scholarly journals Bioteknologi Fermentasi Jerami Padi Tinggi Nutrisi, Guna Meningkatkan Kemandirian dan Kesejahteraan Peternak di Desa Kalibendo

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Roni Yulianto ◽  
Nurwidodo Nurwidodo ◽  
Desy Cahya Widianingrum ◽  
Himmatul Khasanah
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Feed Processing ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Fermented Feed ◽  
Village Government

Abstrak: Kabupaten Lumajang memiliki lahan pertanian dan perkebunan dengan komoditi utamanya adalah tanaman padi, jagung dan kopi. Banyak sekali limbah yang belum termanfaatkan, berawal dari program KKN, potensi daerah di Desa Kalibendo, Kecamatan Pasirian, Kabupaten Lumajang sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan salah satunya “Bioteknologi fermentasi jerami padi tinggi nutrisi, guna meningkatkan kemandirian dan kesejahteraan peternak di Desa Kalibendo, Kecamatan Pasiria, Kabupaten Lumajang”. Pendampingan dari instansi terkait edukasi dalam bioteknologi pengolahan pakan berkualitas secara mandiri dari bahan baku lokal yang ada dari limbah pertanian setempat dapat memenuhi ketersediaan pakan ternak baik dari segi kualitas maupun kuantitas. Pemanfaatan Limbah jerami padi menggunakan bioteknologi fermentasi untuk pakan ternak ruminansia (sapi, kambing/domba) perlu terus dikembangkan, karena dengan fermentasi dapat meningkatkan kualitas nutrisi pakan ternak, dan memanfatkan limbah hasil pertanian menjadi berdaya guna sehingga tidak terbuang begitu saja, dan bisa digunakan dalam jangka waktu yang lama untuk ketersediaan pakan ternak pada saat musim kemarau atau disaat hijauan sudah mulai berkurang. Target dari Program Pengabdian Desa Binaan yaitu bersama dengan pemerintah Desa Kalibendo melakukan pemberdayaan petani-peternak dalam pengolahan pakan ternak fermentasi, sehingga dapat mewujudkan kemandirian dan kesejahteraan peternak.Abstract: Lumajang Regency has extensive agricultural and plantation land, especially rice, corn, and coffee crops, a lot of waste that has not been utilized. Starting from the KKN program, regional potential in Kalibendo Village, Pasirian District, Lumajang Regency is very potential to be developed, one of which is Biotechnology for fermented rice straw with high nutrition, to increase the independence and welfare of breeders in Kalibendo village, Pasiria district, Lumajang Regency. Assistance from educational institutions related to quality feed processing biotechnology independently from existing local raw materials from local agricultural waste can meet animal feed availability in terms of quality and quantity. Utilization of rice straw waste uses biotechnology for ruminant animal feed (cows, goats/sheep), it needs to be continuously developed because fermentation can improve the nutritional quality of animal feed, and utilize agricultural waste to be efficient so that it is not wasted, and can be used in a long period for the availability of fodder during the dry season when the forage has diminished. The Assisted Village Service Program's target is to collaborate with the Kalibendo Village government to empower farmers in the processing of fermented feed so that they can realize the independence and welfare of the breeders.

scholarly journals Counseling of balanced ration arrangement for fattening cows in Marga Agung Village, South Lampung

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 796-801
Author(s):  
Fitria Tsani Farda ◽  
Farida Fathul ◽  
Erwanto Erwanto ◽  
Etha Azizah Hasiib
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Participatory Rural Appraisal ◽  
Feed Processing ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Rural Appraisal

The purpose of this service activity is to increase the knowledge and skills of breeders in Marga Agung Village, Jati Agung Subdistrict, South Lampung Regency regarding various types of forage, compiling ration formulations based on local feed, and processing feed from agricultural waste. The main issues that become priority are (1) the ability of breeders to prepare beef cattle feed rations; (2) utilization of feed processing technology to improve the nutritional quality of animal feed; and (3) livestock businesses that have not been able to boost the farmer economy. Through the Participatory Rural Appraisal method, this activity was able to increase the knowledge and skills of breeders in preparing local feed-based ration formulations and processing feed from agricultural waste.

scholarly journals TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN PAKAN AMONIASE PADA SAPI DI DESA NGGORANG, KECAMATAN KOMODO MANGGARAI BARAT, NTT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annytha - Detha
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Waste Utilization ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Feed Processing ◽  
Farmer Groups ◽  
Livestock Productivity ◽  
The Village ◽  
Cattle Farms

Nggorang Village, Komodo District, West Maggarai is an area that is quite ideal for the development of cattle and agricultural waste utilization because it is supported by several factors, among others, the carrying capacity of the region where existing water sources can meet the community's water needs throughout the year and the availability of rice straw agricultural waste. The purpose of implementing amoniase feed processing training is to maximize the productivity of cattle farms by utilizing the availability of natural resources while empowering rice straw agricultural waste as the main source of feed by utilizing feed processing technology. therefore, training in rice straw feed processing technology has become the largest agricultural waste in Nggorang Village. Based on the results of existing activities, there is an increase in farmers' understanding that is achieved. Thus the Nggorang village is expected to be able to increase the independence of the village community through partner farmer groups that are able to optimize livestock productivity through the independence and adequacy of animal feed in Nggorang Village, Komodo District, West Manggarai, NTT.

scholarly journals TRAINING OF MAKING FEED SUPPLEMENT OF UMB HERBAL IN PARENGAN, TUBAN REGENCY

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Siti Eliana Rochmi ◽  
Herinda Pertiwi ◽  
Agung Budianto Achmad ◽  
Retno Sri Wahjuni ◽  
Tri Wahyu Suprayogi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Service Activity

Background: Subdistrict Parengan has high livestock potential especially Suciharjo Village and Margorejo Village. The existing agricultural waste is not treated properly and livestock cannot reach maximum weights. The provision of quality animal feed is one of the efforts to improve the welfare of the community. Quality of animal feed can be increasing cattle productivity so that the selling value will increase. Purpose: This Community Service activity aims to improve the economic strengthening of the community through breeders through the introduction, dissemination, through technology UMB Herbal based on local resources that can increase the weight gain of beef cattle. UMB Herbal is a concentrate feed that uses raw materials based on raw materials (agriculture) with curcuma which is widely available in the regions. Improving skills makes UMB Herbal can be a provision for the community to be able to increase income. Methods: The method used in community service is the counseling for animal feed and health, training to make UMB Herbal and focus group discussions then applicating of UMB Herbal to pilot cattle. Results: The results of this community service include an increase in beef cattle body weight,  decreasing the gastrointestinal worm infestations, and increasing the knowledge and skills of the participants of the community service. Conclusion: Community Service Activities have a positive impact related to the development of beef cattle farms. 

scholarly journals PENGGEMUKAN SAPI LOKAL SECARA AGRIBISNIS MENGGUNAKAN PAKAN TANPA HIJAUAN (COMPLETE FEED) DAN TAPE JERAMI SERTA GROWTH PROMOTOR STRATEGI PENCAPAIAN SWASEMBADA DAGING

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Kadek Rachmawati ◽  
Imam Mustofa ◽  
Wurlina Wurlina ◽  
Dewa Ketut Meles
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Feed Processing ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
And Training ◽  
Lower Production

Iptek bagi Masyarakat (IbM) which performed on a group of local cattle fattening is not qualified yet to solve the problems 1) rice straw as animal feed 2) agricultural waste and industrial waste as feed without forage 3) processing of rice straw into straw tape 4) processing agricultural waste and industrial waste into animal feed without forage 5) processing growth promotor derived from empon-empon and retrieval medicinal plants, and 6) making of cow manure waste into environmentally friendly fertilizer. The purposes of IbM are (1) to process of rice straw into straw tape as a nutritious animal feed (2) without forage feed processing (complete feed) (3) processing of growth promotors (4) local cattle fattening using tape straw and feed without forage as well as growth promotor. Benefits of IbM is to develop human resources and increase income of fattening local cattle farmers with lower production costs. The method used in IbM activities are education and training of local cattle fattening using tape straw feed and feed without forage plus growth promotor, processing waste into environmentally friendly fertilizer on UKMK of local cattle fattening members in Babat and Sugio district in Lamongan. IbM program activities involving 8 students to increase entrepreneurial spirit. The result is enhancement of cattle weight per cow per day on local cattle amounted to 0.578+0.054 kg, ongole crossbreed cattle 0.887+0.100 kg, hybrid limousine cattle for 1.588+0.084 kg and Simmental crossbreed cattle of 1,967+0.255 kg. AbstrakIptek Bagi Masyarakat (IbM) yang dilakukan pada kelompok penggemukan sapi lokal belum memenuhi syarat untuk menyelesaikan masalah 1) jerami padi sebagai pakan ternak 2) limbah pertanian dan limbah industri sebagai pakan tanpa hijauan 3) pengolahan jerami padi menjadi pita jerami 4) pengolahan limbah pertanian dan limbah industri menjadi pakan ternak tanpa pakan ternak 5) mengolah promotor pertumbuhan yang berasal dari empon-empon dan pengambilan kembali tanaman obat, dan 6) pembuatan limbah kotoran sapi menjadi pupuk ramah lingkungan. Tujuan IbM adalah (1) mengolah jerami padi menjadi pita jerami sebagai pakan ternak yang bergizi (2) tanpa pengolahan pakan ternak (pakan lengkap) (3) pengolahan promoter pertumbuhan (4) penggemukan sapi lokal dengan menggunakan jerami dan pakan pita tanpa pakan ternak serta promotor pertumbuhan. Manfaat IbM adalah mengembangkan sumber daya manusia dan meningkatkan pendapatan penggemukan peternak sapi lokal dengan biaya produksi lebih rendah. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan IbM adalah pendidikan dan pelatihan penggemukan sapi dengan pakan jerami dan pakan tanpa pakan ternak ditambah promotor pertumbuhan, pengolahan limbah menjadi pupuk ramah lingkungan pada UKMK penggemukan sapi potong di Kabupaten Babat dan Sugio di Lamongan. Kegiatan program IbM melibatkan 8 siswa untuk meningkatkan semangat kewirausahaan. Hasilnya adalah peningkatan bobot sapi per ekor per hari pada ternak lokal sebesar 0,578 + 0,054 kg, sapi potong silang ongole 0,887 + 0,100 kg, ternak limusin hibrida 1,588 + 0,084 kg dan sapi potong silang Simmental 1.967 + 0.255 kg. 

scholarly journals PENGGEMUKAN SAPI MENGGUNAKAN PAKAN TANPA HIJAUAN (COMPLETE FEED) DAN TAPE JERAMI SERTA GROWTH PROMOTOR STRATEGI PENCAPAIAN SWASEMBADA DAGING

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Wurlina Wurlina ◽  
Mas’ud Hariadi ◽  
Imam Mustofa ◽  
Dewa Ketut Meles
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Processing Waste ◽  
Feed Processing ◽  
And Training ◽  
Lower Production

Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) which performed on a group of cattle fattening is not qualified yet to solve the problems 1) rice straw as animal feed 2) agricultural waste and industrial waste as feed without forage 3) processing of rice straw into straw tape 4) processing agricultural waste and industrial waste into animal feed without forage 5) processing growth promotor derived from empon-empon and retrieval medicinal plants, and 6) making of cow manure waste into environmentally friendly fertilizer. The purposes of PKMare (1) to process of rice straw into straw tape as a nutritious animal feed (2) without forage feed processing (complete feed) (3) processing of growth promotors (4) local cattle fattening using tape straw and feed without forage as well as growth promotor. Benefits of PKM is to develop human resources and increase income of fattening local cattle farmers with lower production costs. The method used in PKM activities are education and training of local cattle fattening using tape straw feed and feed without forage plus growth promotor, processing waste into environmentally friendly fertilizer on UKMK of local cattle fattening members in Tuban. The result is enhancement of cattle weight per cow per day on local cattle amounted to 0.625 ± 0.048 kg, ongole rossbreed cattle 0.924 ± 0.067 kg, hybrid limousine cattle for 1.673 ± 0.068 kg and Simmental crossbreed cattle of 2.105 ± 0.414kg.AbstrakProgram Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) yang dilakukan pada kelompok penggemukan sapi belum memenuhi syarat untuk menyelesaikan masalah 1) jerami padi sebagai pakan ternak 2) limbah pertanian dan limbah industri sebagai pakan tanpa hijauan 3) pengolahan jerami padi menjadi pita jerami 4) pengolahan limbah pertanian dan industri limbah menjadi pakan ternak tanpa hijauan 5) promotor pertumbuhan pengolahan berasal dari empon-empon dan pengambilan tanaman obat, dan 6) pembuatan kotoran sapi menjadi pupuk ramah lingkungan. Tujuan dari PKM adalah (1) untuk memproses jerami padi menjadi pita jeramisebagai pakan ternak bergizi (2) tanpa pengolahan pakan hijauan (pakan lengkap) (3) pengolahan promotor pertumbuhan (4) penggemukan sapi lokal menggunakan pita jerami dan pakan tanpa hijauan serta promotor pertumbuhan. Manfaat PKM adalah mengembangkan sumber daya manusia dan meningkatkan pendapatan penggemukan sapi lokal dengan biaya produksi lebih rendah. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan PKM adalah pendidikan dan pelatihan penggemukan sapi lokal menggunakan tape jerami pakan dan pakan tanpa hijauan ditambah promotor pertumbuhan, pengolahan limbah menjadi pupuk ramah lingkungan pada UKMK anggota penggemukan sapi lokal di Tuban. Hasilnya adalah peningkatan berat sapi per sapi per hari pada sapi lokal sebesar 0,625 ± 0,048 kg, sapi peranakan ongole 0,924 ± 0,067 kg, sapi limusin hibrida untuk 1,673 ± 0,068 kg dan sapi potong silang Simmental sebesar 2,105 ± 0,414 kg.

scholarly journals DIGTYARI WEAVING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL IN 1926-1929

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
A. L Shcherban
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Professional School ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Material Base

For the first time, the activity of the weaving vocational school in the village Digtyari (modern Chernihiv region) is analyzed. It was the leading educational institution of the middle level of vocational education of the Ukrainian SSR in the second half of the 1920s, in which the creators of traditional textiles studied. The students learned the skills of making carpets, embroidered shirts, and kerchiefs. On the basis of archival sources, the histories, educational process, composition of the teaching and student groups of the school during 1926-1929 are covered. Established in the fall of 1926, the institution was to train qualified master practitioners for the factory and handicraft arts industry, who had formed an artistic taste. The teaching staff initially consisted of local general education teachers and visiting instructors and teachers of special subjects (O. Reisfeld and M. Dyachenko). The institution was headed by uneducated communists Yu. Kozelev and S. Lutayenko. The students of the first set were mostly non-locals, orphans. But the second set already consisted mostly of children of local peasants and artisans. The school had a significant material base, which remained from the textile educational institutions that operated in Digtyary during the first quarter of the twentieth century. The main rooms were located on the right-wing of the main building of the palace complex of the Galagan estate. As a result of the study of the materials of the minutes of the meetings of the school council, the conflict situations that constantly arose between the managers and their supporters and visiting specialists and led to the departure of the latter from Digtyary were analyzed. The initial stage of the existence of the Digtyari weaving professional school, problems in relations between staff, and the originality of the contingent of the first set of students influenced the quality of their training. As it is clear from the available sources, during the first and the beginning of the second school year students worked both theoretically and practically, but due to lack of raw materials they could not produce a significant amount of full-fledged products. The school’s workshop worked on “factory” and, in part, “peasant” raw materials. At the end of the second year of study, students were already making work suitable for sale. The school operated in two directions. The visiting instructor, an experienced artist M. Dyachenko brought a new vision of teaching graphic literacy into the educational process. Weaving and embroidery instructors who either graduated from the textile schools previously existing in Digtyary (A. Reisfeld, V. Nikolskaya) or worked there for a long time (G. Tsybuleva) broadcast local traditions. During the years under study, about 100 students studying at the institution, and one graduation took place. Troubles in the personal relationship between teachers and school management and insufficient funding have affected the quality of education. But even in such conditions, students not only mastered special and general education subjects but also participated in exhibitions, made marketable products, engaged in research work. Curricula developed by M. Dyachenko and O. Reisfeld became a model for other craft educational institutions. And the textbook was written by O. Reisfeld - the first Ukrainian-language textbook on the technology of folk weaving. Keywords: Digtyari weaving professional school, Mykhaylo Dyachenko, Pryluky region.

scholarly journals Pengolahan Briket Bio-Arang Berbahan Dasar Kotoran Kambing dan Cangkang Kemiri di Desa Galung Lombok Kecamatan Tinambung, Polewali Mandar

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Sulmiyati Sulmiyati ◽  
Nur Saidah Said
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Livestock Manure ◽  
Counseling Training ◽  
Hazelnut Shell ◽  
Goat Manure ◽  
Partnership Program

The problems faced by farmers in Galung Lombok Village is knowledge in the in the processing of goat livestock manure and waste of hazelnut shell. The solution that can be offered is waste treatment into bio-charcoal briquettes. The community engagement is to introduce community or partners of Community Partnership Program (CPP) in processing livestock manure and agricultural waste into charcoal briquettes as an alternative solution to the problems faced by society and become an alternative business potential that can be developed by farmers. The methods applied in overcoming these problems are through interactive counseling, training with the demonstration of bio-charcoal briquette processing, guidance and mentoring into ready to market products. The results of the dedication activities were held on 13-14 May 2017 at the meeting hall of Siamasei Farmer Group of Galung Lombok Village, Tinambung, Polewali Mandar. This activity is carried out by conducting participatory counseling coupled with demonstrations of processed briquettes from goat manure and hazelnut shell, packaging, and testing of briquette quality. The conclusion that goat livestock manure can be processed into bio-charcoal briquettes through seven stages: drying of raw materials, refining, reducing and filtering, adhesive mixing, printing, drying and packaging. The quality of briquettes produced,the moisture content of 5.58%, ash content of 23.93%, volatile matter of 35.16%, fixed carbon of 35.33%, and calories 4,563 cal/gr.

scholarly journals PERENCANAAN PERBAIKAN MUTU PRODUK DENGAN METODE KAIZEN PADA PERUSAHAAN

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdurrozzaq Hasibuan
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Output Stage ◽  
Control Limits

Kaizen is a Japanese concept that means improvement continuous process to constantly improve the quality and productivity output. Stage of the data processing is done in this study using seven quality control tools (seven tools). From the results of the data processing is done by using the seven tools of quality control so visible damage that occurs feed the ash High temperatures, low water levels and the color is not uniform feed. Histogram and Pareto diagram showing the greatest amount of damage to small, the color is not uniform feed as many as 6800 Kg (41.34%), high ash content as much as 5050 Kg (30.70%) and low water levels as much as 4600 Kg (27.96%).Based on a causal diagram can be seen several causes defects in animal feed products C-281 human factors, among others, due to lack of skill or abilities of the workers themselves, less rigorous labor in performing measurements so the size does not match the required specifications. And factors that usually raw materials can cause defects in animal feed products C-281 is due to the quality of the raw materials are not in accordance with the standards set by the previous company. From the calculation of the map control is obtained that no data which are beyond the control chart or no data outside the control limits.

scholarly journals The problem of solid waste: origins, composition, disposal, recycling, and reusing

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Khalid ◽  
Sadiq Ullah ◽  
Iqbal Saeed Umar
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Solid Waste Disposal ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Organic Part ◽  
Msw Management

Solid waste disposal is a major challenge in many industrialized and developing nations, both in metropolitan regions as well as rural ones. The collection and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a serious issue facing metropolitan areas in many nations today. An effective MSW management strategy must satisfy all of these criteria: financial viability; technical feasibility; social and legal acceptability; and ecological friendliness. Small and large cities alike have a major difficulty in dealing with solid waste management. One of the current study topics is the valuation of food organic waste. Existing waste disposal methods include the typical landfill, incineration, composting, and other methods of handling solid waste. Composting and anaerobic digestion have traditionally been the most widely employed methods for the treatment and exploitation of the organic part of MSW (AD). The amount of organic solid waste (OSW) being generated globally is rising at an astronomical rate. Agricultural waste, domestic food waste, human and animal wastes, etc. comprise the majority of OSW. They're often used as animal feed, disposed of in landfills, or burnt. OAWs are made up of protein-, mineral-, and sugar-rich components that may be employed as substrates or raw materials in other processes.

scholarly journals Nutritive value of fodder mixes for nutrition of cattle in territory of Republic of Serbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Dragan Sefer ◽  
Radmila Markovic ◽  
Marcela Speranda ◽  
Branko Petrujkic
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Official Gazette ◽  
Intensive Breeding ◽  
Satisfactory Quality

Over a period of five years (2005-2009), the laboratory of the Department for Nutrition and Botanic analyzed 22 samples of mixes from the territory of Serbia, intended for the diet of two categories of cattle (fattening calves I and dairy cows with over 20 liters of milk). The analysis was performed using standard methods, and the obtained results were compared with the quality conditions prescribed under the Regulations on quality and other requirements for animal feed (SRY Official Gazette numbers 20/00 and 38/01). Intensive breeding of cattle implies the use of concentrated mixes for all categories which are adapted to the age and purpose of maintenance of the animals. The mixes are products of the animal food industry, and they are obtained through an established technological procedure using the required raw materials. The inadequate quality of raw materials causes problems involving the quality of the finished products, so that strict adherence to the established recipes does not necessary result in a satisfactory quality of the mixes. All of the above imposes the need for the constant monitoring of the nutritive value of the mixes, and consequently also of their quality. On the grounds of the analysis of the presence of the elementary nutritive matter, no significant differences were established with regard to the prescribed quantity of nutritive matter, so that the use of the examined mixes in the diets of the respective categories of cattle can be expected to yield satisfactory production results. .

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