Efficacy of hyperbaric oxygenation in the complex treatment of new coronavirus infection COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
V. V. Ushakov ◽  
◽  
E. O. Girfanova ◽  
T. V. Zuevskaya ◽  
P. I. Pavlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hyperbaric Oxygenation ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Hemoglobin Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Pathology ◽  
Study Evaluation ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Peroxidation Processes

Purpose of the study: evaluation of the therapeutic effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygenation in the complex treatment of a new coronavirus infection – COVID-19. Materials and Methods: we studied 190 patients with COVID-19-induced pneumonia (mean age 52.2 ± 2.3 years), the study group (95 patients; 41 women, 54 men) received against the background of complex treatment courses of hyperbaric oxygenation № 3-5; at pressure 1.3-1.4 ATA for 40-60 minutes; comparison group (n = 95; 42 women; 53 men) received standard complex treatment. The concomitant diseases in most patients were: arterial hypertension (stage I-II), obesity (stage II-IV) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: a more pronounced therapeutic effect was noted in the main group of patients: only 3 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, while in the comparison group – 10 patients, 2 of whom died. The presented data suggest that the use of HBO can quickly achieve correction of hypoxia in patients with new coronavirus infection, improve lung function, as well as improve the course of related diseases, including symptoms related to gastrointestinal pathology, cardiovascular disease, mental conditions, etc., affecting the body as a biostimulant. Conclusion: hyperbaric oxygenation in patients with new coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus is an effective method and has a multifactorial effect leading both to improvement of subjective state parameters of the examined patients and to increase of hemoglobin oxygen saturation, decrease of lipid peroxidation processes intensity, activation of antioxidant system of the body, restoration of pro- and antioxidants balance, normalization of apoptosis processes.

Hyperbaric oxygenation in the implementation of rehabilitation measures after COVID-19 pneumonia

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Tatyana Nikolaevna Kondratyeva ◽  
Natalya Alekseevna Kutalova
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygenation ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Rehabilitation Measures ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the study was to research the hyperbaric oxygenation effect on the condition of patients in the course of complex treatment aimed at rehabilitation after suffering from COVID-19 pneumonia. Results: the impact of hyperbaric oxygenation on the body of patients who have suffered from the novel coronavirus infection provides a positive dynamics and improves their quality of life. Conclusion: in the process of rehabilitating patients who have undergone the new coronavirus infection, it is necessary to use various physiotherapeutic measures, including hyperbaric oxygenation.

scholarly journals Condition after Thrombosis of the Cavernous Sinus, Complicated by Osteomyelitis of the Upper Jaw after a Coronavirus Infection in a Patient With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
F. A. Khaydarova ◽  
A. V. Alieva ◽  
T. T. Kamalov ◽  
V. A. Talenova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cavernous Sinus ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Upper Jaw

One of the most global health problems today is the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic and its numerous complications. COVID-19 was first reported in China in the city of Wuhan in December 2019. It was found that coronavirus infection leads to microvascular and macrovascular complications throughout the body. Recent data indicate a strong link between severe clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and an increased risk of thromboembolism. It is associated with several risk factors such as systemic hyperinflammation caused by coronavirus infection, hypoxia, and comorbidities. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying coagulopathy associated with COVID-19 include diffuse damage to endothelial cells, abnormal blood flow dynamics, and uncontrolled platelet activation. Studying the situation during the COVID-19 pandemic, we can notice that patients develop various complications during or after COVID-19. This article describes a clinical case of a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus who has developed cavernous sinus thrombosis complicated by osteomyelitis of the upper jaw after COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS APPLICATION "BIOCERULIN" IN THE COMPLEX TREATMENT OF THE PATIENTS WITH ONTOGENIC FLAGMONS OF THE MAXILLOFACIAL AREA

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
D.V. Steblovskyi ◽  
V.V. Bondarenko ◽  
O.S. Ivanytska ◽  
V.M. Skrypnyk ◽  
I.O. Ivanytskyi
Keyword(s):  
General Condition ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Main Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Maxillofacial Region ◽  
Traditional Therapy

Treatment of odontogenic phlegmon of the maxillofacial region remains an urgent problem of surgical dentistry due to the steady increase in their frequency, tendency to generalize the process and adverse effects. In this regard, there is a constant search for ways to improve the effectiveness of treatment of patients with odontogenic phlegmons of maxillofacial region. New technologies of drug treatment of this pathology are developed and put into practice. In recent years the attention of researchers in various conditions accompanied by the development of oxidative stress began to attract drugs that have antioxidant action, as it became known that the excess of reactive oxygen species in the regenerating wounds in the hearth of purulent inflammation affects the course of the course, wound healing. Interest in the treatment of various pathological conditions of the body is caused by the domestic antioxidant multifunctional enzyme "Bioceruline" which is composed of copper. In this regard, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of "Biocerulin" in the complex treatment of patients with odontogenic phlegmon of maxillofacial region. The object of the clinical study was 45 patients with odontogenic phlegmons of the maxillofacial region from 18 to 55 years old, who were treated in the maxillofacial department of PU "Poltava M.V. Sklifosovskyi regional clinical hospital PRC». All patients were without somatic pathology in compensated clinical condition. Immediately after hospitalization, patients underwent an emergency opening of purulent lesion, revision and adequate drainage of the affected cellular spaces, removal of the "causal" tooth. The extent of surgery and the choice of optimal access depended on the location and prevalence of phlegmon. Depending on the treatment, patients were divided into comparison groups (22 patients) and the main group (23 patients). The traditional therapy was used in the comparison group. "Biocerulin"was prescribed for the patients of the main group in addition to the traditional therapy. Analysis of obtained data in the treatment of patients with phlegmon revealed that both groups of patients had clear differences in the clinical course of purulent-inflammatory process. On the 2nd day after the opening of the phlegmon theweakness, headache, and sleep disorders were noted in the most of the patients of the comparison group who received traditional therapy. Pain with varying degrees of intensity was present in all patients. Improvement of the general condition of patients of this group was noted not earlier than 3-5 days after surgery. The improvement of the general condition and reduction of pain, normalization or decrease in body temperature, the beginning of restoration of function of the jaw apparatuswere notedin patients of the main group on the background of the introduction of "Bioceruline" already on the 2-3rd day after surgery. Thus, on the basis of the conducted researches it is possible to conclude that the basic (traditional) conservative therapeutic measures used for patients of the comparison group are not effective enough for the relief of the local and general inflammatory process, which caused the prolonged nature of organ-specific and functional rehabilitation of patients as a whole. The use of "Bioceruline" in complex therapy of patients with odontogenicphlegmons of the maxillofacial regionprovides rapid and intensive recovery of the general condition of patients and accelerates reparative processes in the wound and shortens the treatment time via 1.4 bed-days.

scholarly journals Parameters of the oxidative-reduction system of the homeostasis in female transplant patients with tumors of the reproductive system treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-300
Author(s):  
A. V. Babkina ◽  
M. Sh. Khubutiya ◽  
O. A. Levina ◽  
A. K. Evseev ◽  
A. K. Shabanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygenation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Transplant Patients

Introduction. Studies on the effects of hyperbaric oxygenation have often been represented as animal model experiments. Currently, the number of studies on the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the post-transplant period in humans is growing. The need in investigating the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the postoperative period in female transplant patient with tumors of the reproductive system is dictated by time.The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the complex treatment of transplant patients at an early stage of the postoperative period.Material and methods. We have studied the course of an early postoperative period in 8 female transplant patients with reproductive system tumors treated in N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, using hyperbaric oxygenation. The hyperbaric oxygen therapy sessions were provided in a single-patient hyperbaric chamber at 1.2–1.6 ATA for 40 minutes. The status of the redox homeostasis system was assessed based on the data of the platinum electrode open circuit potential measured in blood plasma by using the potentiometric method; and the blood plasma antioxidant activity was assessed by cyclic voltammetry.Results. The analysis of the results showed that there was a direct relationship indicating the positive effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the balance status of the pro- and antioxidant systems of the body, and on the improvement of blood counts.Conclusion. The early inclusion of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the complex treatment of transplant patients with tumors of the reproductive system contributes to a more rapid recovery of pro- and antioxidant systems of the body, blood counts.

THE KETOGENIC DIET: THE EFFECT ON THE BODY AS A WHOLE AND IN NEURO-ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES (literature review)

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Е.К. Дюсембеков ◽  
Н.Г. Жайшылыкова ◽  
Г.Ж. Аханов
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Negative Effect

Кетогенная диета помогает в повышении качества жизни пациентов с диабетом 2 типа. Также кетогенная диета способна привести в норму артериальное давление и липидный обмен - повышает уровень “хорошего” холестерина, так как при кетодиете понижается употребление углеводов и повышается потребление жиров. Это вызывает «кетоз» - употребление жиров в качестве топлива. Но отрицательным влиянием стало то, что метаболитами на период диеты становятся сами кетоновые тела, которые отравляют организм и ухудшают состояние организма. Химиотерапия и лучевая терапия помимо онкологических клеток убивает и здоровые клетки, этим вызывая, рост онкологических клеток в том же органе или уже в другом органе. И кетогенная диета, одна из диет, которая может увеличить время ремиссии или затормозить рост онкологических клеток. То есть кетогенную диету нужно использовать в комплексном лечении онкологических заболеваний. The ketogenic diet helps to improve the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes. Also, the ketogenic diet can normalize blood pressure and lipid metabolism - the level of "good" cholesterol increases, since the ketogenic diet reduces the consumption of carbohydrates and increases the consumption of fats. This causes "ketosis" - the use of fat as fuel. But the negative effect was that the ketone bodies themselves become metabolites for the period of the diet, which poison the body and worsen the condition of the body. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy, in addition to cancer cells, also kills healthy cells, causing cancer cells to grow in the same organ or in another organ. And the ketogenic diet, one of the diets that can increase the time of remission or slow down the growth of cancer cells. That is, the ketogenic diet should be used in the complex treatment of cancer.

Serum Ferritin Status of Patients with Type 2 DM Attending OPD of BIRDEM General Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Khadiza Begum ◽  
Fahmida Islam ◽  
Farjana Aktar ◽  
Murshida Aziz ◽  
Tohfa E Ayub Tahiya
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Acute Phase Reactant ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iron Stores ◽  
Normal Healthy Individual ◽  
Diabetes Patients

Background: In recent times much is talked about of serum ferritin, an acute phase reactant a marker of iron stores in the body and its association with diabetes mellitus. Studies implicate that increased body iron stores and subclinical hemochromatosis has been associated with the development of glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes and its micro as well as macrovascular complications. Material & Methods: This study was carried out to examine and to observe for any relationship between serum ferritin with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our study populations were included 163. Among them 81 type 2 diabetes patients as a case (M=49,F=32, mean 44.68 age in years)and 82 normal healthy individual as a control ( M=35, F=47 , mean 34.71 in years). Results: Majority were healthy outpatients who had come for regular checkup and were matched with controls. Serum ferritin and FBS were estimated and other investigations. Results showed that although Serum ferritin was in the normal range value it was increased in type 2 diabetes patients than in controls and was statistically significant, we did get a positive correlation with duration of diabetes. It can be concluded that there were positive associations between serum ferritin and FBG, age, sex among study groups. Conclusion: In conclusion our study shows that there is significant correlation between increased serum ferritin in diabetes compared to individuals with normal blood sugars in this part and hyper ferritinemia may be one of the causes for development of insulin resistance before overt diabetes. Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 11, No. 1: Jan 2020, P 7-10

FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN FOREIGN STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATIVE REGULATION DURING TUITION

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
A.M. Satarkulova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Adaptive Abilities

The assessment and dynamic control over students’ status is a very important task. It allows timely detection of prenosological status prior to pathology and health maintenance in students. The objective of the paper is to assess the adaptive abilities of the body, to analyze changes in heart rate variability indicators in students with various types of autonomic regulation, to identify prenosological status and precursory pathological symptoms. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 302 students from India, aged 21.54±1.43. Programming complex «Psychophysiologist» was used to register the main HRV parameters within 5 minutes. Health status was evaluated according to the index of functional changes and the scale of functional states. Results. N.I. Shlyk (2009) distinguished two groups of students with different types of autonomic regulation: type 1 (53 %) with moderate and type 2 (5 %) with marked characteristics of central regulation profile, type 3 (35 %) with moderate and type 4 (7 %) with marked characteristics of autonomous regulation profile. Main parameters of HRV and adaptation potential were defined for each student.All the parameters characterized functional and health status. Conclusions. It was shown that 82 % of trial subjects (type 1), 53 % (type 2), 94 % (type 3) and 95 % (type 4) demonstrated satisfactory adaptation and their physiological processes were at an optimal level. 18 % of students (type 1) demonstrated reduced adaptive abilities of the body. Moreover, they were under moderate stress. 47 % of subjects (type 2) were also under a significant stress, which was proven by excessively high SI, low SDNN and TP, and an increased index of functional changes. 5 % of students (type 4) revealed dysfunctional characteristics in the heart rhythm, peculiar to pathology. Keywords: foreign students, heart rate variability, types of autonomic regulation, adaptation potential, functional status. Оценка состояния студентов и динамический контроль за ним является важной задачей, поскольку позволяет своевременно выявлять у студентов донозологические состояния, предшествующие патологии, и способствовать сохранению здоровья. Цель. Оценка адаптивных возможностей организма, анализ изменений показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма у студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции, выявление донозологических состояний и ранних признаков патологии. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовало 302 студента в возрасте 21,54+1,43 года из Индии. Регистрировались основные параметры ВСР в течение 5 мин с использованием программно-аппаратного комплекса «Психофизиолог». Состояние и уровень здоровья оценивались по индексу функциональных изменений и шкале функциональных состояний. Результаты. По способу, предложенному Н.И. Шлык, выделены группы студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции: I (53 %) и II типы (5 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием центрального контура регуляции соответственно, III (35 %) и IV типы (7 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием автономного контура регуляции соответственно. У каждого из студентов определены основные параметры ВСР и адаптационного потенциала, характеризующие функциональное состояние и уровень здоровья. Выводы. Показано, что для 82 % обследуемых с I типом, 53 % со II типом, 94 % c III типом и 95 % с IV типом регуляции характерно состояние удовлетворительной адаптации, физиологические процессы сохраняются на оптимальном уровне. В группе студентов I типа у 18 % студентов адаптивные возможности организма снижены, выявлено состояние умеренного напряжения. У 47 % обследуемых II типа также зафиксировано состояние резко выраженного напряжения, индикатором которого является чрезмерно высокое значение SI, низкие величины SDNN и ТP, повышенное значение индекса функциональных изменений. В группе студентов с IV типом у 5 % учащихсяв регуляции ритма сердца выявлены дисфункциональные признаки, характерные для патологии. Ключевые слова: иностранные студенты, вариабельность сердечного ритма, типы вегетативной регуляции, адаптационный потенциал, функциональное состояние.

scholarly journals Reduction of estimated fluid volumes following initiation of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a secondary analysis of the placebo-controlled, randomized EMBLEM trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Tanaka ◽  
Michio Shimabukuro ◽  
Hiroki Teragawa ◽  
Yosuke Okada ◽  
Toshinari Takamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Cardiovascular Outcomes ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
The Body

Abstract Backgrounds/Aim Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors promote osmotic/natriuretic diuresis and reduce excess fluid volume, and this improves cardiovascular outcomes, including hospitalization for heart failure. We sought to assess the effect of empagliflozin on estimated fluid volumes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods The study was a post-hoc analysis of the EMBLEM trial (UMIN000024502), an investigator-initiated, multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized-controlled trial designed primarily to evaluate the effect of 24 weeks of empagliflozin treatment on vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes and established CVD. The analysis compared serial changes between empagliflozin (10 mg once daily, n = 52) and placebo (n = 53) in estimated plasma volume (ePV), calculated by the Straus formula and estimated the extracellular volume (eEV), determined by the body surface area, measured at baseline and 4, 12, and 24 weeks after initiation of treatment. Correlations were examined between the changes from baseline to week 24 in each estimated fluid volume parameter and several clinical variables of interest, including N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration. Results In an analysis using mixed-effects models for repeated measures, relative to placebo empagliflozin reduced ePV by − 2.23% (95% CI − 5.72 to 1.25) at week 4, − 8.07% (− 12.76 to − 3.37) at week 12, and − 5.60% (− 9.87 to − 1.32) at week 24; eEV by − 70.3 mL (95% CI − 136.8 to − 3.8) at week 4, − 135.9 mL (− 209.6 to − 62.3) at week 12, and − 144.4 mL (− 226.3 to − 62.4) at week 24. The effect of empagliflozin on these parameters was mostly consistent across various patient clinical characteristics. The change in log-transformed NT-proBNP was positively correlated with change in ePV (r = 0.351, p = 0.015), but not with change in eEV. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that initiation of empagliflozin treatment substantially reduced estimated fluid volume parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes and CVD, and that this effect was maintained for 24 weeks. Given the early beneficial effect of empagliflozin on cardiovascular outcomes seen in similar patient populations, our findings provide an important insight into the key mechanisms underlying the clinical benefit of the drug. Trial registration University Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry, number 000024502

scholarly journals Rap1a Overlaps the AGE/RAGE Signaling Cascade to Alter Expression of α-SMA, p-NF-κB, and p-PKC-ζ in Cardiac Fibroblasts Isolated from Type 2 Diabetic Mice

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 557
Author(s):  
Stephanie D. Burr ◽  
James A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽  
The Body ◽  
Signaling Cascade ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Pkc Ζ ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Cardiovascular disease, specifically heart failure, is a common complication for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heart failure can arise with stiffening of the left ventricle, which can be caused by “active” cardiac fibroblasts (i.e., myofibroblasts) remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM). Differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts has been demonstrated to be an outcome of AGE/RAGE signaling. Hyperglycemia causes advanced glycated end products (AGEs) to accumulate within the body, and this process is greatly accelerated under chronic diabetic conditions. AGEs can bind and activate their receptor (RAGE) to trigger multiple downstream outcomes, such as altering ECM remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Previously, our lab has identified a small GTPase, Rap1a, that possibly overlaps the AGE/RAGE signaling cascade to affect the downstream outcomes. Rap1a acts as a molecular switch connecting extracellular signals to intracellular responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that Rap1a crosses the AGE/RAGE cascade to alter the expression of AGE/RAGE associated signaling proteins in cardiac fibroblasts in type 2 diabetic mice. To delineate this cascade, we used genetically different cardiac fibroblasts from non-diabetic, diabetic, non-diabetic RAGE knockout, diabetic RAGE knockout, and Rap1a knockout mice and treated them with pharmacological modifiers (exogenous AGEs, EPAC, Rap1a siRNA, and pseudosubstrate PKC-ζ). We examined changes in expression of proteins implicated as markers for myofibroblasts (α-SMA) and inflammation/oxidative stress (NF-κB and SOD-1). In addition, oxidative stress was also assessed by measuring hydrogen peroxide concentration. Our results indicated that Rap1a connects to the AGE/RAGE cascade to promote and maintain α-SMA expression in cardiac fibroblasts. Moreover, Rap1a, in conjunction with activation of the AGE/RAGE cascade, increased NF-κB expression as well as hydrogen peroxide concentration, indicating a possible oxidative stress response. Additionally, knocking down Rap1a expression resulted in an increase in SOD-1 expression suggesting that Rap1a can affect oxidative stress markers independently of the AGE/RAGE signaling cascade. These results demonstrated that Rap1a contributes to the myofibroblast population within the heart via AGE/RAGE signaling as well as promotes possible oxidative stress. This study offers a new potential therapeutic target that could possibly reduce the risk for developing diabetic cardiovascular complications attributed to AGE/RAGE signaling.

Immunometabolism of obesity and diabetes: microbiota link compartmentalized immunity in the gut to metabolic tissue inflammation

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (12) ◽  
pp. 1083-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. McPhee ◽  
Jonathan D. Schertzer
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Gut Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

The bacteria that inhabit us have emerged as factors linking immunity and metabolism. Changes in our microbiota can modify obesity and the immune underpinnings of metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Obesity coincides with a low-level systemic inflammation, which also manifests within metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and liver. This metabolic inflammation can promote insulin resistance and dysglycaemia. However, the obesity and metabolic disease-related immune responses that are compartmentalized in the intestinal environment do not necessarily parallel the inflammatory status of metabolic tissues that control blood glucose. In fact, a permissive immune environment in the gut can exacerbate metabolic tissue inflammation. Unravelling these discordant immune responses in different parts of the body and establishing a connection between nutrients, immunity and the microbiota in the gut is a complex challenge. Recent evidence positions the relationship between host gut barrier function, intestinal T cell responses and specific microbes at the crossroads of obesity and inflammation in metabolic disease. A key problem to be addressed is understanding how metabolite, immune or bacterial signals from the gut are relayed and transferred into systemic or metabolic tissue inflammation that can impair insulin action preceding Type 2 diabetes.

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