Кыргыз орфографиясы жана анын айрым маселелери

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
А.Т. Дунканаев ◽  
А.А. Молдакунова
Keyword(s):  
Social Function ◽  
National Language ◽  
Literary Language

Аннотация: Макалада адабий тилдеги орфографиянын орду, маанилүүлүгү жөнүндө сөз болот. Кыргыз орфографиясынын эрежелеринин айрым калпыстыктары тууралуу жекече көз караштар билдирилет. Орфография конкреттүү бир адабий тилдеги сөздөрдүн туура жазуу эрежелеринин системасы болуп саналат. Кыргыз элинин улуттук тили жазууга ээ боло баштагандан тарта орфографиянын маселелери колго алынып, илимий негизде такталып, жөнгө салынып келүүдө. Ар түрдүү диалектиде сүйлөгөн адамдардын бардыгына бирдей түшүнүктүү болгон адабий тил мүмкүнчүлүктөрүнүн түзүлүшү, уюшулушу, камсыздалышы түздөн-түз орфографияга да тиешелүү. Ошондуктан анын коомдук функциясы зор. Түйүндүү сөздөр: Орфография, орфографиялык сөздүк, адабий тил, адабий норма, эреже, тыбыш, тамга, сабаттуулук. Аннотация: В данной статье рассматривается место и значение орфографии в кыргызском литературном языке. Приводятся различные взгляды некоторых погрешностей правил кыргызской орфографии. Орфография является системой правописания слов одного конкретного литературного языка. С приобретением письменности орфография кыргызского национального языка начала изучаться, идет научное уточнение. Создание, организация и обеспечение возможности всеми, говорящими на разных диалектах, понятного литературного языка имеет прямое отношение к орфографии. Поэтому у орфографии огромная общественная функция. Ключевые слова: орфографический словарь, литературной язык, литературная норма, правило, звук, буква, грамотность. Annotation: This article discusses the place and meaning of spelling in a literary language. Various views of some errors of the Kyrgyz spelling rules are given. Spelling is a spelling system of words of one specific literary language. The spelling of the Kyrgyz national language began to be studied; scientific clarification is underway with the acquisition of writing. Creating, organizing and ensuring the possibility of all, speaking different dialects, clear literary language is directly related to spelling. There fore, the spelling social function is huge. Keywords: Spelling dictionary, literary language, literary norm, rule, sound, letter, literacy.

Languages of the Chinese of Java—An Historical Review

1984 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Rafferty
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
National Language ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Uses

The linguistic history of the Chinese of Java sketched here focuses on two periods of creative linguistic effort by the Chinese in the development of varieties of Malay/Indonesian. The first period is from 1880–1910, when the Peranakan Chinese—together with Dutch and Eurasians who were writing in Malay at the time—developed a literary language from Low Malay that was primarily an oral language with many regional and social variants. Soon after this period, the Dutch (and many Eurasians and some Chinese) abandoned Malay as a literary language in preference for Dutch. Only later, in the 1920s and 1930s, did Indonesian nationalists become interested in developing Malay as the national language. The second period of creative linguistic activity among the Peranakan Chinese is the period that followed Indonesian independence in 1945, which is characterized by the departure of the Dutch, the almost complete disappearance of the Dutch and Low Malay languages on Java, and the increased prominence of Javanese as the language of power and politics. During this period Peranakan of the Javanesespeaking areas of Java developed a Javanese-based mixed language (Indonesianized-Javanese) as their home language. The switch from a Malay-based to a Javanese-based language was not a radical change because the Peranakan community had been bilingual for many centuries, but it points out new social uses of languages already in their linguistic repertoire. This last period of linguistic creativity is significant because it is a break in the pattern of acceptance of another's language by the Chinese of Java, and it demonstrates their desire to create a distinctive dialect, a phenomenon reflecting the social reality of an unassimilated minority that has lived in the midst of the Javanese majority for centuries.

scholarly journals ARTISTIC TRANSFORMATION OF A MATURE IMAGE OF A HISTORICAL PERSON

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-213
Author(s):  
N. Akysh ◽  
◽  
G. Zhetekova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Moral Character ◽  
National Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Historical Images ◽  
Positive Feature ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Figurative Expressions

The article considers the novel "AK Boz Atta Aru" by the warrior-writer Sauirbek Bakbergenov, who creates the image of moral personalities. According to this novel by the writer, the General public will be able to get acquainted with the last years of the life of the educator, ethnographer, and historian Shokan Ualikhanov. The novel reveals the image of Chokan Valikhanov from different sides, in addition to the main character, bright, convincing, historical images are created. A positive feature of the work is a more vivid expression of the richness of the literary language. The article reveals the features of each part of the novel, analyzes vivid expressions, such as a living example of oratory, which can serve as a model for the younger generation of writers, and provides specific examples where vivid figurative expressions worthy of the colors of the moral character of the national language. One of the essential features of the work is the problem of national independence.

scholarly journals Derivatives ending in -чий in the Ukrainian national and literary language

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
Kateryna Horodenska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
National Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Common ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Derivatives Of

Abstract: The investigation is grounded on the idea of academic Ukrainian linguistic studies about the absence of active participles with the suffix -ч- in the Ukrainian national language of the XIX century and in the early stages of development of the modern Ukrainian literary language. The paper defines the origin and status of derivatives ending in -ч-(-ий) available in the vocabulary of the modern Ukrainian literary language. The object of study were three types of derivatives: 1) verbal adjectives with the suffix -уч- (-юч-), many of which are former participles that have lost morphological or accent correlation with verbs in the form of the 3rd person plural, and now they denote the attributes of objects or their inherent properties; 2) adjectives formed from qualitative adjectives with the suffixes -уч- (-юч-), -ач- (-яч-), which modify derivatives by word-forming meaning of intense manifestation of the quality; 3) active adverbial participle forms of the present tense with the suffix -ч-, which retain morphological or accent correlation with verbs in the form of the 3rd person plural and are mainly calques from Russian adjectives ending in -щ-(-ий), -ем-(-ый). The author substantiates the normality and expediency of the derivatives ending in -ч-(-ий), which belong to the first two groups and have become a means of expressing the quality of someone or something. At the same time, the author qualifies the derivatives of the third group as non-normative, as they contradict the morphological and word-formation norms of the Ukrainian literary language. This causes their replacement by adjectives with the suffixes -льн-, -івн-, -н- and other equivalent adjectives or complex nouns, which is especially noticeable in terminological systems, as well as in the common usage. These processes reflect the tendency to restore historically formed samples of Ukrainian adjective word formation and the consistent standardization of modern Ukrainian literary language on its national basis. Keywords: derivatives ending in -ч-(-ий), verbal adjectives with the suffix -уч- (-юч-), adjectives with the suffixes -уч- (-юч-), -ач- (-яч-), active present participles with the suffix -ч-, word-formation norm, the Ukrainian national language, the Ukrainian literary language.

scholarly journals Innovative linguistic ideas and concepts of Larysa Shevchenko

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-23
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Styshov ◽  
Dmytro Syzonov
Keyword(s):  
Social Space ◽  
Chief Editor ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
National Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Language Communication ◽  
Political Linguistics ◽  
New Research

The article establishes innovative views on modern linguistics in systematic analysis of numerous works by prof. L.I. Shevchenko – a prominent Ukrainian linguist, head of the department of stylistics and language communication, a vice-chairman of the Ukrainian committee of Slavists, a member of two commissions of the International committee of Slavists (media linguistic and stylistic), chief editor of the international edition «Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice». The pre-anniversary article focuses on the scholar’s concept of intellectualization of the Ukrainian literary language, integration of the researcher’s works with European academic discourse, particularly, in the context of innovative linguistic directions – legal linguistics, media linguistics, business linguistics, political linguistics etc., the analysis of which is determined by exploratory vector of a modern linguist. The authors also mention the works of prof. L.I. Shevchenko’s mentees. More than 10 PhD and doctoral theses have been defended under the scholar’s supervision. Prof. L.I. Shevchenko holds a special place at Kyiv stylistic school, which is confirmed by the researcher’s numerous works that have qualitatively changed and deepened views on some issues of theoretical and functional stylistics. These are primarily theoretical problems of modern linguistics and the search for new research paradigms, the problems of stylistic differentiation of the Ukrainian literary language, the analysis of concepts of the theory of language intellectualization, modern view on idiostylistics, the issue of the national language status in contemporary social space, a profound analysis of Ukrainian linguistics in ideas, concepts and personalities. Productivity and polyphony of the researcher’s interests, her wide scientific outlook, encyclopedic knowledge, desire to be modern in the context of innovative views and ideas in world linguistics, fundamental role in formation of new research directions define a significant place of prof. L.I. Shevchenko in the XXI century linguistics.

scholarly journals Russian-Ukrainian dialect of the disappearing farm Redkodub

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-145
Author(s):  
Lubov V. Nedostupova
Keyword(s):  
National Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Valuable Thing ◽  
Comparison And Analysis ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Reflexive Verbs ◽  
Final Syllable ◽  
Different Parts

Among the most important tasks of linguists-dialectologists at the present time is the study of the territorial forms of existence of the national language due to the shrinking space of their functioning. This work gives an idea of ​​one dialect of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia. The purpose of this study was to identify in a specific language the disappearing farm Redkodub of the Alekseevsky district of the Belgorod region the distinctive features of phonetics and morphology that characterize the state of the local subdialect in the 21st century, not previously studied. To achieve a goal, the author uses the following methods: interviewing, observation (identifying facts and determining their features), interpretation, comparison and analysis. The object of exploration interest was the speech of the old residents of the surveyed settlement, unique in its kind. The work considers the phonetic and morphological features of the dialect. Its following characteristic features were found: acania; use of hard consonants in place of soft ones before “e”, “and”; “G” of fricative education; using “x” in place of “k”; the use of “хв”, “хф” in place of “f”; “And” in place of “yat”; simplification of sounds in different parts of the word; loss of a consonant at the beginning of a word and a vowel at the end of a word; iotaatsiya - the appearance of the consonant sound “y” in different parts of the word; cases of lengthening of the final syllable in words; the appearance of an inserted vowel; no transition from “e” to “o” after soft consonants; the use of the vowel “y” in place of “in” and “in” in place of “y”; epenthesis; replacing “c” with “s”; maintaining the softness of consonants before “and” in place of “e” and “o”; stunning voiced consonants in the middle and at the end of words; transfer of stress in words; the ending “-я” in the nominative plural; the ending “-y” for nouns in the genitive singular; the endings “-iv”, “-in-” in the genitive plural; destruction of the category of the genus; the use of the postfix “-sya” in place of “-s” in reflexive verbs, etc. It is concluded that the present subdialect has the properties of the Russian dialect and Ukrainian language systems. The author believes that the dialect of the disappearing farm Redkodub can be attributed to a mixed Russian-Ukrainian and argues that the most valuable thing for us is the original folk speech, which is not very influenced by the literary language.

scholarly journals SUGGESTIVNESS OF THE “OFUDESAKI” TEXT: INTENTION OR FORTUITOUSNESS?

2021 ◽  
pp. 325-338
Author(s):  
S. M. Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Good Reason ◽  
National Language ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
Lexical Composition ◽  
The Many ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article goal is to single out and describe verbal means of suggestive influence on the recipient of “Ofudesaki” text a translation erbatim from Japanese: “At the tip of the brush”), which is the main script of the Tenrikyo religion, one of the “oldest” among the many newest syncretic religions in Japan, founded by a simple peasant Nakayama Miki (1797-1887) in 1838. The text “Ofudesaki”, written by the founder of this religion “from the words of God the Father” in 1869-1881, consists of 17 chapters and 1711 tanka poems, which vividly reflect the Japanese language of the second half of the 19th century. This makes it possible to consider “Ofudesaki” as a valuable source of spoken and literary language of this historical era, as well as the then Kansai dialect, because, despite the poetic form, this work is saturated with colloquial vocabulary and dialectal expressions. Thus, the subject of research is the graphic, phonetic, lexical and syntactic features of “Ofudesaki” text, which reflect not only the idiolect of the author of this sacred work, but also give good reason to make assumptions about the intentional pastiche of this text by Nakayama Miki at almost all language levels. The methods of semantic, grammatical, etymological analysis, as well as historical and descriptive ones are used in the work. One of the main results and substantiated by specific examples study findings is the hypothesis put forward by the author of the article that the convergence of Japanese spoken language with literary language was bidirectional. Not only the language of fiction actively influenced the normative base of the national language through the education system, but also the spoken element had a significant impact on the then Japanese language, “eroding” the limits defined by the literary tradition: changing the pronunciation of words, lexical composition, grammar rules, stylistic norms, and so on.

scholarly journals SOCIAL ISOLATION OF THE DIALECT, ITS PRESTIGE AND DIVERGENT PROCESSES IN THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE

2016 ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Ye. V. Brisina ◽  
V. I. Suprun
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
National Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Socially Isolated ◽  
The Russian Language

The paper discusses socially isolated dialects of the Russian language with a high positive rating of prestige by the native speakers. Pomorian dialect is partially codified. The Kuban Cossacks have Russian-Ukrainian origin, only the Ukrainian balachka (балачка) was codified. The Don prestige dialect did not receive codification, but because of its social isolation it is not influenced by neighbouring dialects and the literary language.

The issues of style and stylistics in general and Azerbaijani linguistics

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Xuraman İbniyəmin qızı Məhərrəmova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Social Function ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Broad Field ◽  
Historical Necessity

With the development and rise of literary language, different styles emerge. Our literary language operates on the basis of a system of styles and fulfills its social function. In this process, different styles emerge and language influences society through this means. Functional styles, which are a historical category, arose out of historical necessity. They do not stay in one state, they develop and change. Language is a social phenomenon and meaning, and performs certain functions, which also cover various areas of human activity. The diversity of existing ideas and thoughts about the term stylistics also confirms once again that stylistics is a fairly broad field of language. Keywords: literary language, norm, style, functional styles, linguistics

Term and lexicographic standard

2019 ◽  
pp. 311-318
Author(s):  
Zinaida Kozyreva
Keyword(s):  
Structural Features ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
National Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
New Words ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The Social ◽  
A Chain

The article is devoted to the question of selecting a special (terminological) vocabulary for a comprehensive explanatory dictionary and its lexicographic normalization (standardization). Of particular relevance, this problem occurs today, when there is an active replenishment of the terminology in various fields of science, technology, production, etc. The language policy regarding the dynamic nature of the norms of the literary language consists in its codification – the establishment of rules of use in dictionaries and grammar. The main principle of graphic design of words in the dictionary of an interpretative type is the strict observance of the rules of the spelling. Independent standardization (bringing terminology to a single system) from the necessity of the first priority solving a number of problems caused by violations of the lexical general literary norm. The most typical spelling mistakes that occur in dictionaries are outlined, and the ways of overcoming them are proposed. The combination of objective updating of the lexical structure with the consciously carried on by linguists subjective updating has become a specific feature of work on organization, codification and development of the Ukrainian vocabulary. In a chain of terms on the notation of the notion “bringing something into a uniform” there is a certain hierarchical subordination: systematization – normalization – unification – codification – standardization “observance of the only stable grammatical and stylistic norms on the national language”. The question of the place of special vocabulary in general dictionaries is one of the most difficult in modern lexicography, especially today, when there is an active replenishment of the vocabulary by terms of various branches of science, technology, production. Theoretical lexicography substantiates the necessity of introducing terms into the register of explanatory dictionaries, which is the core of the terminology and at the same time a part of the literary language. Practical work on the dictionary reveals various tendencies in fixing the new words of the special vocabulary: from the aspiration of its full coverage to the reasoned selection. There are several main criteria for selecting terminological units for a general-purpose dictionary: 1) the social significance of the terms of science and technology; 2) structural features contributing to the term adaption by the system of literary language; 3) the scope of the special vocabulary. The stable tendency of productivity growth of syntactic derivation in the Ukrainian language is noted – replenishment of the terminological fund by terms of phrases, and also the criteria of the selection of such multi-component phrases, their codification and standardization are outlined. The main tendencies, which are traced in the new dictionaries, are noted. One of the most important is devoted to the foreign words entry into Ukrainian and problems connected with their spelling. Violations of spelling norms caused by wrong adaptation of borrowings in modern dictionaries are pointed out, and the negative influence of spelling mismanagement of borrowings on the functioning of the Ukrainian lexemes is emphasized. As a result, a well-considered way of building and normalizing the Ukrainian literary lexicon is the principle of a reasonable balance between tradition and the need for renewal.

scholarly journals Vocabulary with the Northern Russian dialect base in the Russian literary language

Neophilology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Lyudmila A. Dmitruk
Keyword(s):  
National Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Russian Dialect ◽  
New Formation

We analyze a number of significant issues of historical lexicology and dialectology related to the development of the Russian literary language, as well as to the study of the nature of its inclusion in the national language. We trace the connection of the codified language with such extra-literary elements as folk patois, vernacular, jargons, we determine their historical significance for the creation in the 18th–19th centuries of a new formation language, built on a democratic basis. Northern Russian patois, including Kostroma, are regarded as the most archaic layer of linguistic phenomena that influenced the Moscow Koine, on the basis of which the literary language was later formed. In this study, the North Russian dialect vocabulary and narrower, Kostroma, is considered as a source of the formation of the vocabulary fund of the literary language, and the artistic, journalistic and scientific works of Kostroma writers and local historians of the late 19th – 20th centuries (A.O. Ablesimov, N.A. Nekrasov, А.N. Ostrovsky, S.V. Maksimov, I.M. Kasatkin, E.V. Chestnyakov, N.N. Vinogradov, V.I. Smirnov, A.V. Gromov, etc.), related to the Kostroma region, as one of the channels of the “migration” of a regional word into the literary language, which largely contributed to its adaptation and consolidation in a standardized language, the de-velopment of extensive lexical and semantic connections and relationships.

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