scholarly journals Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Syeda Mehpara Farhat
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Damage ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Invasive Property ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The year 2020 started with the news of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2(SARS-CoV2), induced disease in China which was termed as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This viralinfection soon became pandemic and affected millions of people all over the world. The virus preferentiallyaffects respiratory system causing dry cough and fever, but has the tendency to spread to different organs in the body leading to multiple organ failure. Recent evidences show that corona virus can invade nervous system and damage it. This review is based on different articles and case reports that provide an evidence of neuro-virulent nature of COVID-19 and its consequences. The neuro-invasive property of the virus is divided into threecategories i) Central Nervous System (CNS) manifestations, ii) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) manifestationsand iii) Skeletal Muscle damage. Headache and dizziness were observed to be common symptoms for CNS,whereas loss of smell and taste for PNS damage due to COVID-19. The aim of this review is, to develop anunderstanding of the devastating effects of COVID-19 on nervous system for the early recognition of virusinduced damage. This information can be used for the development of better therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple-organ damage / dysfunction in complicated canine babesiosis

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Welzl ◽  
A.L. Leisewitz ◽  
L.S. Jacobson ◽  
T. Vaughan-Scott ◽  
E. Myburgh
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Renal Involvement ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Increased Risk

This study was designed to document the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in dogs with complicated babesiosis, and to assess their impact on outcome. Ninety-one cases were evaluated retro-spectively for SIRS and 56 for MODS. The liver, kidneys, lungs, central nervous system and musculature were assessed. Eighty-seven percent of cases were SIRS-positive. Fifty-two percent of the cases assessed for organ damage had single-organ damage and 48 % had MODS. Outcome was not significantly affected by either SIRS or MODS, but involvement of specific organs had a profound effect. Central nervous system involvement resulted in a 57 times greater chance of death and renal involvement in a 5-fold increased risk compared to all other complications. Lung involvement could not be statistically evaluated owing to co-linearity with other organs, but was associated with high mortality. Liver and muscle damage were common, but did not significantly affect outcome. There are manysimilarities between the observations in this study and previous human and animal studies in related fields, lending additional support to the body of evidence for shared underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in systemic inflammatory states.

scholarly journals Case Report: Glucocorticoid Effect Observation in a Ureteral Urothelial Cancer Patient With ICI-Associated Myocarditis and Multiple Organ Injuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiajun Hu ◽  
Yumiao Wei ◽  
Xinxin Shuai
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Cancer Patient ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Urothelial Cancer ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Cardiac Injury ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Cardiac Symptoms

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are becoming important safety issues worthy of attention despite the exciting therapeutic prospects. The growing development of new ICIs also brings new cases of irAEs, raising more challenges to clinicians. Cardiac injury is rare but life-threatening among diverse organ injuries, and effective interventions are critical for patients. Here, we report a novel programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitor tislelizumab-associated severe myocarditis and myositis accompanied by liver and kidney damage in a ureteral urothelial cancer patient, who was firstly treated by cardiologists because of cardiac symptoms. Due to the lack of experience about ICI-associated irAEs, an initial low-dose (0.5 mg/kg/day) and short-term methylprednisolone therapy was used and found to be ineffective and risky to the patient; then, steroid therapy was modulated to a higher dose (1.5 mg/kg/day) with prolonged time course, and improvement of patient symptoms and laboratory markers were observed quickly and persistently. The patient did not show adverse events under this steroid dosage. This case reports a rare tislelizumab-related myocarditis and multiple organ injuries, which provides valuable experience to cardiologists like us. Early recognition of ICI-associated myocarditis and sufficient dosage and time course of glucocorticoid therapy are critical for severe cases. High-quality clinical evidence about the precise diagnosis and therapy in ICI-associated myocarditis and other organ injuries are necessary to guide our clinical works.

scholarly journals The Regulation Effect of α7nAChRs and M1AChRs on Inflammation and Immunity in Sepsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Song Hu ◽  
Yundong Wang ◽  
Hongbing Li
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cholinergic Receptor ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors

The inflammatory storm in the early stage and immunosuppression in the late stage are responsible for the high mortality rates and multiple organ dysfunction in sepsis. In recent years, studies have found that the body’s cholinergic system can spontaneously and dynamically regulate inflammation and immunity in sepsis according to the needs of the body. Firstly, the vagus nerve senses and regulates local or systemic inflammation by means of the Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway (CAP) and activation of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs); thus, α7nAChRs play important roles for the central nervous system (CNS) to modulate peripheral inflammation; secondly, the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors 1 (M1AChRs) in the forebrain can affect the neurons of the Medullary Visceral Zone (MVZ), the core of CAP, to regulate systemic inflammation and immunity. Based on the critical role of these two cholinergic receptor systems in sepsis, it is necessary to collect and analyze the related findings in recent years to provide ideas for further research studies and clinical applications. By consulting the related literature, we draw some conclusions: MVZ is the primary center for the nervous system to regulate inflammation and immunity. It coordinates not only the sympathetic system and vagus system but also the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system to regulate inflammation and immunity; α7nAChRs are widely expressed in immune cells, neurons, and muscle cells; the activation of α7nAChRs can suppress local and systemic inflammation; the expression of α7nAChRs represents the acute or chronic inflammatory state to a certain extent; M1AChRs are mainly expressed in the advanced centers of the brain and regulate systemic inflammation; neuroinflammation of the MVZ, hypothalamus, and forebrain induced by sepsis not only leads to their dysfunctions but also underlies the regulatory dysfunction on systemic inflammation and immunity. Correcting the neuroinflammation of these regulatory centers and adjusting the function of α7nAChRs and M1AChRs may be two key strategies for the treatment of sepsis in the future.

scholarly journals Covid-19 outbreak and Oral Health Concerns – A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Sarosh Mahdi ◽  
Zohaib Ahmed ◽  
Raheel Allana ◽  
Alessandro Peretti ◽  
Mohammed Nadeem Bijle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Existential Crisis ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Bias Risk ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Background:The aim of this systematic review is to shed light on practical implications of Covid-19 pandemic for the profession of dentistry. It examines the current literature and dental guidelines on Covid-19 in a systematic manner.Methods:A sequential systematic literature search was conducted on Pubmed, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Google scholar, Embase of Web of Science. The search results yielded the following results-Covid-19 (n=5171), Novel corona virus (n=63), Covid- 19 and dentistry (n=46), Covid-19 and oral health (n=41) Novel Corona virus and Dentistry (n=0), dental health and Novel Coronavirus (n=26), and dental practice and Novel Coronavirus (n=6)Results:The final review included 13 articles after elimination of other articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Original articles and systematic reviews addressing 2019-nCoV and dentistry were entitled for inclusion, case reports, case series, correspondences, editorials were not included. Bias risk assessment was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS)Conclusion:Covid-19 pandemic is an existential crisis for the profession of dentistry and requires a complete rethink about many aspects of the profession due to the nature of dental work. Evidence based research and multi-sectorial collaboration is required to make the profession safe again, both for the patient and dental team.

scholarly journals A rare complication of ESWL: Focal metastatic multiple organ abscesses in a horseshoe kidney

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Ugur Kuyumcuoglu ◽  
Bilal Eryildirim ◽  
Murat Tuncer ◽  
Gokhan Faydaci ◽  
Tevfik Aktoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Horseshoe Kidney ◽  
Metastatic Tumor ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abscess Formation ◽  
Extracorporeal Shock Wave ◽  
Organ Systems

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is an effective treatment modality in the minimal invasive management of urinary system stone disease. Although the majority of the complications occuring after ESWL are minor (most common ones are gross haematuria, pain, perinephritic hematoma); bacteriuria may also occur in some cases which sometimes can lead to sepsis and even metastatic abscess formation in a very rare part of the cases treated. In this rare situation infection agent spreads quickly via hematogenous route and causes abscess formation in different parts of the body. Majority of such cases usually have an underlying systemic disease like diabetes mellitus (DM), malignancy, HIV or steroid use which lead to disruption of immune system functions. Abscess formation following ESWL is extremely rare and usually limited with some case reports published in the literature. Herein, we present a diabetic case with formation of multiple abscess foci in kidney, as well as in lungs and liver following ESWL. The patient was first admitted to our emergency department with high fever and respiratory distress and misdiagnosed as metastatic tumor foci based on radiologic findings. To the best of our knowledge, our case is the first one in the literature in whom simultanous abscess formation in multiple organ systems has been documented following an otherwise uneventful ESWL.

scholarly journals Histopathology and Pathogenesis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Chrysanthakopoulos ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

A severe pandemic of CoronaVirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), according to World Health Organization (WHO), appeared in China in December 2019, and spread rapidly. The majority of the patients had mild symptoms and good prognosis after recovery; however some patients developed severe inflammatory reaction and passed away from multiple organ complications. The novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta-coronavirus and is similar with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). SARS-CoV-2 and -1 have the same host receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans remains unclear. The immune response is essential to control and reduce SARS-CoV-1 and -2 infections, however, irregular and exaggerated immune responses may lead to the immunopathology of the disease and the lung lesions. This article presents the immunological features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential pathogenesis based on the recent observations of the International literature.

scholarly journals Pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and methods of therapy of hypothalamic obesity

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
E Iu Il'ina ◽  
N A Strebkova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypothalamic Obesity ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

The authors present the current literature data concerning pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of hypothalamic obesity along with methods of its treatment. Lesions in the hypothalamus associated with infiltrative processes, neoplastic growth, and consequences of medical interventions not infrequently lead to the development of obesity characterized by the rapid gain of body weight. The major factor contributing to this increase is the compromised function of the regulatory hypothalamic centres controlling the sense of hunger and satiation and the energy balance. This dysregulation is responsible for hyperphagia, vegetative disorders, reduced energy expenditure, and hyperinsulinemia. It is extremely difficult to control the body weight only by adhering to diet guidelines and altering the lifestyle. The weight-losing efficacy of the present-day pharmacotherapy targeted for modulation of insulin secretion and activation of sympathetic nervous system is rather low and does not ensure the desired prevention of the weight gain. More detailed information about the risk factors and pathogenetic mechanisms of hypothalamic obesity is needed to develop efficacious therapeutic strategies for the treatment of this condition.

scholarly journals Penyalahgunaan Obat Kodein dan Tahapan Pembuktiannya: Tiga Laporan Kasus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Ainun Jaryah Bahrir
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
The Body ◽  
Analgesic Drug ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Study Case

ABSTRAK Kodein adalah alkaloid terkandung dalam opium sebesar 0,7- 2,5%, selain itu alkaloid kodein juga ditemukan dalam opioid sekitar 0,3- 3,0%. Kodein merupakan obat analgesik golongan opium yang biasa digunakan untuk penghilang rasa nyeri dari sedang hingga berat. Kodein merupakan obat yang paling banyak digunakan dikalangan praktisi kesehatan. Kodein yaitu sejenis obat batuk, namun dapat menyebabkan ketergantungan/efek adiksi sehingga peredarannya dibatasi dan diawasi secara ketat. Dalam menggunakan suatu obat, tidak hanya manfaat terapi dari obat itu yang dipertimbangkan tetapi juga efek samping yang ditimbulkannya. Kodein merupakan salah satu jenis NAPZA golongan depresan. Depresan adalah senyawa yang dapat menekan sistem tubuh. Depresan Sistem Syaraf Pusat (SSP) adalah senyawa yang dapat menurunkan aktivitas fungsional dari Sistem Syaraf Pusat (SSP). Akibatnya yaitu menurunnya fungsi beberapa organ tubuh. Depresan Sistem Syaraf Pusat (SSP) bekerja dengan menekan pusat kesadaran, rasa nyeri, denyut jantung dan pernafasan. Telah dilaporkan beberapa kasus penyalahgunaan kodein hingga menyebabkan kematian. Maka dari itu tujuan dari artikel ini untuk memaparkan tentang kodein dan bagaimana tahapan pembuktian kasus penyalahgunaan dengan menggunakan tiga laporan kasus yang telah ada. Kata kunci: kodein, analgesik, penyalahgunaan obat, studi kasus ABSTRACT Codeine is an alkaloid contained in opium of 0.7-2.5%, besides that codeine alkaloids are also found in opioids around 0.3-3.0%. Codeine is an opium analgesic drug commonly used for moderate to severe pain relief. Codeine is the most widely used drug among health practitioners. Codeine is a type of cough medicine, but can cause addiction so that circulation is limited and closely monitored. In using a drug, not only the therapeutic benefits of the drug are considered but also the side effects it causes. Codeine is one type of drug depressant group. Depressants are compounds that can suppress body systems. Central nervous system (CNS) depressants are compounds that can decrease the functional activity of the central nervous system (CNS). The result is a decrease in the function of several organs of the body. Central nervous system (CNS) depressants work by suppressing the center of awareness, pain, heart rate and breathing. Several cases of codeine abuse have been reported to cause death. Therefore the purpose of this article is to explain about codeine and how the stages of evidence of abuse are used by using three existing case reports. Keywords: codeine, analgesic, drug abuse, study case

scholarly journals COVID - 19 - a New Challenging Disease for Intensivists and Cardiologists. From Basic Science to the Clinical Setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Skalik
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Venous Thromboembolic Events ◽  
Venous Thromboembolic ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Tract Infections

A novel coronavirus causing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has been considered the cause of a large number of lower respiratory tract infections leading to severe respiratory failure in many cases. However, the evidence-based hospital reports show that the COVID -19 infestation may range from an asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic course with an almost bizarre deterioration of life parameters (“silent hypoxia”) through to critically ill patients with multiple organ failure including that of the lungs, kidneys, nervous system and other organs. Moreover, this coronavirus disease may cause significant lung damage in asymptomatic COVID-19 positive patients who recover at home.The virus enters through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) widely expressed in the cardiovascular system and other organs and tissues, which can result in myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias, brain stroke, acute pleuritis, pneumonia and venous thromboembolic events. COVID -19 - induced failure of some central mechanisms controlling breathing and the circulation may explain the mismatch between the clinical symptoms and the objective physiologic life parameters in many patients treated by intensivists or cardiologists. The severity of coronavirus disease is dependent on numerous factors including the magnitude of the host immune response, the impairment of central and peripheral nervous system, age, co-morbidities (e.g. diabetes, arterial hypertension, obesity, chronic heart failure) and presumably genetic proclivity. A brand-new treatment approach with use of alternative or experimental therapies such us Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO), plasmapheresis, proinflammatory interleukins - targeted drugs, covalescent plasma transfusion, virus replication inhibitors is obviously needed in some COVID-19 patients.

Neuron-glia relationship during the early postembryonic development of the nervous system in some oligochaetes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.

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