AKTIVITAS REPELLENT FORMULASI SEDIAAN SPRAY KOMBINASI MINYAK ATSIRI SERAI (Cymbopogon winterianus), DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimum basilicum) DAN NILAM (Pogostemon Cablin) BESERTA UJI PREFERENSINYA

Plants that are played as mosquito repellents, one of which is plants that contain essential oils, such as lemongrass, basil and patchouli. As an effort to make it easier to use, this research will make a spray repellent preparation with a combination of active ingredients from essential oils of lemongrass, basil and patchouli. The research methods included making a spray repellent using essential oils of lemongrass, basil, patchouli every 0.1 ml (5 concentrations %), 0.2 ml (10% concentration), 0.3 ml (15% concentration) and the additives 1ml Propylene glycol and 5 ml 96% Ethanol which functions as a solvent. The experiment used five treatments, namely: Negative control (Kn), Formula A (0.1ml), Formula B (0.2ml), Formula C (0.3ml), and Positive Control (Kp). The parameters tested included pH test, patch test, organoleptic, specific gravity, emulsion stability, preference and percentage of protective power. The protective power test was carried out 10 times from each treatment for 6 hours of observation (0-1 hours, 1-2 hours, 2-3 hours, 3-4 hours, 4-5 hours and 5-6 hours). The results showed that the best spray expulsion treatment was formula B with a concentration of 10% (0.2 ml)

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Effectiveness Test of Basil Leaf (Ocimum basilicum) Extract As Bioinsecticide In Mosquito Coil to Mosquito Aedes aegypti Death

Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences ◽

10.19184/ams.v3i2.5063 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Indri Ramayanti ◽

Kamalia Layal ◽

Putri Utami Pratiwi

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Vector Control ◽

Dengue Fever ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Ocimum Basilicum ◽

Mosquito Coil ◽

Active Compounds

Aedes aegypti is the vector of Dengue Haemorhagic fever. One of the method to prevent the spread of dengue fever is vector control. Principal activity to control this vector might decrease their population as transmitter of disease. One way of controlling mosquitoes vectors is using a bioinsecticide from basil leaf. Basil leaf extract has bioinsecticide effect to Aedes aegypti because basil leaf has some active compounds, such as Flavonoid, Saponin, Tannin and essential oils. These compound are toxic to mosquitoes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum L.) extract as mosquito coil against Aedes aegypti. The design of this study is xperimental study with 450 subjects of Aedes aegypti. Subjects were divided into six groups. They were 0% (negative control), 25%, 50%. 70%, 90% extract and Transfluthrin 0,03% (positive control). Each group contained 25 mosquitoes. Observation were carried out for 60 minutes with 10 minutes intervals and three times of repetition. The Data were analyzed by probit to calculate the value of Lethal consentration. The result of Probit Analyze showed that LC50 was at a concentration of 41,81% and LC90 was at concentration of 101.66%. The results showed that the extract of basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum L.) effective as Aedes aegypti bioinsecticide in mosquito coil.

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Essential oils as tick repellents on clothing

Experimental and Applied Acarology ◽

10.1007/s10493-019-00422-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

pp. 209-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Oliver Soutar ◽

Freya Cohen ◽

Richard Wall

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

No Reduction ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Tick Abundance ◽

Spearmint Oil ◽

Oregano Oil ◽

Negative Controls ◽

Tick Repellents

Abstract Essential oils show promise as natural alternatives to synthetic tick repellents, but few studies have investigated their repellent efficacy in vivo or under field conditions. Here, blanket-drags and standardised walks were employed to evaluate tick acquisition by 1 m2 cotton blankets or cotton trousers, respectively, in woodland edge habitats of known high tick abundance. Blankets and trousers had been treated with one of 5% oregano, rosemary, spearmint or thyme oils, 20% DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) (positive control) or ethanol excipient-only (negative control). The number of ticks present on the blankets or trousers differed significantly between treatments: spearmint oil treatments resulted in significantly fewer ticks than the negative controls for both blankets and trousers and significantly fewer ticks were present on the oregano oil treated blankets. For ticks that did attach to the trousers, the rate of drop off within 3 min was significantly higher for trousers treated with spearmint oil or thyme oil than ethanol, oregano oil and rosemary oil. No reduction in repellence was detected over a 24 h period between treatment and testing. The results suggest that 5% oregano and spearmint oils exhibit potential as natural clothing repellents, with an effective equivalence to 20% DEET.

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Effects of avilamycin and essential oils on mRNA expression of apoptotic and inflammatory markers and gut morphology of piglets

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/338-cjas ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 9) ◽

pp. 377-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

A. Kroismayr ◽

J. Sehm ◽

M.W. Pfaffl ◽

K. Schedle ◽

C. Plitzner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Tissue Samples

In this study 120 piglets were allotted to 3 dietary treatments, negative control group, one group receiving a blend of essential oils (EO) derived from oregano, anise and citrus peels (40 mg/kg diet), and a positive control group treated with avilamycin as growth promoting feed additive (40 mg/kg diet). On day 22 of the experiment, 12 representative animals from each treatment group were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected for quantitative real time-PCR analysis and gut tissue morphology. EO and avilamycin decreased the gene expression of the transcriptional factor NFκB and the apoptotic marker TNFα significantly in the ileum and jejunum, respectively. The expression of the proliferation marker Cyclin D1 was also significantly decreased by both substances in the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. The colonic crypt depth was reduced by avilamycin, and also numerically by the essential oils. These changes correlated with the up-regulation of the apoptosis factor Caspase 3. Histomorphometry revealed a smaller size of ileal Peyer’s patches through the use of both feed additives, which correlated significantly with lower expression rates of NFκB. In conclusion, the results suggest that EO and avilamycin relieved weaning piglets from an immune defence stress in a similar way.

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Antibacterial Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Zingiber officinale, Citrus aurantium bergamia, and Copaifera officinalis Alone and in Combination with Calcium Hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/8129439 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Silmara Silva ◽

Nayane Alves ◽

Priscila Silva ◽

Thalita Vieira ◽

Panmella Maciel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Growth Control ◽

Zingiber Officinale ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Citrus Aurantium

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different concentrations of essential oils combined with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis. Thirteen experimental groups were formed: NC (negative control); PC (positive control); GC (growth control); SC (sterilization control); RO (Rosmarinus officinalis); ROH (calcium hydroxide + RO); ZO (Zingiber officinale); ZOH (calcium hydroxide + ZO); AB (Citrus aurantium bergamia); ABH (calcium hydroxide + AB); CO (Copaifera officinalis); COH (calcium hydroxide + CO); DWH (calcium hydroxide and distilled water). After reconstitution of the E. faecalis strain, microdilution testing was performed to define the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The data were tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet, and the MIC and MBC were calculated in accordance with the Bacteriological Analytical Handbook. MICs in the range of 0 to 100 mg/ml were only observed in the ROH group. The RO, ROH, AB, ZO, and ZOH presented absolute data for MBC. Bacterial growth was detected in the DWH group at all concentrations tested. The combination of the essential oils tested here with calcium hydroxide appears promising as an intracanal medication in endodontic treatment because of its effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis. Essential oils are important in endodontic therapy since calcium hydroxide, the gold standard intracanal medication, is not effective against E. faecalis.

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Effect of organic acids and essential oils on the performance of replacement pullets from their eighteenth to the seventeenth weeks of age

Acta Veterinaria Brasilica ◽

10.21708/avb.2016.10.3.5475 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 201

Author(s):

Silvana Cavalcante Bastos-Leite ◽

Eduardo Hálasson Araújo Alves ◽

Alisson Melo de Sousa ◽

Claudia De Castro Goulart ◽

Jessica Paloma Mourão dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Acids ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Basal Ration

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic acids and the combination of organic acids and essential oils on performance of replacement pullets hens. 360 animals from Hy-Line Brown lineage with eight weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replicates. The experiment lasted 63 days. The treatments (diets) were: Treatment 1 - negative control (no growth promoter); Treatment 2 - positive control (with growth promoter); Treatment 3 – basal ration + organic acids; Treatment 4 – basal ration + organic acids + essential oils. The variables evaluated were the initial and final weights, weight gain, accumulated consumption and feed conversion. There was no significant effect of treatment on any of the investigated parameters. It was concluded that the inclusion of organic acids or a combination of acids and essential oils do not affect the productive performance of replacement pullets.

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Evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentration and antimicrobial activity of basil extract (Ocimum basilicum L.) incorporated to the mouthwash

Journal of Research in Dentistry ◽

10.19177/jrd.v2e52014409-417 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

pp. 409

Author(s):

Ana Carolina Marcantonio ◽

Guilherme Oliveira ◽

Eloisa Boeck ◽

Thalita Pilon ◽

Adilson Bernardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Ocimum Basilicum ◽

Verification Method ◽

Microtiter Plates

AIM: This study has as aim to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration and the antimicrobial activity of basil extract incorporated to the mouthwash against the bacteria S.mutans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the study, the hydro alcoholic basil extract (Ocimum basilicum L.) incorporated to the mouthwash was used in order to evaluate the effect of this formulation on bacteria and its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). As positive control, TBS + S. mutans was used; as negative control, only the TBS; the fluid hydro alcoholic basil extract 20% and the concentrated basil extract 12%, both incorporated to the mouthwash, were also evaluated. As MIC verification method and antimicrobial activity, the micro dilution was used in the concentrations: pure, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64, 1/128; and carried out in triplicate. The microtiter plates were incubated and evaluated after 24 and 72hs. RESULTS: The results showed there was no antimicrobial activity of mouthwash associated to the fluid and concentrated basil extract. However, the mouthwash insulated showed antimicrobial activity only as pure; other dilutions did not presented the same result. CONCLUSION: Before the findings in this study, it is possible conclude that hydro alcoholic basil extract incorporated to the mouthwash did not present antimicrobial activity against the bacteria S. mutans.

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Essential Oils as Biocontrol Agents of Early and Late Blight Diseases of Tomato under Greenhouse Conditions

International Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1155/2021/5719091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Lydia G. Mugao ◽

Bernard M. Gichimu ◽

Phyllis W. Muturi ◽

Ezekiel K. Njoroge

Keyword(s):

Late Blight ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Early Blight ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Alternaria Solani ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Tomato Plants

Tomato production worldwide is usually restrained by various infections, among them mainly the late and early blight caused by Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani, respectively. Lately, there has been a growing concern over the use of synthetic fungicides on environmental and food safety, hence the need to explore other alternatives that are friendly to the user, the consumer, and the general environment. This research sought to test the potency of ginger, garlic, and Mexican marigold essential oils against the early and late blight diseases of tomato under greenhouse conditions. A synthetic fungicide (Ridomil Gold®) was used as a positive control while distilled water acted as a negative control. The extraction of essential oils was done by dry steam distillation and then mixed with tween twenty before being topped up with sterile distilled water. They were then used to spray tomato plants that had been inoculated with A. solani and P. infestans isolates under greenhouse conditions. The tomato plants were evaluated for growth, yield, and disease severity. The data obtained was subjected to ANOVA and separation of means was conducted using Student–Newman–Keul (SNK) test at 95% level of confidence. The three essential oils had a significant potency against the two diseases which is comparable to the synthetic fungicide. Marigold essential oil was also found to have a significant impact on the general growth of sprayed tomato plants. Essential oils of the three plants can be further explored as alternative products management of the two diseases.

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Efficacy of Essential Oils from Ocimum kenyense as a Biopesticide against Aphis gosypii, Thrips tabaci and Bemisia tabaci.

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.37284/ijar.4.1.505 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 14-26

Author(s):

Mwaura James Njuguna ◽

Mary Muriuki Hutchins ◽

Samuel Karenga

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Bemisia Tabaci ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Thrips Tabaci ◽

Contact Toxicity ◽

Chemical Pesticide ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Different Levels

Natural sources of biopesticides such as plants and microorganisms are widely employed for pest management globally. Over the last five decades, the use of biopesticides has been explored as a safer alternative to synthetic pesticides. This study determined the repellence and contact toxicity of essential oils from Ocimum kenyense plant against Thrips tabaci, Bemisia tabaci, and Aphis gosypii. The essential oils (Eos) were extracted from dry leaves by hydrodistillation using the Clevenger apparatus for 8 hours. The composition of essential oils was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed using GC-MS, while ATR-FTIR was used to determine the functional groups. The major compound ion in the Eos was 1,8-Cionele while the major phytochemical identified was Eucalyptol Bioassay of the crude extracts were carried out on T. tabaci, B. tabaci, and A. gosypii. Contact toxicity and repellency tests against mixed-sex adult pests were carried out on T. tabaci, B. tabaci, and A. gosypii. In contact toxicity, five different concentrations were prepared and each was replicated five times. Acetone was used as a negative control, while permethrin, a commercial chemical pesticide was used as a positive control. The LD50 of the essential oils was determined by Probit analysis SPSS version 26.0. The response to the treatments was observed after 24 hours by using a blunt object probing and the pests that did not respond were counted as dead. It was found that essential oils from O. kenyense had the lowest LD50 of 0.127 µL against A. gosypii. This implies that O. kenyense can be used as a contact toxicant against A. gosypii. Repellency tests were carried out at four different concentrations. N, N-Diethyltoluamide (DEET) repellent from a commercial mosquito repellent was used to compare the effectiveness of the essential oils against commercial repellents. The repellency test responses were observed after 1 hour and the data was used to determine the correlation between different levels of concentration of Eos and percentage repellency of Eos of O. kenyense leaves carried out at α=0.05. There was a high correlation of 1.000 between the increase in concentration of Eos and repellency against A. gosypii, T. tabaci and B. tabaci. The results were statistically significant and (P<0.05, α=0.05). Therefore, essential oils from O. kenyense can be used as a contact toxicant biopesticide against A. gosypii and a repellent biopesticide against A. gosypii, T. tabaci and B. tabaci.

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Combined Effect of Methanol Extracts and Essential Oils of Callistemon rigidus (Myrtaceae) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) against Anopheles gambiae Giles larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

International Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1155/2020/4952041 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Lame Younoussa ◽

Francine Kenmoe ◽

Mallam Kary Oumarou ◽

Aurore Christelle Sengue Batti ◽

Joseph Lebel Tamesse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Tap Water ◽

Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽

Control Program ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Mammalian Toxicity ◽

Callistemon Rigidus

Biopesticides from botanicals are nowadays actively encouraged in the mosquito control program because of their low mammalian toxicity, biodegradability, and target specificity. However, leaf methanolic extracts and essential oils of Callistemon rigidus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis were evaluated individually and in combination on third- and fourth-instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae. The extracts were tested individually and in combination at doses of 125, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm while essential oils were applied at 25, 50, 100, and 200 according to the standard protocol of WHO. The commercial insecticide Bi-one tested at the recommended dose of 1000 ppm was used as positive control while the solution of tap water containing 0.5 ml of methanol was used as negative control. The mortality of the larvae was recorded after 24 h postexposure. In the results, 100% mortality of the larvae was recorded with the extracts of C. rigidus and the combinations E50% : C50% and E25% : C75% of the plants as well as positive control (1000 ppm). Similarly, essential oils of the two plants and their combinations caused 100% mortality of the larvae. Among the various combinations of the extracts and essential oils, only the combination E75% : C25% of essential oils presented a synergistic effect. Therefore, the essential oil combination (E75% : C25%) of the plants E. camaldulensis and C. rigidus is recommended in order to promote the its use in the form of natural biocide in the implementation of effective insect controls against the mosquito larvae, vector of malaria.

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Effects of feeding two different blends of essential oils to finishing steers on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, meat composition, and shelf life

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2020-0075 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Justice B. Dorleku ◽

Lydia M. Wang ◽

Ziyu Zhou ◽

Ira B. Mandell ◽

Benjamin M Bohrer

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Oil Blends ◽

Finishing Steers ◽

Dietary Treatments

The objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding two different commercially available blends of essential oils to finishing steers to replace conventional feed additives in feedlot diets. Angus-based crossbred steers (N=43; starting BW=466±31 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design. Steers were randomly assigned to four different dietary treatments for the 100-day finishing period in which steers were fed high moisture corn/alfalfa silage/soybean meal diets. Dietary treatments included a negative control (no additives; CON), a positive control (33 mg/kg monensin and 11 mg/kg tylosin added to the diet; M/T), and two different proprietary blends of essential oils [EO-1: 1 g/steer/day Victus Liv (DSM Nutritional Products) and EO-2: 4 g/steer/day Fortissa Fit 45 (Provimi Canada ULC)]. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, sensory attributes (excluding juiciness), most fatty acid parameters, and shelf-life (color and lipid oxidative stability) were generally unaffected by the inclusion of two different commercially available essential oil blends when compared with both a negative control (CON) and a positive control (M/T). This indicates that commercially available essential oil blends may show promise as a replacement to conventional feed additives like antibiotics without causing negative effects to meat quality, storage stability, and eating experience.

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