Natural resistance of marals of Altai-Sayan breed during the process of adaptation under the environments of the Republic of Tyva

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Ch. N. Sambyla ◽  
N. M. Bessonova ◽  
R. B. Chysyma
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Altai Republic ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of Tyva is a region in the geographical center of Asia, which located at the junction of the Siberian taiga and Central Asian desert-steppe landscapes, in a wide band of mountains and intermountain plains. The mountain-forest area of Tyva has long been considered a natural habitat for antler deer, one of which is the maral (Cervus elaphus sibiricus). In order to restore maral breeding and increase the number of marals in the former limits, marals of the Altai-Sayan breed have been imported to the Republic of Tyva from the Republic of Altai. The preservation of productive traits, reproductive function and the realization of the genetic potential of animals introduced to new climatic conditions largely depends on the ability of these animals to adapt to existing environments. We have assessed in this paper the natural resistance of the marals of Altai-Sayan breed during introduction in the Tyva Republic in comparison with the indicators of the marals have been bred in the Altai Republic. The researches have been carried out in 2019. The research material was blood samples of marals of Altai-Sayan breed imported to the Republic of Tuva (n=27) and marals of the same breed bred in the Republic of Altai (n=17). Studies have shown some deviations in the blood leukogram of imported marals, such as a decrease in the number of eosinophils and rod nuclear neutrophils (P < 0,001), the increase in the number of segmented nuclear neutrophils and lymphocytes (P < 0,05). The number of monocytes have been increased in 18,6 times compared to the Altai marals. The change in the number of monocytes exceeded the physiological norm by 24,7 %. The indicator of adaptation evaluation in imported marals had higher values (6,8), which were in 1,7 times higher than in marals bred in the Altai Republic (4,1), which indicates the intensity of adaptive mechanisms in imported animals during adaptation. Analysis of phagocytic activity and phagocytic index revealed intensive phagocytosis in imported marals: phagocytic activity – by 12,4 % (P < 0,05), phagocytic index – by 5,1 %, and the increase in the content of lysosomal and cationic proteins by 12,8 % (P < 0,05). Analysis of the bactericidal activity of blood serum has shown its lower level in imported animals (45,97±1,36 %), compared with marals of the same breed bred in the Altai Republic (52,19±2,15 at P < 0,05). Thus, according to most indicators of natural resistance marals of Altai-Sayan breed imported to Tyva have a fairly high level of natural protection, which indicates that they can be adapted to the natural climatic and feeding conditions of the Republic of Tyva.

Peculiarities of the course of the postpartum period in domestic reindeer females, its morphophysiology and behavioral reactions in the North-East of Russia (Republic of Sakha)

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
V. Fedorov ◽  
E. Sleptsov ◽  
K. Plemyashov
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Mountain Taiga

A growth in the number of deer and an increase in their productivity are closely related to the solution of the complex problem of reproduction and rational use of deer females. Significant damage to reindeer husbandry is caused by the barrenness of northern domestic deer, the level of which has been quite high in recent years. So, in the Republic of Sakha, on 01.01.2020, the number of domesticated reindeer was 152,068, of which female deer and heifers — 71,818, offspring per 100 females — 59, business yield amounted to 52 fawns per 100 females. The causes of infertility are very diverse, as the natural and climatic conditions of the breeding zones have a significant influence on the reproductive function of reindeer. In Yakutia, the main population of northern domestic deer is bred in mountain taiga and tundra natural-climatic zones, so there are about 55 thousand deer in the mountain taiga zone and more than 65 thousand deer in the tundra zone. In this regard, the study of the peculiarities of the postpartum period course in domestic reindeer females, its morphophysiology, and behavioral reactions depending on the natural and climatic conditions of breeding is of great importance.

scholarly journals The cell protection of weated pigs for probiotics

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
L. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Lysozyme Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Experimental Group

The immune system is central to ensuring the consistency of the body's homeostasis. The state of the body's natural resistance is determined by a set of non-specific protective mechanisms. Lymphocytes and phagocytes are actively involved in maintaining immunity. Lymphocytes recognize the antigens of pathogenic microorganisms, and phagocytes absorb and destroy the pathogens themselves. During the weaning of piglets from sows there is a decrease in the protective forces of their body. During this period, the natural resistance of the piglets is reduced due to the stressful situation caused by changing conditions of confinement, the transition to full feed and lack of sows. The immune system of weaning pigs is relatively weak, so when exposed to environmental and technological stressors, they become susceptible to various diseases. The use of probiotic drugs stimulates the activity of the immune system, prevents stress and immunodeficiency. One of these probiotics is the probiotic of domestic production Protecto-active. It w observed the the influence of the probiotic Protecto-active on the indices of nonspecific resistance of the young pigs organism to the growth. An increase in bactericidal activity of blood serum by 12.10% (P <0.05) and lysozyme activity of blood in the piglets of the experimental group was increased by 3.71% compared to control, which indicates the activation of the body's defenses and the increase in adaptive capacity. An important step in the study of the influence of the probiotic Protekto-active on the state of the immune system is to determine the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, phagocytic index and phagocytic number. In the experimental group of piglets that were fed the probiotic Protecto-active, we found an increase in leukocyte phagocytic activity by 9.0% (P <0.001), a phagocytic index by 51.7% (P<0.001) and a phagocytic number by 24.8% ( P <0.01) compared with the control group. Thus, using a probiotic Protecto-active, all indicators of phagocytosis increase: the number of phagocytes increases, their ability to capture microorganisms and increases their digestive capacity, it increases the bacterial and lysozyme activity of blood serum, which is positively reflected in the immunobiosity. Key words: probiotic, phagocytosis, phagocytic index, phagocytic number, phagocytic activity of leukocytes, cellular immunity, piglets

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE GENERAL CLIMATE COMFORT IN THE VOLGA REGION, THE REPUBLIC OF ALTAI AND THE REPUBLIC OF KHAKASSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1212-1215
Author(s):  
Ilia B. Andryushin ◽  
E. A. Valtseva ◽  
N. A. Meshkov
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Altai Republic ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Climate Comfort

Introduction. The problem of the impact of climatic environmental factors on the state of public health and, as a consequence, the exacerbation of chronic diseases in meteosensitive people is considered. Aim of thу study to assess the overall comfort of the climate in the territories of the Volga region (Mari El Republic, Chuvash Republic, and Nizhny Novgorod Region), the Altai Republic and the Khakassia Republic. Material and methods. In order to identify interregional differences in the living conditions of the population, an assessment of the degree of overall climate comfort in the study areas were performed on the most significant climatic and bioclimatic indices. They include: the average temperature in the warm months (July, August) and the coldest month of the year (January), the number of contrasting changes of periods with the same type of weather, the index of weather variability, the severity weather of January by Bodman, the number of days with strong wind of six or more meters per second. Results. The obtained data on the degree of climate comfort was processed using a 5-point scale which highlighted the following intervals: values (Km) ranging from 3.51 to 5 - the most comfortable climatic conditions, (Km) values ranging from 2.86 to 3.5 - comfortable enough climatic conditions, (Km) values in the range from 2.3 to 2.85 - the least comfortable climatic conditions. Conclusions. On the territory of the Volga region, the Altai Republic, and the Khakassia Republic, there are two degrees of comfort conditions: the most comfortable and reasonably comfortable, non-voltage compensatory-adaptive mechanisms in people with diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Climatic conditions are the risk factors for the development of cardiorespiratory disease and the burden of existing chronic diseases, their assessment is necessary for the development of preventive measures.

TISSUE PREPARATION USAGE FOR IMPROVED REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION OF HEIFERS

10.12737/7750 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
Самоделкин ◽  
Aleksandr Samodelkin ◽  
Еремин ◽  
Sergey Eremin
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
Drug Injection ◽  
Phagocytic Capacity ◽  
Live Weight Gain

The research of influence of new tissue drug &#34;bio-tec&#34; on physiological, immunobiochemistric indices, gematological indices, live weight gain and diseases of newborn calves. It was established, that under influence of tissue drug the bactericidal activity of serum (bas) increased up to 11,4%. In the test groups bas was bigger than in the control group by 5,4-12,9%. 21 day after drug injection animals of test groups had lysozyme activity of serum advantage by 8,9- 16,3% and phagocytic activity of neutrophils advantage by 5,6%. subcutaneous injection of tissue drug to calves in 4ml dose on 5-8 day promotes the increasing of phagocytic index up to 11,7% and phagocytic number by 6,4%. The phagocytic capacity of calves in test groups increased by 4,5-12,4% in 21 day period after the drug injection. The correction of natural resistance of calves by using the new tissue drug contributed the decrease of illnesses by 2-3 times and increased the safety and live weight gain.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОЙ РЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТИ КОРОВ ЧЕРНО-ПЕСТРОЙ ПОРОДЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ УРОВНЯ МОЛОЧНОЙ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Yu.M. SMIRNOVA ◽  
A.V. PLATONOV ◽  
Т.В. СЕДУНОВА ◽  
А.Г. КУДРИН
Keyword(s):  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Productivity Level ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Service Period

Изучили влияние уровня продуктивности коров на показатели естественной резистентности организма на 3 группах коров черно-пестрой породы, разделенных по уровню удоя за предыдущую лактацию методом сбалансированных групп. I группа включала животных с продуктивностью до 6000 кг, II от 6001 до 8000, III от 8001 кг и более. Был проведен анализ продуктивных и воспроизводительных качеств коров, а также изучены морфо-биохимические и иммунологические показатели крови, где определяли содержание общего белка, его фракций, фагоцитарную активность нейтрофилов. Установили, положительную взаимосвязь между продуктивностью животных за предыдущую лактацию и уровнем продуктивности за 100 дней последующей лактации. Наблюдается удлинение сервис-периода от 94 до 110 дней и количества доз на оплодотворение животных от 1,3 до 1,8. Рост молочной продуктивности влечет за собой снижение поглотительной способности нейтрофилов (фагоцитарное число, фагоцитарный индекс и фагоцитарная активность). У животных III группы в сухостойный период, и в период раздоя установлено снижение фагоцитарного числа по сравнению с показателями коров I и II групп. Во II группе отмечается наибольшее количество фагоцитирующих нейтрофилов к общему числу подсчитанных (23,67). Увеличение молочной продуктивности приводит к снижению содержания -глобулинов в крови сухостойных коров. Полученные данные свидетельствуют об обратной связи между естественной резистентностью организма и уровнем молочной продуктивности коров.We analyzed the influence of cows productivity level on indicators of organisms natural resistances in 3 groups of black pied cattle, divided according to the level of yield accumulated during previous lactation, through the method of balanced groups. Group I included animals with productivity level up to 600 kg, II from 6.001 kg to 8000 kg, III from 8001 kg and more. The analysis of productive and reproducible qualities of cows was conducted. Also, we studied morpho-biochemical and immunological parameters of blood, which determined the content of total protein, its fractions, phagocytic activity of neutrophils. We established a positive relationship between the productivity of animals during the previous lactation and the level of productivity during 100 days of subsequent lactation. There is an extension of the service period from 94 to 110 days and the number of doses for animals fertilization increased from 1.3 to 1.8. The growth of milk productivity entails a decrease in the absorption capacity of neutrophils (phagocytic number, phagocytic index, and phagocytic activity). Among animals of group III, during the dry and milking periods, a decrease, in comparison with the indicators of cows from groups I and II, of the phagocytic number was found. In group II, there is a highest number of phagocytic neutrophils in relation to its counted total number (23.67). The increase of milk productivity leads to a decrease of -globulins in the blood of dry cows. Obtained data indicate an inverse relationship between the natural resistance of the organism and the level of cows milk productivity.

scholarly journals Immunobiochemical parameters of maral blood in the Republic of Тuvа

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
E. E. Kuzmina
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Altai Republic ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Weak Negative Correlation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Optimal Adaptation ◽  
Total Average

The results of the study of hematological and biochemical blood parameters of Altai-Sayan breed of marals are presented. Blood parameters of 5–6 year-old stag marals brought from the Altai Republic in 2014–2015 and currently bred in the Republic of Tuva were studied. Content of total protein in blood was lower than the established standard indicators for maral blood by 12.8%, albumin by 51.5, betaglobulin by 72.4, and cholesterol by 59.5%. The following indicators exceeded the standard: number of leukocytes – by 40.4%, alpha-globulins – by 21.0%, gamma-globulins – 2.1 times, AcAt – by 6.8%, glucose – by 16.4%. The average IgA content in the blood of the studied animals was 0.022 mg/ml, IgG – 0.039, IgM – 0.020 mg/ml. A weak negative correlation was found between the content of IgG and the number of leukocytes (r = –0.38), as well as an average positive correlation between the level of IgA and the concentration of urea in the blood (r = 0.47). In the study of the phagocytic system of stag marals of the Tuvan population, the values of phagocytic activity were established at the level of 25.4 ± 0.29, the phagocytic index – 4.33 ± 0.09, and the phagocytic number – 1.03 ± 0.03. The revealed interconnections of the hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of blood of stag marals brought from the Altai Republic and kept in the Republic of Tuva differ both in strength and in direction. Average negative correlations amounted to 41.9% of the total, average positive – 38.7, high positive – 12.9, high negative – 6.5%. Differences in the morphological and immunobiochemical composition of the blood of marals bred in the conditions of the Republic of Tuva from standard indicators are the result of optimal adaptation to the living conditions.

To syntaxonomy and ecology of communities with participation of alien species Hordeum jubatum L. in the South Urals

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Ya. M. Golovanov ◽  
L. M. Abramova
Keyword(s):  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Belt ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The South ◽  
Juncus Gerardii ◽  
Hordeum Jubatum ◽  
The Republic

The synthaxonomy and ecology of communities with predominance of Hordeum jubatum L., included in the «black list» of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Abramova, Golovanov, 2016a), the preliminary «black list» of the Orenburg Region (Abramova et al., 2017) and the «Black book of flora of Middle Russia» (Vinogradova et al., 2010), are discussed in the article, which continues a series of publications on the classification of communities with alien species in the South Urals (Abramova, 2011, 2016; Abramova, Golovanov, 2016b). H. jubatum was first found in the South Urals in 1984 as an adventive plant occurring along streets in the town of Beloretsk, as well as in gardens where it was grown as an ornamental plant. During the 1980s, it was met also at some railway stations and in several rural localities. Its active distribution throughout the South Urals started in XXI century (Muldashev et al., 2017). Currently, H. jubatum, most naturalized in the native salted habitats of the steppe zone, is often found in disturbed habitats in all natural zones within the region. The short vegetating period and resistance to drought allowed it to be naturalized also in dry steppes, where it increasingly acts as the main weed on broken pastures. The aim of the work, conducted during 2011–2017, was further finding the centers of H. jubatum invasion in 3 regions adjacent to the South Urals — the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg Regions (Fig. 1). In the main sites of H. jubatum invasion 71 relevès were performed on 10–100 m² sample plots with the information of location, date, the plot size, the total cover, average and maximum height of herb layer. Classification was carried out following the Braun-Blanquet method (Braun-Blanquet, 1964) with using the Kopecký–Hejný approach (Kopecký, Hejný, 1974). The community ecology was assessed by weighted average values according to the optimal ecological scales by E. Landolt with usfge of the software of IBIS (Zverev, 2007). PCA-ordination method with usage CANOCO 4.5 software package was applied to identify patterns of environmental differentiation of invasive communities. The current wide distribution area of H. jubatum and its naturalization in synanthropic, meadow and saline communities in the South Urals, as well as its occurrence within mountain-forest belt, forest-steppe and steppe zones both in the Cis- and Trans-Urals, indicates species wide ecological amplitude, high adaptive capability and invasive potential. Its vast thickets are known in the steppe zone, both in disturbed steppes around settlements and along the banks of water bodies. The invasion sites are smaller in the northern regions and mountain forest belt, where these are located in settlements or along communication lines. Therefore, the steppe zone is more favorable for invasive populations, and their distribution will continue from the south to the north. Communities with predominance of H. jubatum, described earlier (Abramova, Golovanov, 2016b) in the Cis-Urals as two derivative communities (associations Hordeum jubatum [Scorzonero–Juncetea gerardii], Hordeum jubatum [Artemisietea]) and Polygono avicularis–Hordeetum jubati, were met in other regions of the South Urals. Also a new derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Poa pratensis [Cynosurion cristati], occuring in the northern part of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals, was established. In new habitats this species forms three types of communities: ass. Polygono avicularis–Hordeetum jubati (Fig. 2) the most widespread in anthropogenic habitats throughout the South Urals; derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Juncus gerardii [Scorzonero–Juncetalia gerardii] (Fig. 5) which replaces saline meadows mainly in the steppe zone of the region; derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Poa pratensis [Cynosurion cristati] (Fig. 4) which y replaces low-herb meadows in the forest-steppe zone and mountain-forest belt. PCA ordination (Fig. 6) shows that moisture (H) and soil richness-salinization (S) factors are in priority in differentiation of communities with predominance H. jubatum. The first axis is mainly related to the salinization and soil richness. The community pattern along the second axis is associated with wetting factor. The cenoses of the derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Poa pratensis [Cynosurion cristati] (less salted substrates in drier conditions in the northern part of the forest-steppe zone and the mountain forest belt) are grouped in the upper part of the ordination diagram, while communities of ass. Polygono avicularis–Hordeetum jubati (drier conditions in settlements, the steppe zone) in its low left part. Thus, axis 1 also reflects the intensity of trampling. Another group is formed by cenoses of the derivate community Hordeum jubatum–Juncus gerardii [Scorzonero–Juncetalia gerardii], (salt substrates with a high level of moisturization, on not very damaged water body banks). All communities with H. jubatum are well differentiated in the space of the main ordination axes that indirectly confirms the correctness of our syntaxonomic decision. Undoubted is further expansion of H. jubatum with its entering both anthropogenic and natural plant communities within the South Urals that suggests a constant monitoring in centers of species invasion.

Technological and Economic Aspects of Intensive Gardening Development in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
L.A. Velibekova ◽  
◽  
Sh.M. Magomedgadgiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Healthy Lifestyles ◽  
Current State ◽  
Nursery Management ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Key Industry ◽  
Fruit Plantations

The article notes that the growing popularity of healthy lifestyles contributes to the increase in consumption of fruits and berries. At the same time, the analysis of the dynamics of the gardening industry for 2000-2018 shows that the problem of providing fresh fruits and berries to the population remains one of the most important. Based on actual data, linear and logarithmic models of time series of key industry indicators for the period 2010 – 2019 have been compiled. Calculations showed that in the Russian Federation as a whole the trend of reduction of sown areas of perennial fruit plantations will continue with growth of yield and gross fees. In this regard, the issues of distribution and introduction of gardens of intensive type are updated. An overview of the views of domestic scientists-gardeners on the concept of “intensive garden” is given. It has been established that the distribution of intensive gardens is possible only if there are favorable natural and climatic conditions and a developed scientific and production base of nursery management. The current state and problems of gardening in one of the leading regions – the Republic of Dagestan - are considered. A significant technological lag of region in the further development of intensive horticulture has been identified. Various directions of intensification process in horticulture as the main and necessary condition of growth of efficient and sustainable production are summarized.

TO STUDY THE DYNAMICS OF IMMUNITY IN BLACK-AND-WHITE COWS DEPENDING ON AGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
М.В. ДОВЫДЕНКОВА
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

Проведена статистическая обработка сформированной базы данных показателей неспецифической резистентности MS «Excel» с целью изучения динамики иммунитета по параметрам бактерицидной, лизоцимной и фагоцитарной активности у крупного рогатого скота черно-пестрой породы разных возрастов. Было установлено, что средние значения показателей лизоцимной и бактерицидной активности у телят в 6 мес были ниже (47,89% и 49,09%, соответственно), чем у животных в 3—4 года (53,75% и 52,81%). Выведено уравнение регрессии, описывающее взаимосвязь между средними показателями фагоцитарной активности и возрастом при высокой степени достоверности (R2=0,90). Изменения лизоцимной и бактерицидной активности в зависимости от возраста были недостоверными (R2=0,58 и R2=0,49, соответственно). Установлена высокая корреляция между бактерицидной и лизоцимной активностью. Отмечена динамика изменения неспецифического иммунитета у коров различных возрастных групп. Создание баз данных и постоянный мониторинг основных показателей естественной резистентности в зависимости от различных факторов (породы, возраста, стадий лактации, кормления, способов содержания), которые влияют на данные показатели, необходимо для оценки физиологического состояния организма животных и их устойчивости к болезням. Statistical processing of the generated MS "Excel" on indicators of non-specific resistance database was carried out with the aim of studying the dynamics of the development of immunity in terms of bactericidal, lysozyme and phagocytic activity in black-and-white cattle of different ages. It was found that the average values of indicators of lysozyme and bactericidal activity in calves at 6 months were lower (47.89% and 49.09%, respectively) than in animals at the age of 3—4 years (53.75% and 52.81%). The equation of regression was derived, it describes the relationship between the average indicators of phagocytic activity and the age with a high degree of reliability (R2=0.90). The changes in lysozyme and bactericidal activity depending on age were dubious (R2=0.58 and R2=0.49, respectively). The high correlation between bactericidal and lysozyme activity was established. It was noticed that the cows of different age groups experienced the dynamics of changes in nonspecific immunity. The creation of databases and constant monitoring of the main indicators of natural resistance, depending on various factors (breed, age, stages of lactation, feeding, methods of keeping) that affect these indicators, is necessary for assessing the physiological state of the animals’ body of and their resistance to diseases.

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