scholarly journals 1,2-Propylene Glycol: A Biomarker of Exposure Specific to e-Cigarette Consumption

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Therese Burkhardt ◽  
Nikola Pluym ◽  
Gerhard Scherer ◽  
Max Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Product Consumption ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Plasma And Urine Samples ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Novel Biomarkers

Over the past decade, new emerging tobacco and nicotine-delivery products have changed the tobacco landscape. Especially, electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been suggested to be considered for tobacco harm reduction, reinforcing the need to identify novel biomarkers of exposure (BoE) specific to the EC use as this would complement exposure assessment and product compliance monitoring. Therefore, a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (G), the main e-liquid constituents, was established. PG and G were analyzed in plasma and urine samples from a clinical study comparing five nicotine product user groups, users of combustible cigarettes (CC), electronic cigarettes (EC), heated tobacco products (HTP), oral tobacco (OT), and oral/dermal nicotine delivery products (used for nicotine replacement therapy, NRT) with a control group of non-users (NU). Data demonstrate significantly elevated PG levels in urine and plasma in EC users compared to users of CC, HTP, NRT, OT as well as NU. In addition, PG in plasma and urine of vapers significantly correlated with nicotine (plasma) and total nicotine equivalents (urine), biomarkers reflecting product consumption, emphasizing the high specificity of PG as a BoE for EC consumption. We therefore suggest the use of PG as BoE in urine and/or plasma in order to monitor EC use compliance in exposure assessments.

scholarly journals Free Radical, Carbonyl, and Nicotine Levels Produced by Juul Electronic Cigarettes

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1274-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha M Reilly ◽  
Zachary T Bitzer ◽  
Reema Goel ◽  
Neil Trushin ◽  
John P Richie
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Oxidant Production

Abstract Introduction Free radicals and carbonyls produced by electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have the potential to inflict oxidative stress. Recently, Juul e-cigs have risen drastically in popularity; however, there is no data on nicotine and oxidant yields from this new e-cig design. Methods Aerosol generated from four different Juul flavors was analyzed for carbonyls, nicotine, and free radicals. The e-liquids were analyzed for propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY) concentrations. To determine the effects of e-liquid on oxidant production, Juul pods were refilled with nicotine-free 30:70 or 60:40 PG:GLY with or without citral. Results No significant differences were found in nicotine (164 ± 41 µg/puff), free radical (5.85 ± 1.20 pmol/puff), formaldehyde (0.20 ± 0.10 µg/puff), and acetone (0.20 ± 0.05 µg/puff) levels between flavors. The PG:GLY ratio in e-liquids was ~30:70 across all flavors with GLY being slightly higher in tobacco and mint flavors. In general, when Juul e-liquids were replaced with nicotine-free 60:40 PG:GLY, oxidant production increased up to 190% and, with addition of citral, increased even further. Conclusions Juul devices produce free radicals and carbonyls, albeit, at levels substantially lower than those observed in other e-cig products, an effect only partially because of a low PG:GLY ratio. Nicotine delivery by these devices was as high as or higher than the levels previously reported from cigarettes. Implications These findings suggest that oxidative stress and/or damage resulting from Juul use may be lower than that from cigarettes or other e-cig devices; however, the high nicotine levels are suggestive of a greater addiction potential.

scholarly journals Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles—Toxicity and Effect of In Ovo Inoculation on Chicken Embryo Development, Broiler Performance and Bone Status

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 932
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Matuszewski ◽  
Monika Łukasiewicz ◽  
Jan Niemiec ◽  
Maciej Kamaszewski ◽  
Sławomir Jaworski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Bone Quality ◽  
Chicken Embryo ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
In Ovo

The use of intensive selection procedure in modern broiler chicken lines has led to the development of several skeletal disorders in broiler chickens. Therefore, current research is focused on methods to improve the bone quality in birds. In ovo technology, using nanoparticles with a high specificity to bones, is a potential approach. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of in ovo inoculation (IOI) of calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CCN) on chicken embryo development, health status, bone characteristics, and on broiler production results and bone quality. After assessing in vitro cell viability, the IOI procedure was performed with an injection of 500 μg/mL CCN. The control group was not inoculated with CCN. Hatchability, weight, and selected bone and serum parameters were measured in embryos. Part of hatchlings were reared under standard conditions until 42 days, and production results, meat quality, and bone quality of broilers were determined. CCN did not show cytotoxicity to cells and chicken embryo and positively influenced bone parameters of the embryos and of broilers later (calcification) without negatively affecting the production results. Thus, the IOI of CCN could modify the molecular responses at the stage of embryogenesis, resulting in better mineralization, and could provide a sustained effect, thereby improving bone quality in adult birds.

Objective assessment of nasal resistance among electronic cigarette users

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
S W Lim ◽  
AB Zulkiflee
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nasal Airway ◽  
Nasal Resistance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nasal Airway Resistance

Abstract Background Electronic cigarettes have been a popular alternative to tobacco smoking. The effect of tobacco smoking on nasal airway resistance has been investigated before; however, the effect of the aerosol generated by electronic cigarettes is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of e-cigarettes on nasal airway resistance. Methods Sixty-one participants were recruited into a vapers group and a control group. The vapers group was instructed to smoke for 5 minutes, and their nasal resistance was measured pre-procedure and at 1 and 5 minutes post-procedure. The results were compared between both groups. Results Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that vaping has no statistically significant effect on total nasal airway resistance. Conclusion Although the differences between both groups were not statistically significant overall, the vapers group showed a reduction in nasal airway resistance in the short term.

scholarly journals Formation of flavorant–propylene Glycol Adducts With Novel Toxicological Properties in Chemically Unstable E-Cigarette Liquids

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1248-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanno C Erythropel ◽  
Sairam V Jabba ◽  
Tamara M DeWinter ◽  
Melissa Mendizabal ◽  
Paul T Anastas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Irritant Receptors

Abstract Introduction “Vaping” electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is increasingly popular with youth, driven by the wide range of available flavors, often created using flavor aldehydes. The objective of this study was to examine whether flavor aldehydes remain stable in e-cigarette liquids or whether they undergo chemical reactions, forming novel chemical species that may cause harm to the user. Methods Gas chromatography was used to determine concentrations of flavor aldehydes and reaction products in e-liquids and vapor generated from a commercial e-cigarette. Stability of the detected reaction products in aqueous media was monitored by ultraviolet spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and their effects on irritant receptors determined by fluorescent calcium imaging in HEK-293T cells. Results Flavor aldehydes including benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, citral, ethylvanillin, and vanillin rapidly reacted with the e-liquid solvent propylene glycol (PG) after mixing, and upward of 40% of flavor aldehyde content was converted to flavor aldehyde PG acetals, which were also detected in commercial e-liquids. Vaping experiments showed carryover rates of 50%–80% of acetals to e-cigarette vapor. Acetals remained stable in physiological aqueous solution, with half-lives above 36 hours, suggesting they persist when inhaled by the user. Acetals activated aldehyde-sensitive TRPA1 irritant receptors and aldehyde-insensitive TRPV1 irritant receptors. Conclusions E-liquids are potentially reactive chemical systems in which new compounds can form after mixing of constituents and during storage, as demonstrated here for flavor aldehyde PG acetals, with unexpected toxicological effects. For regulatory purposes, a rigorous process is advised to monitor the potentially changing composition of e-liquids and e-vapors over time, to identify possible health hazards. Implications This study demonstrates that e-cigarette liquids can be chemically unstable, with reactions occurring between flavorant and solvent components immediately after mixing at room temperature. The resulting compounds have toxicological properties that differ from either the flavorants or solvent components. These findings suggest that the reporting of manufacturing ingredients of e-liquids is insufficient for a safety assessment. The establishment of an analytical workflow to detect newly formed compounds in e-liquids and their potential toxicological effects is imperative for regulatory risk analysis.

scholarly journals Physical and chemical assessment of 1,3 Propanediol as a potential substitute of propylene glycol in refill liquid for electronic cigarettes

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Bertrand ◽  
Vincent Bonnarme ◽  
Antoine Piccirilli ◽  
Philippe Ayrault ◽  
Laurent Lemée ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Chemical Assessment ◽  
Physical And Chemical

scholarly journals Why do people use electronic nicotine delivery systems (electronic cigarettes)? A content analysis of Twitter, 2012-2015

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. e0170702 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Ayers ◽  
Eric C. Leas ◽  
Jon-Patrick Allem ◽  
Adrian Benton ◽  
Mark Dredze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Nicotine Delivery

scholarly journals Dienogest exerts its anti-endometriotic effect throughthe direct suppression of matrix metallopeptidases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Honda ◽  
Norihisa Nishimichi ◽  
Michinori Yamashita ◽  
Yumiko Akimoto ◽  
Hirotoshi Tanimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Canonical Pathways ◽  
Hormonal Therapies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Direct Suppression

Abstract Background: Endometriosis, which affects up to 10% women of reproductive age, is defined by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus. The current key drug of hormonal therapies for endometriosis is dienogest, which is a progestin with high specificity for the progesterone receptor. Although many findings about the anti-endometriotic effect of dienogest on endometriosis have been reported, the precise mechanisms of dienogest's anti-endometriotic effect remain unknown. Methods: To investigate the direct anti-endometriotic effect of dienogest on endometriotic cells, we determined and compared the genome-wide gene expression profiles of endometriotic stromal cells treated with dienogest (Dienogest group) and those not treated with dienogest (Control group) and then performed a pathway analysis using these data. To test the microarray data, we performed real-time RT-PCRs for matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, MMP-10, and TIMP-4.Results: Six-hundred forty-seven genes were revealed to be differentially expressed between the Dienogest and Control groups. Of them, 314 genes were upregulated and 333 genes were downregulated in the Dienogest group compared to the Control group. We identified 20 canonical pathways that are significantly distinct in the Dienogest group versus the Control group. Among the 20 canonical pathways, MMPs including MMP-1, -3, and -10 were found to be the most involved genes. Conclusions: Our results suggest that dienogest may exert its anti-endometriotic effect through the direct suppression of MMPs.

scholarly journals Comparison of hazard and toxicity of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems, and tobacco heating systems (IQOS) (review)

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Д.А. Еникеев ◽  
Л.Т. Идрисова ◽  
О.А. Еникеев ◽  
К.О. Кузнецов ◽  
Д.Р. Ахмадеева ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
The Impact

В статье представлены актуальные данные экспериментальных и клинических исследований по изучению влияния различных средств доставки никотина в организм курильщика. Проведён сравнительный анализ воздействия табачных сигарет, электронных средств доставки никотина и системы нагревания табака IQOS на показатели здоровья и развития организма человека, а также лабораторных животных. Показано, что, несмотря на громкие заявления производителей альтернативных средств доставки никотина о полной безвредности их устройств, результаты экспериментальных исследований обнаруживают в них не только известные канцерогены, но и новые потенциально опасные вещества, которые не содержатся в обычных сигаретах, и влияние которых на организм достаточно не изучено. На данный момент имеются все основания полагать, что употребление электронных сигарет и IQOS может приводить к заболеваниям нервной, кроветворной, иммунной, дыхательной систем, а также к развитию онкологических заболеваний. The article presents current results of experimental and clinical studies focusing on effects of various nicotine delivery systems. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the impact of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery devices, and IQOS tobacco heating systems on the health and development of humans and laboratory animals. The review of recent literature has shown that, despite ambitious statements of the manufacturers about complete safety of their devices, experiments have demonstrated that they release not only well-known carcinogens but also new, potentially hazardous substances. These substances are not contained in ordinary cigarettes, and their effects on the body has not been sufficiently studied. Presently, it seems very likely that the use of electronic cigarettes and IQOS can lead to diseases of the nervous, hematopoietic, immune, and respiratory systems as well as to oncological diseases.

scholarly journals Health monitoring modular panel: Interface design and evaluation

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl. 4) ◽  
pp. 1259-1270
Author(s):  
Milica Vujovic ◽  
Milan Ristanovic ◽  
Marko Milos ◽  
Francisco Perales-López
Keyword(s):  
Interface Design ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Residential Unit ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Functional Areas ◽  
Elderly Users

In this paper we present a conceptual solution of modular panel for measuring health parameters of the elderly. The conceptual solution was followed by a study that analyzed the design and evaluated interface of the system. Modular panel contains sensors, processing unit, and interface enabling data acquisition and communication between the user and the medical staff. Positioning of the panel within the residential unit was determined by the categories of actions which it should provide and functional areas of typical housing unit. Interface design is based on a specific type of users and is on the basis of the type of data that should be collected and displayed. Evaluation of interface is conducted by using two user groups, where the first is made up of people older than 60 years and represents the interest group of the study, while the second group consisted of people younger than 60 years as the control group. The collected data were analyzed and the results indicate that the simplicity of the interface suits good to the users. Elderly users need more time to conduct certain commands, but most of them understood interface completely. The limitations of the system, such as lack of information provided for the users, will be considered in the future work.

A randomized, controlled, parallel group clinical study of cigarette smokers using an innovative oral tobacco-derived nicotine product to determine impact on cigarette consumption and biomarkers of exposure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery Edmiston ◽  
Qiwei Liang ◽  
Jianmin Liu ◽  
Mohamadi Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Test Group ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Use Behavior ◽  
Related Harm

Abstract Background: Despite the well-known health consequences of cigarettes, many adults still smoke. VERVE® Blue Mint Discs (Discs) are innovative, chewable, non-dissolvable oral tobacco-derived nicotine products designed for adult smokers (AS) interested in alternatives to cigarettes. We assessed impact of using Discs on product use behavior and biomarkers of exposure (BOE) in AS. Methods: In this randomized, two-arm, parallel group study, AS (n=154) not planning to quit in the next 30 days were randomized to either a Control Group (n=62) that continued smoking their own brand cigarettes or Test Group (n=92) with the option to use Discs for four weeks under ad libitum conditions. Changes from Baseline to End of Study (EOS) between the Groups were analyzed for CPD and BOEs to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) – nicotine, NNK, benzene and carbon monoxide. Results: Most AS (78%) in the Test Group reduced their CPD (~20% on average, p<0.05), some (~9.4%) reducing by 50-99% and a few (~2.4%) switched completely to Discs. The changes in CPD was biochemically confirmed with significant reductions in COHb (p<0.05). Percent changes in BOEs for nicotine, NNK and benzene tended to be lower in participants using Discs compared to the Control Group indicating lower exposure to HPHCs. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that many AS reduced their cigarette consumption, and some switched completely to Discs. Switching completely from cigarettes to Discs, if sustained over time, may offer an opportunity for smoking-related harm reduction. (238 words)

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