Effects of feeding two different blends of essential oils to finishing steers on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, meat composition, and shelf life

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justice B. Dorleku ◽  
Lydia M. Wang ◽  
Ziyu Zhou ◽  
Ira B. Mandell ◽  
Benjamin M Bohrer
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Oil Blends ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding two different commercially available blends of essential oils to finishing steers to replace conventional feed additives in feedlot diets. Angus-based crossbred steers (N=43; starting BW=466±31 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design. Steers were randomly assigned to four different dietary treatments for the 100-day finishing period in which steers were fed high moisture corn/alfalfa silage/soybean meal diets. Dietary treatments included a negative control (no additives; CON), a positive control (33 mg/kg monensin and 11 mg/kg tylosin added to the diet; M/T), and two different proprietary blends of essential oils [EO-1: 1 g/steer/day Victus Liv (DSM Nutritional Products) and EO-2: 4 g/steer/day Fortissa Fit 45 (Provimi Canada ULC)]. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, sensory attributes (excluding juiciness), most fatty acid parameters, and shelf-life (color and lipid oxidative stability) were generally unaffected by the inclusion of two different commercially available essential oil blends when compared with both a negative control (CON) and a positive control (M/T). This indicates that commercially available essential oil blends may show promise as a replacement to conventional feed additives like antibiotics without causing negative effects to meat quality, storage stability, and eating experience.

scholarly journals PSVII-3 Effect of feeding finishing steers two different commercially available blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Lydia M Wang ◽  
Benjamin M Bohrer
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Oil Blend

Abstract This study examined the effects of feeding two different commercially available blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing steers. Angus-based crossbred steers (N = 76; allocation BW = 429 ± 30 kg; starting BW = 466 kg ± 31 kg) were assigned by allocation weight into two blocks. Within each block, steers were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments for a 100 d finishing period. Treatments were: 1) a negative control with no additives; 2) a positive control with supplementation of monensin/tylosin; 3) essential oil blend #1 (Victus Liv, DSM Nutritional Products); 4) essential oil blend #2 (Fortissa Fit 45, Provimi Canada); 5) benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products); 6) a combination of essential oil blend #1 and benzoic acid; and 7) a combination of essential oil blend #2 and benzoic acid. All feed additives were supplemented at dosage levels according to manufacturer instructions. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were evaluated. Individual animal feed intake was collected using an Insentec feeding system, therefore steer was the experimental unit for all analyses. Data were analyzed using a RCBD with fixed effect of treatment and random effect of block. Final BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F were similar (P > 0.25) among treatments. There were no treatment differences (P > 0.15) for the carcass characteristics or the meat quality parameters evaluated in this study. Overall, steers supplemented with the commercial blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid had similar growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality parameters as steers fed CON or M/T, indicating that these products may have potential as replacements for monensin and/or tylosin.

scholarly journals Effects of avilamycin and essential oils on mRNA expression of apoptotic and inflammatory markers and gut morphology of piglets

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kroismayr ◽  
J. Sehm ◽  
M.W. Pfaffl ◽  
K. Schedle ◽  
C. Plitzner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Tissue Samples

In this study 120 piglets were allotted to 3 dietary treatments, negative control group, one group receiving a blend of essential oils (EO) derived from oregano, anise and citrus peels (40 mg/kg diet), and a positive control group treated with avilamycin as growth promoting feed additive (40 mg/kg diet). On day 22 of the experiment, 12 representative animals from each treatment group were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected for quantitative real time-PCR analysis and gut tissue morphology. EO and avilamycin decreased the gene expression of the transcriptional factor NFκB and the apoptotic marker TNFα significantly in the ileum and jejunum, respectively. The expression of the proliferation marker Cyclin D1 was also significantly decreased by both substances in the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. The colonic crypt depth was reduced by avilamycin, and also numerically by the essential oils. These changes correlated with the up-regulation of the apoptosis factor Caspase 3. Histomorphometry revealed a smaller size of ileal Peyer’s patches through the use of both feed additives, which correlated significantly with lower expression rates of NFκB. In conclusion, the results suggest that EO and avilamycin relieved weaning piglets from an immune defence stress in a similar way.

scholarly journals Biological Evaluation of Some Plant Bioactives as Feed Additives to Replace Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Broiler Feeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Arnold Parlindungan Sinurat ◽  
Tiurma Pasaribu ◽  
Tresnawati Purwadaria ◽  
Tuti Haryati ◽  
Elizabeth Wina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Control ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Broiler Feed

Antibiotics (AGP) have been used as feed additives to promote growth and feed efficiency in poultry production. However, many countries include Indonesia now ban the use of AGP and attempts are made to replace the antibiotic to maintain good performances of broilers. Plant bioactives is one of the alternatives that could replace the AGP. An experiment was conducted in an attempt to replace the AGP in broiler feed with a mixture of some plant bioactives<strong> </strong>(liquid smoke of cashew nutshell, <em>Phyllanthus niruri,</em> and clove leaves). Eight (8) dietary treatments were formulated to have similar nutrients consist of negative control (NC), positive control (NC+AGP), diets supplemented with liquid plant bioactives in 3 levels and diets supplemented with powder plant bioactives in 3 levels.  Each diet was fed to 6 replications of 10 birds each from 1 to 35 days old. The performances and the immune response of the broilers due to the treatments were observed. Results showed that the powder plant bioactives could not improve the performance of broilers. None of the feed additives (AGP or plant bioactives) affect the immune systems of the broilers. However,  liquid plant bioactives in low dose improved the performance of broilers better than the AGP and therefore is suitable to replace the antibiotic as feed additives in broiler diet.

PSIV-4 The Impacts of Feeding Corn Co-products and Ionophores to Growing Boer Goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 215-216
Author(s):  
Payton L Dahmer ◽  
Tamra Kott ◽  
Alison Crane ◽  
James Lattimer ◽  
Cassandra K Jones
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Boer Goat ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate corn dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) and corn gluten feed (CGF) as replacements for soybean meal (SBM) and determine the impact of an ionophore on Boer goat growth performance and carcass characteristics. In Exp. 1, 75 Boer-goat kids (initial BW 26.9 ± kg) were allotted to one of 5 dietary treatments: 1) Negative control (100% SBM, 0% DDGS and 0% CGF; 100SBM); 2) Positive control (100% DDGS, 0% CGF and 0% SBM; 100DDGS); 3) 66% DDGS, 33% CGF and 0% SBM (66DDGS/33CGF); 4) 66% CGF, 33% DDGS and 0% SBM (33DDGS/66 CGF); and 5) 100% CGF, 0% DDGS and 0% SBM (0DDGS/100CGF). Dietary treatment did not impact (P ≤ 0.21) growth. In Exp. 2, 72 Boer-goat kids (initial BW 21.7 ± kg) were allotted to one of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 X 2 factorial with 2 protein sources and 2 ionophore inclusions: 1) SBM/no ionophore (SBM-NI); Diet 2) SBM with ionophore (SBM-I); Diet 3) DDGS/no ionophore (DDGS-NI); and Diet 4) DDGS with ionophore (DDGS-I). On d 21, goats were split into 2 groups according to their protein source and fed an additional d 10 (Group 1: DDGS-I; Group 2: SBM-I). The 15 heaviest goats from each group were harvested and carcass data collected. The protein source X ionophore interaction was not significant (P ≥ 0.15) for any measured response criteria. Goats fed a diet with SBM had significantly increased (P = 0.04) ADG compared to goats fed DDGS. No evidence of difference was observed (P ³ 0.10) for ADFI or G:F. Dietary treatment did not impact (P &gt; 0.05) carcass characteristics. In summary, these data suggest that corn co-products can be economically included in Boer-goat diets, however their impact on growth performance is variable compared to that of soybean meal.

scholarly journals Influence of dietary lanthanum oxide (La O ) on the blood characteristics and 2 3 ovarian morphometry of broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
P. O. Ozung ◽  
O. O. K. Oko ◽  
A. J. Henry ◽  
N. P. Jimmy ◽  
P. O. Eburu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Lanthanum Oxide ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Blood Characteristics ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The use of antibiotics as feed additives in animal production has been a source of health concern. A practical approach is the supplementation of animal feeds with rare earth element. Thus, this study was carried out with 225 day – old broiler chicks (CHI strain) to evaluate the influence of dietary Lanthanum oxide (La O ) on the blood characteristics and 2 3 ovarian morphometry. The feeding trial lasted eight weeks before the parameters were determined. The dietary treatments were designated as T , T , T , T and T . The T served as 1 2 3 4 5 1 the negative control without La O while T was the positive control with antibiotic. La O was 2 3 2 2 3 supplemented to T , T , T , and T at 100, 200 and 300 ppm, respectively. The birds were 3 4 3 5 divided into five groups of 45 each and randomly assigned to the five experimental diets using a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was further divided into three replicates of fifteen (15) birds each and reared in a brooding unit and later on a deep litter house. Feed and water were provided ad-libitum. Results showed that the haematologicalparameters were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by dietary treatments, except the differential leucocytes (eosinophils, lymphocytes and  neutrophils); while in terms of the serum- biochemical indices, only cholesterol and bi-carbonate contents were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. The ovarian weight was significantly (P<0.05)influenced by dietary treatments. The results of this study suggest that dietary La O up to 300 2 3 ppm will not adversely affect the blood (haematological and serum biochemical) characteristics and ovarian morphometry of broiler chickens.

scholarly journals Actividad antifúngica de Cymbopogon citratus contra Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Francisco Pérez Cordero ◽  
Leonardo Miguel Chamorro Anaya ◽  
Deimer Calixto Vitola Romero ◽  
Jesús María Hernández Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
A Value

The objective of this research was to evaluate in vitro the inhibitory activity of essential oils from fresh leaves of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in yam. The research was conducted in the department of Sucre, Colombia. The essential oils of C. citratus were collected in the municipalities of Sincelejo, La Union and Sampues, in September and October 2015. The essential oil was extract from fresh leaves using the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. Concentrations of 5000, 8000 and 10 000 ppm of each essential oil were prepared. An absolute control, a positive control (benomyl 1 g/l) and a negative control was used. An inhibitory activity was obtained by using the direct seeding on surface of the potato-dextrose-agar method and it was expressed as percentage of inhibition rate. The chemical characterization of essential oils was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The highest percentages of antifungal index were observed in the lemongrass from Sincelejo at concentrations of 5000, 8000 and 10 000 ppm, after in La Union at 8000 and 10 000 ppm, and finally at Sampues at 10 000 ppm, with a value of 97.77%; the effect was similar to the positive control with benomyl 1 g/l. Citral was the main constituent of the essential oils extracted. The essential oils obtained from the three municipalities showed antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides. 

Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Ziziphora ‎clinopodiodes essential oil eluted at different times

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojgan Alizadeh ◽  
Akram Arianfar ◽  
Ameneh Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Essential Oil Composition ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Citronellic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activity

Objective: Ziziphora clinopodioides is an edible medicinal plant belongs to the Labiatae family that widespread all over Iran. It used as culinary and also in cold and cough treatments in Iran. The aim of present work was to evaluate the effect of different timeframes during the hydrodistillation on essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: The essential oil of Z. clinopodiodes was extracted via hydrodistillation with Clevenger apparatus. The fractions of essential oil were captured at 6 times from the beginning of the distillation: (10, 20, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min). The fractions of essential oil were analyzed by GC/MS and their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities were studied by Disk - well diffusion and DPPH methods respectively. Results: Six distillation times and whole essential oil were captured during the hydrodistillation. Essential oil yield dropped off significantly during distillation progressed (1.0% for 10 min and 0.025 for 240 min). 1,8 Cineol, Isomenthone, Pulegone, Piperitenone and Citronellic acid were major compounds in fractions and they were affected by distillation times. Pulegone was major compound in all of essential oils. In antioxidant activity assay, whole essential oil was stronger than was stronger than positive control and fractions of essential oil, because of higher levels of Isomenthone, Piperitenone and Citronellic acid. Strongest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans was observed from 10 min fraction. Conclusion: Our results indicated that distillation time can create essential oils with specific properties and we can achieve to more efficient essential oil in short times.

scholarly journals Effect of monensin sodium associative to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on the performance of feedlot finished steers

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Julio Cezar Heker Junior ◽  
Mikael Neumann ◽  
Robson Kyoshi Ueno ◽  
Margarete Kimie Falbo ◽  
Sandra Galbeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Fat Thickness

The objective of this study was to evaluate the associative effect of monensin sodium to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on performance, consumption of nutrients and dry matter, apparent digestibility, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics of feedlot finished steers. The experiment lasted 106 days with 10 days of adaptation and 96-day trial, and had 32 crosses angus steers, average age 12 months and average weight of 376 kg, divided into 16 stalls, the weighing took place every 21 days and at the end of the experiment. The treatments consisted of the combination of the following additives to the diet included: Monensin sodium, 200 mg day-1 (MO); Monensin sodium, a dose of 200 mg day-1 + essential oil dose of 1.5g day-1 (MO+EO); Monensin sodium, a dose of 200 mg day-1 + virginiamycin, 200 mg day-1 (MO+VI); Monensin sodium, 200 mg day-1 + essential oil dose of 1.5g day-1 + virginiamycin day, 200 mg day-1 (MO+EO+VI), each treatment had four repetitions, where each repetitions consisted of a bay with two animals. The MO+VI association in relation to MO only increase in average daily gain (ADG) of 24.44%, 22.35%, 21.10% and 17.31% in weighing 42, 63, 84 and 96 days, similar the combination of MO+EO+VI which provided an improvement of 21.94%, 13.59%, 15.45% and 14.75% respectively in the same weightings. The daily carcass gain and carcass overall gain were higher in associations MO+VI and MO+EO+VI and provided an average gain of 16.67 kg more compared to MO and MO+EO. In the parameters feed efficiency, dry matter intake and nutrient expressed in kg day-1 and percentage of live weight were not observed differences (P > 0.05) between treatments. Data on apparent digestibility, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics did not show statistical difference between treatment, except for fat thickness which was higher when associated with any of the additives to the MO, and farm weight was higher in associations containing VI. Associating MO+VI or MO+EO+VI proved to be best in this work compared to MO+EO or only MO in the diets of steers in termination.

scholarly journals Komposisi Minyak Atsiri dan Aktivitas Antimikroba Rimpang Temu Putih dan Jahe Gajah sebagai Fitobiotik Pakan Unggas

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Laila Nur Rohma ◽  
Laila Nur Rohma ◽  
Osfar Sjofjan ◽  
M. Halim Natsir
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Main Component

ABSTRAK                                                                        Imbuhan pakan unggas dapat berasal dari bahan herbal yang mengandung berbagai komponen aktif yang bermanfaat bagi pertumbuhan ternak.Temu putih dan jahe gajah dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai imbuhan pakan karena mengandung minyak atsiri yang dapat berperan sebagai agen antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komponen penyusun minyak atsiri dan aktivitas antimikroba pada rimpang temu putih dan jahe gajah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan percobaan in vitro menggunakan temu putih dan jahe gajah yang diolah menjadi bentuk ekstrak minyak atsiri temu putih dan jahe gajah sebagai materi uji komposisi penyusun minyak atsiri serta bentuktepung dan enkapsulasi sebagai materi uji aktivitas antimikroba. Komposisi minyak atsiri temu putih terdiri dari lima komponen penyusun dengan cis-1,7-octadien-3-yl acetat sebagai komponen utama. Komposisi minyak atsiri jahe gajah terdiri dari tujuh komponen dan benzene,1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl-(CAS) ar-curcumene sebagai komponen utama. Minyak atsiri yang terkandung pada temu putih dan jahe gajah mempunyai peran dalam menghambat mikroba. Uji komposisi penyusun minyak atsiri menggunakan alat GC-MS dan uji aktivitas antimikroba menggunakan metode disc diffusion dan. Hasil dari uji aktivitas antimikroba menunjukkan bahwa temu putih dan jahe gajah dalam bentuk tepung dan enkapsulasi memiliki perbedaan yang sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap aktivitas antimikroba pada bakteri asam laktat, Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp. Campuran temu putih dan jahe gajah (1:1) menunjukkan kemampuan terbaik dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen dengan diameter zona hambat 5,70±0,14 mm  (Escherichia coli) dan 6,88±0,45 mm (Salmonella sp.).Kata Kunci : antimikroba, fitobiotik, jahe gajah, minyak atsiri, temu putihABSTRACTThe poultry feed additives can contain herbal ingredients that contain various beneficial components for livestock growth. White turmeric and giant ginger can be used as feed additives because they contain essential oils that can be used as antibacterial agents. This study aims to determine the constituent components of essential oils and antimicrobial activity in white turmeric and giant ginger rhizomes. The study was carried out by in vitro experiments using white turmeric and giant ginger which were processed into the form of essential oil extract as material for the composition of essential oils test, and powder and encapsulation form as antimicrobial activity test material. The composition of essential oils of white turmeric consists of five constituent components with cis-1,7-octadien-3-yl acetate as the main component. The composition of giant ginger essential oil consists of seven components with benzene, 1- (1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl) -4-methyl- (CAS) ar-curcumene as the main component. Essential oils contained in the white turmeric and giant ginger have a role in inhibiting microbes. The composition of the essential oil tested using GC-MS and the antimicrobial activity test used the disc diffusion method. The results of the antimicrobial activity test showed that white turmeric and giant ginger in powder and encapsulation form had significant differences (P <0.01) on antimicrobial activity in lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. The mixture of white turmeric and giant ginger (1: 1) showed the best ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria with inhibitory zone diameters of 5.70 ± 0.14 mm (Escherichia coli) and 6.88 ± 0.45 mm (Salmonella sp.).Keywords: antimicrobial, essential oil, giant ginger, phytobiotic, white turmeric

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) essential oil on Streptococcus mutans biofilm and cytotoxic effect on keratinocytes and fibroblasts

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1519
Author(s):  
Mailen Ortega Cuadros ◽  
Adriana Patricia Tofiño Rivera ◽  
Luciano Jose Merini ◽  
Maria Cecilia Martinez Pabon
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Efficient Alternative

Dental caries is a pathology of multifactorial origin and currently natural products are an efficient alternative treatment; The work sought to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and the citral and myrcene components against Streptococcus mutans ATCC UA159, as well as their cytotoxicity on keratinocytes and human fibroblasts. The viability effect against Streptococcus mutans on biofilms was evaluated through exposure to the three substances by using the MBEC technique-high-throughput at concentrations of 1, 0.1, and 0.01 µg/mL and chlorhexidine as positive control. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated on keratinocytes and fibroblasts through the MTT reduction technique, using 0.5 mM H2O2 as cell-death control (negative control) and ethanol 1% as vehicle control (positive control). The three substances evaluated had effects on the viability of Streptococcus mutans with mortality between 74% and 96%, without significant difference among them (p > 0.393); additionally, no cytotoxicity was evident on keratinocytes and fibroblasts in a 24-h treatment. The substances evaluated showed significant antimicrobial effects; hence, these should be studied further as potential co-adjuvants to prevent dental caries that cause minor adverse effects

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document