scholarly journals PENGETAHUAN PERAWAT TENTANG INFEKSI NOSOKOMIAL DI RUANG D2 DAN D3 RUMAH SAKIT ADI HUSADA UNDAAN WETAN SURABAYA

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ludy Hammami Handojo

Nosocomial infections are the responsibility of all health workers including nurses. Nurses can perform actions that lead to nosocomial infection if they have a poor knowledge of nosocomial infection. This study aims to identify the nurse's knowledge about nosocomial infection in room D2 and D3 Adi Husada Hospital Surabaya. This type of research is descriptive, the population of all nurses in the room D2 and D3 amounted to 47 nurses, the number of samples 44. Using a non-probability sampling: purposive sampling variability nurse's knowledge about nosocomial infections. Gathering data using questionnaires, the data were analyzed descriptively. Results showed 77% of nurses already have a good knowledge of nosocomial infection. Good knowledge of nurses who can be influenced by several factors including: age, length of employment, level of education and training that followed. However, further research is still needed to observe the actions of nurses in preventing nosocomial infections. Infeksi nosokomial merupakan tanggung jawab semua petugas kesehatan termasuk perawat. Perawat dapat melakukan tindakan yang mengakibatkan infeksi nosokomial jika memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang baik tentang infeksi nosokomial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengetahuan perawat tentang infeksi nosokomial di ruang D2 dan D3 Rumah Sakit Adi Husada Surabaya. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan deskriptif, populasi semua perawat pelaksana di ruang D2 dan D3 berjumlah 47 perawat, jumlah sampel 44. Menggunakan non probability sampling: Purposive sampling, variabelnya pengetahuan perawat tentang infeksi nosokomial. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner, data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 77% perawat sudah memiliki pengetahuan yang baik tentang infeksi nosokomial. Pengetahuan perawat yang baik dapat dipengaruhi beberapa faktor diantaranya: Umur, lama kerja, tingkat pendidikan serta pelatihan yang diikuti. Namun masih diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan mengobservasi tindakan perawat dalam mencegah infeksi nosokomial. DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT PDF >>

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Dewi Andriani

ABSTRAK Infeksi nosokomial merupakan infeksi silang yang terjadi akibat perpindahan mikroorganisme melalui petugas kesehatan dan alat yang dipergunakan saat melakukan tindakan. Plebitis merupakan inflamasi vena yang disebabkan baik oleh iritasi kimia maupun mekanik. Perilaku perawat dalam melakukan pemasangan infus yang tidak sesuai standart operasional dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya infeksi nosokomial plebitis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi motivasi dan perilaku perawat dalam pencegahan infeksi nosokomial plebitis pada saat pemasangan infus. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah analitik korelasional. Variabel dependen adalah motivasi dan variabel independen adalah perilaku perawat dalam pencegahan infeksi nosokomial plebitis. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan observasi. Jumlah responden 30 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel adalah purposive sampling. Hasil uji statistik Spearman Rank Test menunjukkan p=0.01(α<0.05) dan r=0.857, sehingga terdapat hubungan yang bersifat kuat antara motivasi dan perilaku perawat dalam pencegahan infeksi nosokomial di Ruang Bedah RS Adi Husada Undaan. Semakin tinggi motivasi akan semakin baik perilaku perawat melakukan pemasangan infus sesuai standart operasional untuk mencegah terjadinya plebitis. Kondisi ini harus dipertahankan dan ditingkatkan dengan pendidikan dan pelatihan mengenai terapi infus sehingga terjadinya infeksi nosokomial dapat dihindari. Kata kunci: motivasi, perilaku, pencegahan infeksi nosokomial ABSTRACTNosocomial infections are infections that occur as a result of cross-transfer of microorganisms through health workers and tools used when performing the action. Plebitis is an inflammation of a vein caused by either chemical or mechanical irritants. The behavior of nurses in infusion incompatible operating standards could result plebitis nosocomial infection. This study aims to identify the motivations and behaviors of nurses in the prevention of nosocomial infection plebitis at the time of infusion. The study used analytic correlational design. The dependent variable was motivation and the independent variable was behavior of nurses in plebitis nosocomial infections prevention. Collecting data used questionnaires and observation. The number of respondents were 30 people. The sampling technique was used purposive sampling. Results of statistical test Spearman rank test showed that p=0.01 (α<0.05) and r=0.857 so there was a strong relationship between motivation and behavior of nurses in the prevention of nosocomial infection in a hospital operating room Adi Husada Undaan. The higher the motivation, the better the behavior of the nurses perform operations according to standard infusion to prevent plebitis. This condition should be maintained and enhanced by education and training on infusion therapy so that the occurrence of nosocomial infections can be avoided. Keywords: motivation, behavior, nosocomial infection preventions DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT PDF >>


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Sintayu Handayani ◽  
Heny Prasetyorini

ABSTRAK   Ibu nifas pada saat persalinan seringkali mengakibatkan robekan jalan lahir, untuk mencegah terjadinya robekan pada perineum akibat desakan kepala janin, seringkali perlu dilakukan tindakan episiotomi sehingga memudahkan pengeluaran bayi.Pengetahuan ibu nifas tentang perawatan masa nifas sangat menentukan lama penyembuhan luka perineum. Apabila pengetahuan ibu nifas kurang maka penyembuhan luka akan berlangsung lama. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan ibu nifas terhadap proses penyembuhan luka perineum di RSUD Kota Semarang. Desain dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu nifas yang mengalami luka perineum (rupture/episiotomi) di RSUD Kota Semarang. Teknik pengambilan sampling menggunakan teknik non probability sampling dengan pendekatan purposive sampling yaitu sebanyak 5 orang. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat diketahui dari 5 ibu nifas yang bersalin di RSUD Kota Semarang menunjukkan bahwa ibu nifas dengan tingkat pengetahuan baik mengalami penyembuhan luka baik sebanyak 2 orang, ibu nifas dengan tingkat pengetahuan cukup mengalami penyembuhan luka baik sebanyak 2 orang, dan ibu nifas dengan pengetahuan baik mengalami penyembuhan luka sedang sebanyak 1 orang. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah gambaran pengetahuan ibu nifas terhadap proses penyembuhan luka perineum sebagian besar dalam kategori baik yaitu sebanyak 3 orang (60%).     ABSTRACT   Postpartum at the time of delivery often results in a tear in the birth canal, to prevent tears in the perineum due to fetal head impulse, episiotomy often needs to be done so as to facilitate the expenditure of babies. The postpartum knowledge about postpartum care greatly determines the duration of perineal wound healing. If the knowledge of postpartum is less then wound healing will last long. The purpose of this study is to know the description of knowledge of postpartum mother to the perineal wound healing process at RSUD Semarang City. Design in this research is descriptive research. The population in this study were all postpartum women who suffered perineal injury (rupture / episiotomy) at RSUD Kota Semarang. Sampling technique using non probability sampling technique with purposive sampling approach that is as much as 5 people. The results of this study can be seen from 5 postpartum maternity in hospitals Semarang City showed that postpartum mother with good knowledge level good healing wounds as much as 2 people, postpartum mother with level of knowledge enough experience good wound healing as many as 2 people, and mother of puerile with good knowledge experience healing wound was as much as 1 person. The conclusion of this research is description of knowledge of postpartum mother to perineum wound healing process mostly in good category that is as much as 3 person (60%).


2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Ilham Syahputra Siregar

Nosocomial infection is an infection that appears as long as a person is hospitalized and begins to show a symptom as long as someone is being treated or after being treated and showing symptoms after 72 hours the patient is in the hospital. Infeki nosocomial is still the main cause of high morbidity and mortality in the world. This infection causes 1.4 million deaths every day around the world (WHO, 2015). In Indonesia the prevalence of nosocomial infections is quite high at 6% - 16% with an average of 9.8% of nosocomial infections that occur due to surgical wound infections (ILO). Based on the survey that the researchers did, the incidence of nosocomial infections showed a prevalence rate of around 1.5% of cases that occurred at PT Departure II Bangkat Binjai Hospital. The purpose of this study was to find out the description of Nursing Students 'knowledge about the transmission of nosocomial infections in PTPN II Hospital Binjai Departure in 2017. The specific objective of this study was to identify nursing students' knowledge about contacting nosocomial infections directly, through common vehicle, by air and inhalation, or through vectors at PTPN II Hospital Binjai Departure in 2017. The reason is the availability of samples expected by researchers and for time and cost efficiency. Based on the results of research conducted by the researcher, it can be seen that the description of the level of knowledge of nursing students about the transmission of nosocomial infections in PTPN II Bangkat Binjai hospital is mostly well-informed based on direct contact transmission of 15 people (75%), through common vehicles of 10 people ( 50%), airborne and inhalation transmission as many as 14 people (70%) and vector-borne transmission as many as 14 people (70%). Suggestions for hospitals and health workers should be able to improve the quality of health by making better health surveillance to reduce the number of nosocomial infections.Keywords: Knowledge Overview, Nosocomial Infection


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Yeni Elviani ◽  
A. Gani ◽  
Wahyu Dwi Ari Wibowo

ABSTRAKTerbentuknya kader kesehatan jiwa di masyarakat merupakan angin segar bagi pelayanan kesehatan jiwa. Hal ini harus didukung oleh tingkat pengetahuan, kemampuan, dan pengalaman kader dalam menangani penderita gangguan jiwa, sehingga perlu diadakan pendidikan bagi kader kesehatan jiwa dalam penanganan gangguan jiwa dan deteksi gangguan jiwa di masyarakat. Kader kesehatan jiwa berperan sebagai penghubung antara tenaga kesehatan di fasilitas kesehatan dengan masyarakat. Metode dilakukan dengan cara berkoordinasi dengan ketua kader kesehatan dan petugas kesehatan di Puskesmas Bandar Jaya untuk membentuk kader kesehatan jiwa dan memberikan edukasi kader terkait penanganan dan pendeteksian gangguan jiwa.Tingkat pengetahuan kader tentang penanganan dan pendeteksian gangguan jiwa sebelum dibentuknya kader kesehatan jiwa dan pendidikan kesehatan pada kategori kurang (75%) dan cukup (25%), dan semua kader tidak dapat mendeteksi gangguan jiwa. Setelah mendapatkan penyuluhan terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan kader pada kategori baik menjadi 60%, kategori baik 40%, dan tidak ada kader dalam kategori tingkat pengetahuan kurang, untuk deteksi gangguan jiwa 75% kader mampu mendeteksi gangguan jiwa. Setelah terciptanya kader kesehatan jiwa dan kegiatan ini diharapkan dapat menciptakan kader kesehatan jiwa di masyarakat yang dapat meningkatkan efektivitas pencegahan, kuratif, dan pemulihan masalah kesehatan jiwa khususnya dalam penanganan dan pendeteksian gangguan jiwa di masyarakat. Kata kunci: kader kesehatan jiwa; dekteksi gangguan jiwa; gangguan jiwa; komunitas.  ABSTRACTThe establishment of mental health cadres in the community is good news for mental health services. It must be supported by the cadre’s level of knowledge, ability, and experience in handling people with mental disorders. It is necessary to educate mental health cadres on handling mental disorders and detecting mental disorders in the community. Mental health cadres serve as a communicator between health workers in health facilities and the community. The method is used by coordinating with cadre’s leader and health workers in the Bandar Jaya Public health center to educate cadres about handling and detecting mental disorders. The level of knowledge of cadres before education and training was 74% of respondents lacking knowledge, 25% of respondents had sufficient knowledge, and no one of respondents had good knowledge of handling and detecting mental disorders. The level of knowledge obtained after education was carried out, and there was an increase in knowledge where 60% of respondents obtained good knowledge scores, 40% of respondents had sufficient knowledge. There were no respondents who found that their level of knowledge was lacking. This activity is expected to create mental health cadres in the community to increase the effectiveness of preventive, curative, and recovery mental health problems, especially in handling and detecting mental disorders in the community. Keywords:  mental health cadre; mental disorder detection; mental disorders; community.  


2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 2001
Author(s):  
I Kadek Ardi Gunawan ◽  
I Dewa Nyoman Badera

Supervisors are people who are appointed and given the responsibility to control activities within an organization. Cooperative supervisors are part of members who have an obligation to oversee all operations carried out by the cooperative. This study aims to obtain empirical evidence related to the influence of independence, professional expertise, work experience, level of education, and training programs on the performance of all business cooperative supervisors. The population uses all business cooperatives in Klungkung Regency, with the method of determining the sample, which is a non-probability sampling, especially saturated sampling which uses all members of the population as a sample of 87 people. Research shows that all variables have a positive and significant influence on supervisor performance. Keywords : Independency, Expertise, Experience, Education, Trainin.


Author(s):  
Kalada Godson McFubara ◽  
Deborah K. Ogbe ◽  
Romeo T. Mbooh ◽  
Baribefii P. Nwizia ◽  
Ughiemosomhi P. Nasamu ◽  
...  

Background: Hand washing is a cheap and effective method of preventing nosocomial infections by health workers, but it has not been given strong policy support for resource allocation. Objectives: To describe knowledge, attitude and practice of handwashing among health care workers and to identify the factors affecting the practice in tertiary health care facilities in Bayelsa State. Methods: Four groups of health workers who work directly with patients at the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital and Federal Medical Centre, both in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa state, were studied. A multi-stage sampling was conducted to select 224 respondents. Self-administered and interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data which were then analysed on the Microsoft Excel programme.Response rate of 91.50% (205 respondents) was achieved. Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size formula was used at 95% confidence level. Results: 140 (68.30%) of all respondents had good knowledge of hand washing and about half have excellent hand washing practice. But only 44 (21.5%) had very good knowledge of nosocomial infections. The lack of materials such as soap, water and towels are limiting good hand washing practice. Conclusions: Although there is good knowledge of hand washing and of nosocomial infections as well as good attitude towards hand washing, they have no positive correlation with practice. Inadequate resources may be worsening nosocomial infections. Improved health policy for more health manpower and accessible resources for more regular hand washing are recommended. 


Author(s):  
Astadi Pangarso ◽  
Mohammad Ardi Periyanto ◽  
Candra Wijayangka

<p><em>Abstract</em></p><p><em></em><em>The aim of this research is to know the response of the PT. PJB CSR programs over the perceptions and importance of the community. The method used was quantitative descriptive methods. The sampling of the data is taken based on purposive sampling type of nonprobability sampling. The population are 1228 people and the sample are 135 people, by using Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). This research conclude that PT PJB's PLTU Rembang CSR based on the public perception are already in good category and the community have high expectations over the PJB CSR programs. However, there are several aspects which have to be fixed, include provide ambulance car, controlling pollution, processing sewage with 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) treatment, organize empowerment and training program for community, willing to absorb local workforces who are eligible to fulfill the requirements, organize UKM empowerment program.</em><br /><br />Abstrak</p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tanggapan masyarakat terhadap program tanggung jawab sosial (CSR) PT. PJB atas persepsi dan kepentingan masyarakat<em>. </em>Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode <em>non-probability sampling </em>jenis <em>purposive sampling</em>. Jumlah populasi 1228 orang dan jumlah sampel sebanyak 135 orang, yaitu masyarakat ring 1 sekitar PT PJB PLTU Rembang. Pengolahan data menggunakan metode <em>Importance Performance Analysis (IPA)</em>. Program CSR PT PJB PLTU Rembang berdasarkan persepsi masyarakat sudah berada dalam kategori cukup baik dan masyarakat mempunyai harapan yang tinggi atas program CSR PJB. Namun ada beberapa aspek yang harus diperbaiki, yaitu memberikan bantuan mobil <em>ambulance</em>, melakukan pengendalian polusi, melakukan pengolahan limbah 3R <em>(reduce, reuse, recycle),</em> mengadakan program pemberdayaan dan pelatihan masyarakat, bersedia menyerap tenaga kerja lokal yang memenuhi syarat, serta mengadakan program pemberdayaan UKM.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Phang Finny Liliana ◽  
Carol Daniel Kadang

This study aims to analyze the effect of motivation and training on employee performance at PT Godrej Indonesia in East Jakarta. This research was conducted with the method of Non Probability Sampling with purposive sampling type. Researchers distributed questionnaires to 100 employees of PT Godrej Indonesia. Data analysis using Smart PLS analysis. The results of the analysis concluded that motivation and training had a significant effect on the performance of employees of PT Godrej Indonesia in East Jakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh motivasi, dan pelatihan terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT Godrej Indonesia di Jakarta Timur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode Non Probability Sampling dengan jenis purposive sampling. Peneliti menyebarkan kuesioner kepada 100 karyawan PT Godrej Indonesia. Analisis data menggunakan analisis Smart PLS. Hasil analisis menyimpulkan bahwa motivasi dan pelatihan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan PT Godrej Indonesia di Jakarta Timur.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Mega Oktaviana ◽  
Ririn Nasriati ◽  
Rika Maya Sari

AbstractSnacks had important role in providing energi and nutrition for children. But, the level of snacks safeties were concerned. Therefor, the snacks that were consumed by children need special attention for parents. The knowledge of parents were very influence for the children snacks habbit. The research objective was to knew the parentss knowledge about the healthy snacks on children.This research design was descriptive with a population of 252 parents at Bajang Village Mlarak District Ponorogo Regency. The sample were 63 respondents and the research method that used was purposive sampling. The data were collected by questionnaires and displayed with precentage.The results of this research indicate that from 63 respondents obtained the enough knowledge were 31 respondents (49%),the less knowledge were 22 respondents (35%), the good knowledge were 10 respondents (16%) about the healthy snacksBased on the results of research itcould be concluded that almost a half of respondents were knowledgeable enough about the healthy snacks. Hopefully the parents are expected to incrase knowledge about healthy snacks with a lot af reading print media or electronic media and actively asked the health workers so the parents could changed the life behaviour and more understand about the healthy snacks which wree good for children.Keywords: Knowledge, Parents, Healthy SnacksAbstrak Jajanan memegang peranan yang cukup penting dalam memberikan asupan energi san gizi bagi anak khususnya usia sekolah. Akan tetapi, tingkat keamanan jajanan sekarang ini cukup memprihatinkan. Oleh karena itu jajanan yang dikonsumsi anak perlu menjadi perhatian khusus bagi para orang tua. Pengetahuan orang tua sangat mempengaruhi kebiasaan jajan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan orang tua tentang jajanan sehat pada anak. Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan populasi adalah 252 orang tua di Desa Bajang Kecamatan Mlarak Kabupaten Ponorogo. Besar sampel 63 responden dan metode penelitian menggunakan purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner data ditampilkan dengan prosentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 63 responden didapatkan hasil pengetahuan cukup 31 responden (49%), pengetahuan kurang 22 responden (35%), pengetahuan baik 10 responden (16%) tentang jajanan sehat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa hampir setengahnya responden berpengetahuan cukup tentang jajanan sehat. Diharapkan untuk para orang tua untuk untuk menambah pengetahuan tentang jajanan sehat dengan banyak membaca media cetak atau media elektronik dan aktif bertanya kepada petugas kesehatan agar para orang tua dapat merubah perilaku hidup dan lebih memahami mengenai jajanan sehat yang baik dokonsumsi untuk anak.Kata Kunci :Pengetahuan, Orang Tua, Jajanan Sehat


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Dwi Fijianto ◽  
Nurul Aktifah ◽  
Herni Rejeki

Abstrak. Peningkatan Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan (WBP) di Dunia terjadi setiap tahun. Data World Prison Population List tahun 2014 menunjukkan Indonesia menempati urutan sepuluh besar jumlah Warga binaan Pemasyarakan terbanyak. Sebagian besar Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Laki-laki mengalami kelebihan daya tampung WBP, sehingga menjadi penyebab masalah psikososial yang akan berdampak terhadap spiritual well being WBP laki-laki. Tingkat pendidikan WBP dapat mempengaruhi spiritual well being WBP. Tingkat pendidikan sangat bervariasi sehingga tingkat spiritual well being berbeda antar WBP. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat pendidikan dengan tingkat spiritual well being WBP laki-laki. Jenis penelitian adalah kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan non probability sampling dengan metode purposive sampling. Analisis univariat dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik  responden WBP laki-laki. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Spearman rho untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pendidikan dengan tingkat spiritual well being WBP laki-laki. Jumlah sampel 105 responden yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi yaitu WBP laki-laki yang bisa membaca, WBP laki-laki yang kooperatif, dan WBP laki-laki yang berusia >17 Tahun. Pengambilan data menggunakan instrument Spiritual Well Being Scale (SWBS) Ellison. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara  tingkat pendidikan dengan spiritual well being WBP laki-laki dengan nilai p 0,000. Hubungan antar variabel adalah hubungan positif, semakin tinggi tingkat pendidikan maka akan semakin tinggi tingkat spiritual well being. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah ada hubungan yang signifikan antara  tingkat pendidikan dengan spiritual well being  WBP laki-laki. Kata kunci:  tingkat pendidikan, spiritual well being, WBP laki-laki.    Correlation Between the Level of Education with Spiritual Well Being of Male Inmates at the Correctional Institution in Central Java Abstract. The increase of male inmates in the World occurs every year. World Prison Population List data for 2014 shows Indonesia ranks in the top ten in the number of inmates. Most male correctional institutions experience excess capacity of male inmates, so that it causes psychosocial problems that will have an impact on the spiritual well being of male inmates. The level of inmates education can affect the spiritual well being of inmates. The level of education varies greatly so that the level of spiritual well being differs between. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of education with the level of spiritual well being male inmates. This type of research is quantitative with cross sectional research methods. Sampling uses non probability sampling with a purposive sampling method. Univariate analysis was performed to determine the characteristics of male inmates respondents. Bivariate analysis uses the Spearman rho test to determine the relationship of education level with the level of spiritual well being of male inmates. Total sample of 105 respondents who fit the inclusion criteria were male inmates who could read, male inmates who were cooperative, and male inmates who are more than 17 years old. Retrieval of data using Ellison's Spiritual Well Being Scale (SWBS) instrument. The results showed there was a relationship between the level of education with the spiritual well being of male inmates with a p value 0.000. The relationship between variables was a positive relationship, the higher the level of education the higher the level of spiritual well being. The conclusion of this research there is a significant relationship between the level of education and spiritual well being of male inmates. Keywords: education level, spiritual well being, male inmates.


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