Lipid Extracts from Caulerpa lentillifera Waste: An Alternative Product in a Circular Economy

Nowadays, a circular economy is one of the main strategies for developing a sustainable economy. The objective of this work was to increase the value of Caulerpa lentillifera waste and use it efficiently as a resource for lipid extraction. A crude lipid yield of approximately 27.69% of the dry weight was obtained under the following optimized conditions that consisted of a three-stage extraction with 15 min/stage using a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) at room temperature. The crude extracts contained a total fatty acids (TFA) content of approximately 58.60% of the weight of the extracts, which consisted of 10 types of fatty acids. The proportion of palmitic acid (16:0) as the main component was above 70% of the TFA content. Moreover, it also contained chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids at approximately 1.77, 0.91, and 0.70 µg/mg of the extract, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoids content, including 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 1,1′- diphenyl-2-picrahydrazyl (ABTS and DPPH, respectively) scavenging activities, showed that the lipid extracts had high potential for antioxidant activity. Moreover, the extracts also demonstrated α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 8.97 mg/mL. Thus, this extract could be used as an alternative product in a circular economy for preventing diabetes disease.

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Bicarbonate for microalgae cultivation: a case study in a chlorophyte, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis isolated from a Norwegian lake

Journal of Applied Phycology ◽

10.1007/s10811-021-02420-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ikumi Umetani ◽

Eshetu Janka ◽

Michal Sposób ◽

Chris J. Hulatt ◽

Synne Kleiven ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Fluorescence Analysis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Fatty Acid Production ◽

Total Fatty Acids

AbstractBicarbonate was evaluated as an alternative carbon source for a green microalga, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis, isolated from Lake Norsjø in Norway. Photosynthesis, growth, and lipid production were studied using four inorganic carbon regimes: (1) aeration only, (2) 20 mM NaHCO3, (3) 5% (v/v) CO2 gas, and (4) combination of 20 mM NaHCO3 and 5% CO2. Variable chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis revealed that the bicarbonate treatment supported effective photosynthesis, while the CO2 treatment led to inefficient photosynthetic activity with a PSII maximum quantum yield as low as 0.31. Conversely, bicarbonate and CO2 treatments gave similar biomass and fatty acid production. The maximum growth rate, the final cell dry weight, and total fatty acids under the bicarbonate-only treatment were 0.33 (± 0.06) day−1, 673 (± 124) mg L−1 and 75 (± 5) mg g−1 dry biomass, respectively. The most abundant fatty acid components were α-linolenic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids constituting 69% of the total fatty acids. The fatty acid profile eventuated in unsuitable biodiesel fuel properties such as high degree of unsaturation and low cetane number; however, it would be relevant for food and feed applications. We concluded that bicarbonate could give healthy growth and comparative product yields as CO2.

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Metabolite and Elastase Activity Changes in Beach Rose (Rosa rugosa) Fruit and Seeds at Various Stages of Ripeness

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071283 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1283

Author(s):

Seung-Hun Chae ◽

Young-Sang Lee ◽

Jin-Hee Kim ◽

Tae-Ho Han ◽

Kang-Mo Ku

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Ursolic Acid ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Rosa Rugosa ◽

Optimal Harvest ◽

Rose Hip ◽

The Rose

Rose hips are the fruits of the beach rose (Rosa rugosa). To determine the optimal harvest time and to obtain the maximum functional compounds, rose hips at various stages of ripeness (immature, early, mid, and late) were harvested, and the flesh tissue and seeds were separated. The rose hip flesh showed the highest total phenolic content at the mid-ripeness stage (8.45 ± 0.62 mg/g gallic acid equivalent concentration (dry weight)). The early-, mid-, and late-ripeness stages of rose hip flesh did not show significantly different 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant capacities. The elastase inhibitory activity of the 95% ethanol extract from the rose hip seeds was highest at the mid-ripeness stage; however, the elastase inhibitory activity of the rose hip tissue was not significantly different from that of the seeds. Pathway analysis using MetaboAnalyst showed that sucrose, fructose, and glucose gradually increased as the fruit ripened. Ursolic acid was detected in the seeds but not in the flesh. Of the fatty acids, linoleic acid concentrations were highest in rose hip seeds, followed by linolenic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. Fatty acids and ursolic acid might be the active compounds responsible for elastase inhibitory activity and can be utilized as a functional cosmetic material.

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Chemical, Nutritional and Antioxidant Characteristics of Different Food Seeds

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10051589 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1589 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lacrimioara Senila ◽

Emilia Neag ◽

Oana Cadar ◽

Melinda Haydee Kovacs ◽

Anca Becze ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Protein Content ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Lipid Extraction ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Hemp Seed ◽

Chromatography Analysis ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Antioxidant Characteristics

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of five different food seeds (sunflower, poppy, hemp, flax and sesame) regarding fatty acid, mineral (Fe, Cu, Zn, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Al) and protein content. In addition, the total antioxidant capacity of the seeds was evaluated using the photochemiluminescent assay. The food seeds were subjected to lipid extraction and converted into fatty acid methyl esters before the gas chromatography analysis. In all food seeds, the saturated (SFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were identified, respectively. PUFAs were the most abundant fatty acids (61.2% ± 0.07% and 84.8% ± 0.08% of total fatty acids), with the highest content in flax and hemp seed oil. Also, high amounts of omega-3 from PUFAs were determined in flax and hempseed oil. Based on the obtained results the sunflower, sesame and poppy seeds are good sources of omega-6, while flax and hemp seeds are good sources of omega-3. All samples are rich in minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg) and have more than 20% protein content.

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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Is a Potential Food Supplement with the Capacity to Outperform Chlorella and Spirulina

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10196736 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (19) ◽

pp. 6736

Author(s):

Randa Darwish ◽

Mohamed A. Gedi ◽

Patchaniya Akepach ◽

Hirut Assaye ◽

Abdelrahman S. Zaky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Model Organism ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Food Supplement ◽

Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

Total Fatty Acids

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green microalgae used as a model organism associated with biotechnological applications, yet its nutritional value has not been assessed. This study investigates the nutritional capacity of C. reinhardtii as an additional value for this species beyond its known potential in biofuels and bio-products production. The composition of key nutrients in C. reinhardtii was compared with Chlorella and Spirulina, the species widely regarded as a superfood. The results revealed that the protein content of C. reinhardtii (46.9%) was comparable with that of Chlorella (45.3) and Spirulina (50.4%) on a dry weight basis. C. reinhardtii contained all the essential amino acids with good scores based on FAO/WHO values (0.9–1.9) as in Chlorella and Spirulina. Unsaturated fatty acids predominated the total fatty acids profile of C. reinhardtii were ~74 of which ~48% are n-3 fatty acids. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content in C. reinhardtii (42.4%) was significantly higher than that of Chlorella (23.4) and Spirulina (0.12%). For minerals, Spirulina was rich in iron (3.73 mg/g DW) followed by Chlorella (1.34 mg/g DW) and C. reinhardtii (0.96 mg/g DW). C. reinhardtii, unlike the other two species, consisted of selenium (10 µg/g DW), and had a remarkably lower heavy metal load. Moreover, C. reinhardtii contained relatively high concentrations of chlorophyll (a + b) and total carotenoids (28.6 mg/g DW and 6.9 mg/g DW, respectively) compared with Chlorella (12.0 mg/g DW and 1.8 mg/g DW, respectively) and Spirulina (8.6 mg/g DW and 0.8 mg/g DW, respectively). This study confirms that, based on its nutrient credentials, C. reinhardtii has great potential as a new superfood or ingredient for a food supplement.

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SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE LIPID AND WATER CONTENT OF THE THYMUS GLAND IN ALBINO RATS BEARING WALKER CARCINOMA 256

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology ◽

10.1139/o55-011 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 69-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eldon M. Boyd ◽

Valmore Fontaine ◽

J. Gilbert Hill

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Tumor Growth ◽

Total Lipid ◽

Free Cholesterol ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Thymus Gland ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Tumor Bearing ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Walker Carcinoma

The investigation was designed to measure hydrolipotropic variations in the thymus gland of albino rats bearing Walker carcinoma 256. This was done upon 27 pairs of littermate albino rats, one of each pair inoculated and one not inoculated with Walker carcinoma 256. The life history of the tumor was evenly represented in the series. Tumor growth was found to be accompanied by a statistically significant increase in total body weight, due to water retention, and decrease in the weight of the thymus gland. The total amount of water, dry weight, total lipid, neutral fat, total fatty acids, free cholesterol, and phospholipid were significantly less in the thymus gland of tumor-bearing albino rats. The concentrations, per unit dry weight, of total lipid, neutral fat, and total fatty acids in the thymus gland were not significantly affected by tumor growth. The similar concentrations of water, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and phospholipid were significantly increased in the thymus gland of tumor-bearing albino rats. These changes indicated a hydrolipotropic effect of the tumor upon the thymus gland. A pyramidal, up-and-down, change in the concentrations of phospholipid and the three cholesterol fractions in the thymus gland at T/RC coefficients of 30 to 60, together with a marked loss of weight by the gland, suggested the effect upon the thymus gland of factor(s) other than the hydrolipotropic influence.

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Fruit Stalk Extract from Chili Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) as a Natural Antioxidant to Inhibit Oxidation in Crude Palm Oil

Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi ◽

10.14710/jksa.23.4.124-128 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 124-128

Author(s):

Rahmiwati Hilma ◽

Eka Tri Setya Wulandari ◽

Zaldi Arman

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Iodine Number ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Chili Pepper ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Capsicum Annum

Fruit stalk of chili pepper (Capsicum annum L.) so far is still an untapped waste. The content of active compounds in fruit and fruit stalk of chili pepper (C. annum L.) is known to have good antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extract of fruit stalk of chili pepper in inhibiting the oxidation of crude palm oil (CPO). In this study, the extraction of fruit stalk of chili pepper (C. annum L.) was carried out with n-hexane (from now on referred to as CHE) solvent and with ethanol solvent (from now on referred to as CEE). CHE and CEE were analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid analyzes. Next, an evaluation of antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH method. The effectiveness test of adding the two extracts to the quality of CPO was carried out for ten days using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) analysis. The parameters observed were peroxide numbers, free fatty acids, and iodine numbers. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and followed by a Least Significance Different (LSD) test. The results show that the total phenolic value is 0.257 mg QE/g dry weight in CEE and 0.003 mg QE/g dry weight in CHE. Total flavonoid values are 0.155 mg QE/g dry weight in CEE and 0.003 mg QE/g in CHE. IC50 values for DPPH test extract are 223.72 μg/mL in CEE and 953.77 μg/mL in CHE. The test results of the effectiveness of the two extracts against CPO show thin CEE, and CHE significantly (P <0.05) influences to CPO free fatty acids, peroxide number, and iodine number. Both extracts can protect CPO from oxidation. CEE is more effective in maintaining CPO quality for ten days with free fatty acid values (2.1%), peroxide value values 0.48 meq/kg, and iodine number 54.8. Furthermore, this result meets the CPO quality standard, according to SNI-01-2901-2006.

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The fatty acid composition of the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea and its jellyfish prey

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s002531540005904x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 761-770 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

D. L. Holland ◽

J. Davenport ◽

J. East

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Neutral Lipid ◽

Total Lipid ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Pectoral Muscle ◽

Dermochelys Coriacea ◽

Leatherback Turtle ◽

Total Fatty Acids

The leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (L.) studied was a male, weighing 916 kg, with a total dorsal length of 291 cm. It was beached on the Welsh coast, UK in September 1988 and is currently the largest leatherback ever recorded.Total lipid formed between 87.5 and 95.4% of the dry weight of representative samples of the blubber and 43.0% and 4.9% of the liver and pectoral muscle respectively. High levels of neutral lipid in the liver (79.0% of the total lipid) as well as the blubber (87.6–99.9% of the total lipid) suggest an important energy storage function for these tissues.Overall, with the notable exception of 22:lwll, fatty acids which are found in a putative jellyfish diet of Rhizostoma, Amelia, Cyanea and Chrysaora are also present in the leatherback liver and muscle, blubber and other fatty tissues. Fatty acid 22:lwll is present in the jellyfish samples, but is absent or at trace levels only in the leatherback tissues (0.1–0.3% of the total fatty acids).The polyunsaturated fatty acids of the w3 series 20:5w3, 22:5w3 and 22:6w3 are well represented in leatherback adipose tissues, muscle and liver as well as in the jellyfish examined. The leatherback and jellyfish lipids are therefore marine in character, but are also similar to terrestrial animal lipid in having a high proportion of fatty acids of the w6 series, principally arachidonic acid, 20:4w6. The significant levels of 20:4w6 in jellyfish total lipid (9.7–20.0% of the total fatty acids) and in the leatherback neutral lipid (1.0–10.9% of the total fatty acids) and phospholipid (0.6–15.5% of total fatty acids) fractions of all tissues sampled suggests that arachidonic acid assumes more importance in food chain relationships involving leatherbacks than in other marine food webs such as those involving fish.

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Observations on the effect of the rediae of Fasciola hepatica on the lipid composition of the hepatopancreas of Lymnaea truncatula

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000041123 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 293-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

V. R. Southgate

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Neutral Lipid ◽

Total Lipid ◽

Phosphatidyl Choline ◽

Fasciola Hepatica ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Major Fatty Acid ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Esterified Sterols

In the uninfected hepatopancreas of L. truncatula 7·0–11·0% of the dry weight is lipid. Of the total lipid 60% is neutral lipid and 40% is phospholipid. Free fatty acid is the major neutral lipid component; triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, sterols and esterified sterols are also present. The phospholipids identified were phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin. The fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. The major fatty acid is C16 (palmitic) and 60% of the total fatty acids are saturated.In the hepatopancreas of L. truncatula infected with the rediae of F. hepatica, but with the rediae removed, 5·4–9·4% of the dry weight is lipid. Of this total lipid 73% is neutral lipid and 27% is phospholipid. All the fractions of neutral lipid, except the fatty acids are smaller than in the uninfected hepatopancreas. The fatty acids show an increase of 38%. The same phospholipids identified in the uninfected hepatopancreas are present, but all the fractions show a decrease in amount with the exception of the phosphatidyl choline fraction, which is present in approximately equal amounts in both the uninfected and the infected hepatopancreas. The major fatty acid is palmitic acid.

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Lipid Content and Fatty Acids of Pecan Pollen

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.28.12.1191 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (12) ◽

pp. 1191-1193 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Tommy E. Thompson ◽

Samuel D. Senter ◽

L.J. Grauke

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Carya Illinoinensis ◽

Lipid Classes ◽

Stored Energy ◽

Mass Spectral Analysis ◽

Mass Spectral ◽

Percent Composition ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Main Effects

Pollen from five cultivars of pecans [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] was analyzed for cytoplasmic lipid classes and constituent fatty acids. Lipid classes in all cultivars included free fatty acids, triglycerides, and the phosphatide of inositol, serine, choline, glycerol, and ethanolamine. Triglycerides were the predominant class of lipids in all cultivars analyzed. Gas chromatography and mass spectral analysis were used to identify and quantify the fatty acids, which included palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic. Quantities of individual and total fatty acids varied greatly and were influenced significantly by cultivar, year, and location, as well as by interactions of main effects The percent composition of individual fatty acids was remarkably stable, despite wide variation in quantities of fatty acids. Therefore, pollen fatty acid ratios may be a valuable measure of taxonomic relationship across Carya sp. Total fatty acids varied from 2.53% to 0.25% of dry weight. Variability in stored energy in the form of lipids may affect orchard production.

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Development of Growth Media from Agricultural By-Products for Cultivation of PUFA-Producing Sicyoidochytrium minutum

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md20010008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Heiðrún Eiríksdóttir ◽

Magnús Örn Stefánsson ◽

Hjörleifur Einarsson

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Carbon Source ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Basal Medium ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth Media ◽

Marine Oils ◽

Human Diet ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

By Products

The demand for novel sources of marine oils, which contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), has increased due to the realization of the importance of PUFAs, e.g., docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the human diet. However, the natural supply is limited. By-product peptones (BYPP) intended as a growth medium for the PUFA-producing strain Sicyoidochytrium minutum of family Thraustochytriaceae were produced after several experiments on the pancreatic digestion of bovine lungs and spleens. S. minutum was able to grow in a medium containing BYPP made from the pancreatic digestion of lung and spleen with glycerol, resulting in 1.14 ± 0.03 g cell dry weight (CDW)/L and 1.44 ± 0.24 g CDW/L, respectively, after 5 days of incubation at 25 °C, compared to 1.92 ± 0.25 g CDW/L in Basal Medium (BM) containing tryptone, peptone, and glycerol. The lipid content, obtained after growth in lung BYPP media with glycerol as a carbon source, was significantly higher (28.17% ± 1.33 of dry weight) than in the control basal medium (BM) (21.72% ± 2.45); however, DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids was lower in BYPP than in the control BM (25.24% ± 1.56 and 33.02% ± 2.37, respectively). It is concluded that low-value by-products from abattoirs can be used as ingredients for the cultivation of oligogenic Thraustochytriaceae.

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