor Jagger. Crop management practices are routinely used to control Sclerotinia blight, however, development of resistant cultivars together with crop management practices may provide a lasting solution to control the disease in peanut fields. In this study, 95 accessions of United States’ peanut mini-core collection were evaluated using detached leaflet and whole plant inoculation methods under greenhouse conditions. The area of detached leaflet infected was scored using a scale from 0 (no disease) to 4 (76%–100% leaflet area infected). Whole plants were evaluated based on disease severity index (DSI) from 0% (no disease) to 100% (entire plants infected). In the detached leaflet inoculation method, accessions PI-268586, PI-268696, PI-356004, PI-372305, and PI-429420 had the lowest average disease score of 2.7. In the whole plant inoculation method, accessions PI-200441, PI-259658, PI-319770, PI-323268, and PI-337293 had the lowest DSI from 86% to 90%. The two inoculation methods resulted in different set of accessions with the lowest disease level. These results may reflect differences in disease pressure between the two screening methods.

Evaluation of Two Field Screening Test Kits for the Detection of PCBs in Soil by Immunoassay

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1664-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry C Waters ◽  
Rob R Smith ◽  
Joe H Stewart ◽  
Roger A Jenkins ◽  
Richard W Counts
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
Field Screening ◽  
Hazardous Waste Sites ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Antigen Antibody

Abstract Effective field screening methods could minimize the time and reduce the cost of characterizing and remediating hazardous waste sites. Rigorous evaluation of novel field screening methods is required before they can be considered as replacements for, or adjuncts to, currently used laboratory methods. Alternatives to standard laboratory analytical methods should be rapid, analyte-specific, cost-effective, accurate, and sensitive in the range at which the analyte is regulated. In this study, 2 immunoassay- based field test kits for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil were evaluated with reference to those criteria. PCBs were analyzed in both spiked and field soil samples. Based on laboratory performance, we estimate that 20 to 40 samples can be analyzed in the field per day. Sensitivity of the assay is in the 1 ppm range. Because the assay is based on the specificity of the antigen/antibody reaction, interferences are practically negligible. The method is accurate; the false-negative and false-positive results that were observed can be explained by differences in the immunoreactivities of the Aroclors present in the test samples and the Aroclors used as standards in the assay. The savings in time and expense to analyze PCBs in soil with the immunoassay-based test kits over conventional laboratory methods should be substantial.

Bacterial species to be considered in quality assurance of mice and rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Kornerup Hansen ◽  
Dennis Sandris Nielsen ◽  
Lukasz Krych ◽  
Camilla Hartmann Friis Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Streptobacillus Moniliformis ◽  
Real Risk

Bacteria are relevant in rodent quality assurance programmes if (a) the animals are at risk and (b) presence in the animals makes a difference for animal research or welfare, for example because the agent regulates clinical disease progression or impacts its host in other ways. Furthermore, zoonoses are relevant. Some bacterial species internationally recommended for the health monitoring of rats and mice, that is, Citrobacter rodentium, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Salmonella spp. and Streptococcus pneumonia, are no longer found in either laboratory or pet shop rats or mice, while there is still a real risk of impact on animal research and welfare from Filobacterium rodentium, Clostridium piliforme, Mycoplasma spp., Helicobacter spp. and Rodentibacter spp., while Streptobacillus moniliformis may be considered a serious zoonotic agent in spite of a very low risk. Modern molecular techniques have revealed that there may, depending on the research type, be equally good reasons for knowing the colony status of some commensal bacteria that are essential for the induction of specific rodent models, such as Alistipes spp., Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Prevotella copri and segmented filamentous bacteria. In future, research groups should therefore consider the presence or absence of a short list of defined bacterial species relevant for their models. This list can be tested by cost-effective sequencing or even a simple multiple polymerase chain reaction approach, which is likely to be cost-neutral compared to more traditional screening methods.

Endotracheal and Tracheostomy Tube Cytology

1979 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 809-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kevin Fortson ◽  
Parviz Janfaza
Keyword(s):  
Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Tracheostomy Tube ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tracheobronchial Tree ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Upper Aerodigestive Tract ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Tracheostomy Tubes

Carcinoma of the lung is the leading cause of death from malignancy in this country. Twenty percent of patients with lung carcinoma are asymptomatic early in the course of the disease. Survival rates are much better when lung carcinoma is discovered at the asymptomatic or radiographically occult stage, therefore improved screening methods should be investigated. Many tumors in the tracheobronchial tree shed malignant cells into the bronchi and sputum cytology has been of value in the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree. Thousands of patients are intubated daily. During endotracheal anesthesia, secretions are stimulated in the tracheobronchial tree and endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes are coated with these secretions. In a preliminary study, the cytology examination of the secretions adherent to 50 endotracheal tubes suggests that endotracheal and tracheostomy tube cytology will prove to be a reliable, noninvasive and cost-effective means of screening high risk patients for occult primary carcinomas of the lung and upper aerodigestive tract.

scholarly journals Milk hygiene in small ruminants: A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. e05R02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Gonzalo
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Bacterial Counts

Somatic cell count (SCC), mammary pathogens prevalence, total and specific bacterial counts, antimicrobial residues, macroscopic sediment, water addition, aflatoxins and other contaminants constitute the basis for milk payment-schemes, monitoring and improvement of flock hygiene and health management, and development of analytical surveillance programs in the dairy small ruminants. The present work reviews factors influencing the variation of these variables, including milk analytical methods, storage and preservation, along with management implications during the last two decades. Following farmer and cooperative educational programs, progressive reductions have been reported for total bacterial count and antimicrobial residue occurrence in bulk tank milk. These results were consistent, however, with high values for SCC and specific bacterial populations. Thus, mastitis control programs should be intensified to increase hygiene in milk and economic returns for producers and processors. In addition, the implementation of programs to reduce specific bacterial counts (i.e., psychrotrophs, coliforms, Clostridium spp. spores) and mammary pathogen prevalence (i.e., Staph. aureus, Mycoplasma spp.), as well as the use of combined screening methods for an increased rate of antimicrobial detection, are currently required strategies which are positively valuated by milk processors, industry and consumers. Other contaminants may also be present, but cost-effective screening and analytical systems have not yet been implemented. This review aims to be helpful for troubleshooting milk quality and safety, developing future premium payment systems and industry quality-standards, optimizing management, on-farm risk traceability systems and consumer acceptance.

scholarly journals A review of vision screening methods for children

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid T. Metsing ◽  
Wanda Jacobs ◽  
Rekha Hansraj
Keyword(s):  
Screening Method ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Vision Screening ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Manual Search ◽  
Screening Protocol ◽  
Software Programs

Background: What constitutes an appropriate vision screening protocol is controversial, because the tests or methods are expected to be cost-effective, expedient and easy but efficient in detecting visual anomalies among children.Aim: This review intends to compare the different vision screening tests for children and methods in the interest of identifying the most effective screening method from the standpoint of validity, public acceptance, expediency and cost.Method: The literature search was performed for this review using the Medline, Science Direct and EBSCOhost databases. The search terms used were vision screening methods or tests, children’s vision screenings, computer software programs and vision screening instruments. The inclusion criteria for the articles reviewed were all types of articles related to vision screening methods. The exclusion criteria were all articles for which full text was not available and those not available in English. Eighty articles were analysed, of which 33 were found to have complied with the inclusion criteria and were selected. From the first round of articles retrieved, additional references were identified by a manual search among the cited references.Results: Evidence from the literature reviewed demonstrated that the conventional vision screening method (isolated and combination tests) is the method commonly used to detect a range of relevant visual anomalies among the schoolgoing age group (≥ 6 years) and drew attention to the need for training of vision screening personnel. However, in addition to the conventional method, other vision screening methods include instruments as an adjunct for screening preschoolers and those difficult to screen (≤ 6 years).Conclusion: Inconsistencies in what constitutes an appropriate vision screening method still exist, especially with the booming market of using computer software programs, which still needs to be validated.

scholarly journals Label-Free Bioelectrochemical Methods for Evaluation of Anticancer Drug Effects at a Molecular Level

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Tadini-Buoninsegni ◽  
Ilaria Palchetti
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Drugs ◽  
Anticancer Drug ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Supported Membranes ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Novel Drug

Cancer is a multifactorial family of diseases that is still a leading cause of death worldwide. More than 100 different types of cancer affecting over 60 human organs are known. Chemotherapy plays a central role for treating cancer. The development of new anticancer drugs or new uses for existing drugs is an exciting and increasing research area. This is particularly important since drug resistance and side effects can limit the efficacy of the chemotherapy. Thus, there is a need for multiplexed, cost-effective, rapid, and novel screening methods that can help to elucidate the mechanism of the action of anticancer drugs and the identification of novel drug candidates. This review focuses on different label-free bioelectrochemical approaches, in particular, impedance-based methods, the solid supported membranes technique, and the DNA-based electrochemical sensor, that can be used to evaluate the effects of anticancer drugs on nucleic acids, membrane transporters, and living cells. Some relevant examples of anticancer drug interactions are presented which demonstrate the usefulness of such methods for the characterization of the mechanism of action of anticancer drugs that are targeted against various biomolecules.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document