Cyclic Voltammetry in Biological Samples: A Systematic Review of Methods and Techniques Applicable to Clinical Settings

Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, but there is no accurate measurement of oxidative stress or antioxidants that has utility in the clinical setting. Cyclic Voltammetry is an electrochemical technique that has been widely used for analyzing redox status in industrial and research settings. It has also recently been applied to assess the antioxidant status of in vivo biological samples. This systematic review identified 38 studies that used cyclic voltammetry to determine the change in antioxidant status in humans and animals. It focusses on the methods for sample preparation, processing and storage, experimental setup and techniques used to identify the antioxidants responsible for the voltammetric peaks. The aim is to provide key information to those intending to use cyclic voltammetry to measure antioxidants in biological samples in a clinical setting.

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NAC and Vitamin D Restore CNS Glutathione in Endotoxin-Sensitized Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Rats

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10030489 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 489

Author(s):

Lauren E. Adams ◽

Hunter G. Moss ◽

Danielle W. Lowe ◽

Truman Brown ◽

Donald B. Wiest ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Redox Status ◽

Therapeutic Window ◽

Post Injury ◽

Artery Ligation ◽

Cellular Redox ◽

Carotid Artery Ligation ◽

Drug Concentrations

Therapeutic hypothermia does not improve outcomes in neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) complicated by perinatal infection, due to well-described, pre-existing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that shorten the therapeutic window. For effective neuroprotection post-injury, we must first define and then target CNS metabolomic changes immediately after endotoxin-sensitized HI (LPS-HI). We hypothesized that LPS-HI would acutely deplete reduced glutathione (GSH), indicating overwhelming oxidative stress in spite of hypothermia treatment in neonatal rats. Post-natal day 7 rats were randomized to sham ligation, or severe LPS-HI (0.5 mg/kg 4 h before right carotid artery ligation, 90 min 8% O2), followed by hypothermia alone or with N-acetylcysteine (25 mg/kg) and vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3, 0.05 μg/kg) (NVD). We quantified in vivo CNS metabolites by serial 7T MR Spectroscopy before, immediately after LPS-HI, and after treatment, along with terminal plasma drug concentrations. GSH was significantly decreased in all LPS-HI rats compared with baseline and sham controls. Two hours of hypothermia alone did not improve GSH and allowed glutamate + glutamine (GLX) to increase. Within 1 h of administration, NVD increased GSH close to baseline and suppressed GLX. The combination of NVD with hypothermia rapidly improved cellular redox status after LPS-HI, potentially inhibiting important secondary injury cascades and allowing more time for hypothermic neuroprotection.

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Antioxidants in erythrocytes in aging and dementia

Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya ◽

10.18097/pbmc20135904443 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 443-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E.A. Kosenko ◽

L.A. Tikhonova ◽

A.C. Poghosyan ◽

Y.G. Kaminsky

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Transferase Activity ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Age Related ◽

Organic Hydroperoxides

Age of patients and brain oxidative stress may contribute to pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBC) are considered as passive “reporter cells” for the oxidative status of the whole organism and are not well studied in AD. The aim of this work was to assess whether the antioxidant status of RBC changes in aging and AD. Blood was taken from AD and non-Alzheimer's dementia patients, aged-matched and younger controls. In vivo antioxidant status was assessed in each of the study subjects by measuring RBC levels of Н О , organic hydroperoxides, glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In both aging and dementia, oxidative stress in RBC was shown to increase and to be expressed in elevated concentrations of H O and organic hydroperoxides, decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio and glutathione S-transferase activity. Decreased glutathione peroxidase activity in RBC may be considered as a new peripheral marker for Alzheimer’s disease while alterations of other parameters of oxidative stress reflect age-related events.

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Proteomics and metabolomics in cow fertility: a systematic review

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-20-0047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 160 (5) ◽

pp. 639-658

Author(s):

Nicolas Aranciaga ◽

James D Morton ◽

Debra K Berg ◽

Jessica L Gathercole

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Large Scale ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Early Embryo ◽

Female Reproductive Tract ◽

Full Potential ◽

Technical Standards ◽

The Impact

Cow subfertility is a multi-factorial problem in many countries which is only starting to be unravelled. Molecular biology can provide a substantial source of insight into its causes and potential solutions, particularly through large scale, untargeted omics approaches. In this systematic review, we set out to compile, assess and integrate the latest proteomic and metabolomic research on cow reproduction, specifically that on the female reproductive tract and early embryo. We herein report a general improvement in technical standards throughout the temporal span examined; however, significant methodological limitations are also identified. We propose easily actionable avenues for ameliorating these shortcomings and enhancing the reach of this field. Text mining and pathway analysis corroborate the relevance of proteins and metabolites related to the triad oxidative stress-inflammation-disease on reproductive function. We envisage a breakthrough in cattle reproductive molecular research within the next few years as in vivo sample techniques are improved, omics analysis equipment becomes more affordable and widespread, and software tools for single- and multi-omics data processing are further developed. Additional investigation of the impact of local oxidative stress and inflammation on fertility, both at the local and systemic levels, is key towards realising the full potential of this field.

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Early superoxide scavenging accelerates renal microvascular rarefaction and damage in the stenotic kidney

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.00154.2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 303 (4) ◽

pp. F576-F583 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Silvia Kelsen ◽

Xiaochen He ◽

Alejandro R. Chade

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Renal Injury ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Early Stage ◽

Renal Perfusion ◽

Redox Status ◽

Renal Tissue ◽

Tissue Sections ◽

And Function

Renal artery stenosis (RAS), the main cause of chronic renovascular disease (RVD), is associated with significant oxidative stress. Chronic RVD induces renal injury partly by promoting renal microvascular (MV) damage and blunting MV repair in the stenotic kidney. We tested the hypothesis that superoxide anion plays a pivotal role in MV dysfunction, reduction of MV density, and progression of renal injury in the stenotic kidney. RAS was induced in 14 domestic pigs and observed for 6 wk. Seven RAS pigs were chronically treated with the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol (RAS+T) to reduce oxidative stress. Single-kidney hemodynamics and function were quantified in vivo using multidetector computer tomography (CT) and renal MV density was quantified ex vivo using micro-CT. Expression of angiogenic, inflammatory, and apoptotic factors was measured in renal tissue, and renal apoptosis and fibrosis were quantified in tissue sections. The degree of RAS and blood pressure were similarly increased in RAS and RAS+T. Renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were reduced in the stenotic kidney (280.1 ± 36.8 and 34.2 ± 3.1 ml/min, P < 0.05 vs. control). RAS+T kidneys showed preserved GFR (58.5 ± 6.3 ml/min, P = not significant vs. control) but a similar decreases in RBF (293.6 ± 85.2 ml/min) and further decreases in MV density compared with RAS. These changes were accompanied by blunted angiogenic signaling and increased apoptosis and fibrosis in the stenotic kidney of RAS+T compared with RAS. The current study shows that tempol administration provided limited protection to the stenotic kidney. Despite preserved GFR, renal perfusion was not improved by tempol, and MV density was further reduced compared with untreated RAS, associated with increased renal apoptosis and fibrosis. These results suggest that a tight balance of the renal redox status is necessary for a normal MV repair response to injury, at least at the early stage of RVD, and raise caution regarding antioxidant strategies in RAS.

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Mulberry Anthocyanin Extract Ameliorates Oxidative Damage in HepG2 Cells and Prolongs the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans through MAPK and Nrf2 Pathways

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2017/7956158 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Fujie Yan ◽

Yushu Chen ◽

Ramila Azat ◽

Xiaodong Zheng

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽

Hepg2 Cells ◽

Insulin Signalling ◽

Glucose Consumption ◽

Redox Status ◽

C Elegans ◽

Beneficial Effects

Mulberry anthocyanins possess many pharmacological effects including liver protection, anti-inflammation, and anticancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether mulberry anthocyanin extract (MAE) exerts beneficial effects against oxidative stress damage in HepG2 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. In vitro, MAE prevented cytotoxicity, increased glucose consumption and uptake, and eliminated excessive intracellular free radicals in H2O2-induced cells. Moreover, MAE pretreatment maintained Nrf2, HO-1, and p38 MAPK stimulation and abolished upregulation of p-JNK, FOXO1, and PGC-1α that were involved in oxidative stress and insulin signalling modulation. In vivo, extended lifespan was observed in C. elegans damaged by paraquat in the presence of MAE, while these beneficial effects were disappeared in pmk-1 and daf-16 mutants. PMK-1 and SKN-1 were activated after exposure to paraquat and MAE suppressed PMK-1 activation but enhanced SKN-1 stimulation. Our findings suggested that MAE recovered redox status in HepG2 cells and C. elegans that suffered from oxidative stress, which might be by targeting MAPKs and Nrf2.

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Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Satureja montana Supercritical and Spray-Dried Extracts on Ehrlich’s Ascites Carcinoma Bearing Mice

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9111532 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1532

Author(s):

Jelena Vladić ◽

Tatjana Ćebović ◽

Senka Vidović ◽

Stela Jokić

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma ◽

Redox Status ◽

In Vivo Model ◽

Malignant Cells ◽

Ehrlich Ascites ◽

Environmentally Safe ◽

The Impact ◽

Satureja Montana

Satureja montana herbal species belongs to aromatic medicinal plants with a significant place in traditional medicine. However, products produced with conventional procedures do not meet the requirements of the modern market which include environmentally-safe processes that provide quality, safe, and standardized products. In this study, the antiproliferative activity of S. montana extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide and solid–liquid extraction followed by spray drying was investigated using the in vivo model of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in mice. The impact of two concentrations of extracts on the growth of tumor and the redox status of malignant cells was monitored. It was determined that the extracts induced oxidative stress in the malignant cells which was confirmed by the changes in activity of biochemical indicators of oxidative stress. The posttreatment was not an efficient approach, while the extracts applied as pretreatment and treatment resulted in an increase in the xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity, a decrease in catalase (CAT) activity, and an increase in the intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPx). Furthermore, a decrease in the values of reduced glutathione (GSH) and an increase in glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) in EAC cells were recorded.

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Preventive and therapeutic effects of quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction in mice

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y2012-101 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 90 (10) ◽

pp. 1345-1353 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Upa Kukongviriyapan ◽

Kwanjit Sompamit ◽

Patchareewan Pannangpetch ◽

Veerapol Kukongviriyapan ◽

Wanida Donpunha

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Protein Expression ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Vascular Dysfunction ◽

Redox Status ◽

Protein Carbonyl ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Vascular Responsiveness

Quercetin, a dietary antioxidant flavonoid, possesses strong anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. The effects were investigated in an animal model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxaemia and vascular dysfunction in vivo. Male ICR mice were injected with LPS (10 mg/kg; i.p.). Quercetin (50 or 100 mg/kg) was intragastrically administered either before or after LPS administration. Fifteen hours after LPS injection, mice were found in endotoxaemic condition, as manifested by hypotension, tachycardia, and blunted vascular responses to vasodilators and vasoconstrictor. The symptoms were accompanied by increased aortic iNOS protein expression, decreased aortic eNOS protein expression, marked suppression of cellular glutathione (GSH) redox status, enhanced aortic superoxide production, increased plasma malodialdehyde and protein carbonyl, and elevated urinary nitrate/nitrite. Treatment with quercetin either before or after LPS preserved the vascular function, as blood pressure, heart rate, vascular responsiveness were restored to near normal values, particularly when quercetin was given as a preventive regimen. The vascular protective effects were associated with upregulation of eNOS expression, reduction of oxidative stress, and maintained blood GSH redox ratio. Overall findings suggest the beneficial effect of quercetin on the prevention and restoration of a failing eNOS system and alleviation of oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction against endotoxin-induced shock in mice.

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Pyrroloquinoline quinone regulates the redox status in vitro and in vivo of weaned pigs via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s40104-021-00595-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Caiyun Huang ◽

Zijuan Fan ◽

Dandan Han ◽

Lee J. Johnston ◽

Xi Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Redox Status ◽

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Diarrhea Incidence

Abstract Background Oxidative stress is a main cause of piglet gut damage and diarrhea. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), is a novel redox cofactor with antioxidant properties. However, the effect and mechanism that PQQ supplementation decreases oxidative injury in weaned pigs is not understood. Therefore, the aim of this study is to confirm the effect of PQQ on regulating redox status in weaned pigs and the mechanism for antioxidant function by porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) challenged with H2O2. Results Experiment 1, 144 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire pigs (weaned at 28 d) were allocated to four groups: received a basal diet (control) and diets supplemented with 0.15%, 0.30% and 0.45% PQQ, respectively. On d 28, growth performance, diarrhea incidence and redox factors were measured. Experiment 2, IPEC-J2 were treated with or without PQQ in the presence or absence of H2O2 for indicated time points. Experiment 3, IPEC-J2 were transfected with or without Nrf2 siRNA, then treated according to Experiment 2. The cell viability, redox factors, protein of tight junctions and Nrf2 pathway were determined. In vivo, PQQ supplementation demonstrated dose-related improvements in average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio (Linear P < 0.05). During d 0–28, compared to controls, 0.45% PQQ supplementation for pigs decreased diarrhea incidence and MDA content in liver and jejunum, and increased concentration of SOD in liver; 0.3% PQQ supplementation decreased ileal and liver MDA concentration; and 0.15% PQQ supplementation decreased ileal MDA concentration (P < 0.05). In vitro, compared to cells cultured with H2O2, pre-treatment with PQQ increased cell viability, tight junction proteins expression including ZO-1, ZO-2, Occludin and Claudin-1; and decreased ROS concentration and level of Caspase-3 (P < 0.05); as well as upregulated the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax and protein expression of nuclear Nrf2, HO-1. Notably, Nrf2 knockdown by transfection with Nrf2 siRNA largely abrogated the positive effects of PQQ pretreatment on H2O2-induced intracellular changes. Conclusions PQQ administration attenuated oxidative stress in weaned pigs which is associated with activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

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Effects of Cardiovascular, Resistance and Combined Exercise Training on Cardiovascular, Performance and Blood Redox Parameters in Coronary Artery Disease Patients: An 8-Month Training-Detraining Randomized Intervention

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10030409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 409

Author(s):

Tryfonas Tofas ◽

Ioannis G. Fatouros ◽

Dimitrios Draganidis ◽

Chariklia K. Deli ◽

Athanasios Chatzinikolaou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Cardiovascular Function ◽

Redox Status ◽

Training Groups ◽

Artery Disease

It is well-documented that chronic/regular exercise improves the cardiovascular function, decreases oxidative stress and enhances the antioxidant capacity in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the chronic effects of different types of training and detraining on cardiovascular function and the levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in these patients. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the effects of cardiovascular, resistance and combined exercise training followed by a three-month detraining period, on cardiovascular function, physical performance and blood redox status parameters in CAD patients. Sixty coronary artery disease patients were randomly assigned to either a cardiovascular training (CVT, N = 15), resistance training (RT, N = 11), combined cardiovascular and resistance training (CT, N = 16) or a control (C, N = 15) group. The training groups participated in an 8-month supervised training program (training three days/week) followed by a 3-month detraining period, while the control group participated only in measurements. Body composition, blood pressure, performance-related variables (aerobic capacity (VO2max), muscle strength, flexibility) and blood redox status-related parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), catalase activity (CAT), protein carbonyls (PC)) were assessed at the beginning of the study, after 4 and 8 months of training as well as following 1, 2 and 3 months of detraining (DT). CVT induced the most remarkable and pronounced alterations in blood pressure (~9% reduction in systolic blood pressure and ~5% in diastolic blood pressure) and redox status since it had a positive effect on all redox-related variables (ranging from 16 to 137%). RT and CT training affected positively some of the assessed (TAC, CAT and PC) redox-related variables. Performance-related variables retained the positive response of the training, whereas most of the redox status parameters, for all training groups, restored near to the pre-exercise values at the end of the DT period. These results indicate that exercise training has a significant effect on redox status of CAD. Three months of detraining is enough to abolish the exercise-induced beneficial effects on redox status, indicating that for a better antioxidant status, exercise must be a lifetime commitment.

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Monitoring the redox status in dairy cows by using plasma dROMs, PAT, and OSI biomarkers

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb202190020125 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 90 (2) ◽

pp. 125-134

Author(s):

Péter Hejel ◽

Viktor Jurkovich ◽

Barbara Bognár ◽

Péter Kovács ◽

Endre Brydl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Redox Status ◽

Mean Value ◽

Stress Index ◽

Reactive Oxygen Metabolites ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Plasma Antioxidant ◽

Peak Lactation

The aim of this work was to determine the changes of redox indicators such as reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs), plasma antioxidant test (PAT) and the oxidative stress index (OSI) in dairy cows at different stages of lactation using a diagnostic equipment which is suitable for in vivo oxidative stress (OS) monitoring procedures. In total, 628 dairy cows were examined in the pre-parturient period (days in milk [DIM]: -21 to -1 day; n = 117), in the calving and maternity period (DIM: 0 to 7; n = 137), in the early lactation period (DIM: 8 to 30; n = 139), and the in the peak lactation (DIM: 31 to 150; n = 235). The dROMs and OSI values were significantly different (P < 0.05) when comparing the 1st and 2nd+ lactation cows in each group. The highest mean value of dROMs was detected at the calving and maternity stage in 1st lactation cows (141 ± 25 U. Carr) and the lowest (103 ± 29 U. Carr) was found in peak lactation. The OSI developed similarly, with the highest value of 5.58 ± 0.94 in the calving and maternity period in the 1st lactation cows and the lowest value of 4.05 ± 1.21 in peak lactation and significant differences were found in many cases. Based on the results, the measurement of dROMs and OSI may be suitable for detecting oxidative stress in different lactation stages.

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