scholarly journals Substance Abuse: From Abstinence to Relapse

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Kamran Chughtai ◽  
Saira Javed ◽  
Shoaib Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Heroin Addiction ◽  
Average Period ◽  
Emotional Instability ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual

Objective: The current study objective was to identify and explore the common reasons of relapse after abstinence in drug addiction. Study Design: Cross sectional. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry Combined Military Hospital, Abbottabad from January to August 2019. Materials and Methods: Individuals who were drug dependent and reported for detoxification were included in the study. Individual interviews were conducted through thematic guide regarding demographic details, name of substance of abuse, duration of substance abuse, number of previous self-attempts to quit the drug, average period of abstinence after self-attempt, reason of relapse after self-attempt, previous assisted attempts to quit the habit, average period of abstinence after assisted attempt, reason of relapse after assisted attempts. The responses were analyzed by using content analysis. Results: Participants (N=34) were males, age range 25 to 40 years, 58% married, 11% uneducated, 79% employed, 47% heroin addiction and 11% were using cannabis. The common reasons of relapse among self –attempt and assisted-attempt addicts after abstinence in drug addiction were peer pressure (social pressure), negative emotions from family (aggression discouragement and lack of empathy/sympathy), stress (traumatic events,badphysical/mentalhealth)/lackofmotivationand easyavailabilityofdrugs(cheap,affordableand distributors are approachable). Resentment against confinement at rehabilitation centers was found only among assisted-attempt addicts after abstinence. Half of the self-attempt participants of the study, were abusing drugs for about last 5 years, 20% had tried to quit the drug on their own at least twice, 41.18 % for two weeks, 32.35 % for 1 month, and 26.47% remained abstinent after self-attempt to quit the drug for more than 6 months. On the contrary, 47 % of these individuals had two previous assisted attempts at rehabilitation centers to quit the drug. After assisted attempts 32.35 % remained abstinent for less than one day, 52.94% for one day, and 14.71 % for less than one week. Conclusion: It is concluded that the main reasons of relapse are emotional instability, lack of family cooperation and confinement at rehabilitation centers against the will of individual for longer time. Therefore, rehabilitation process should be initiated with the motivation of the individual, followed by psycho education of the family and avoidance of unnecessary prolongs admission without consent of the individual.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF POST WAR SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN SYRIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Maryam Bibi,Eraj Saleem, Shafaq Zahid
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Stress Isolation ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Individual

Addiction is a disease that alters the behaving and thinking of the brain of a person. When a person starts using drugs, it starts getting addicted to them and gradually it can’t help but act on the impulse to use them regardless of the damage caused to the body of addicted person. Drug isn’t about just illegal drugs. A person can get addicted to alcohol, painkillers, nicotine and other legal substances. Drug addiction is a deathly disease found in almost every year of age. The disease is mostly carried by people who are mentally frustrated, physically or mentally abused, facing financial problem or family problems and is desperate to get some sort of relief that comes with the high of drugs even if it proves to be grim for their health in the long run. Addiction starts with the continuous use of dosage of any drug, until the point that an individual starts feeling anxious without the availability of them. Slowly and painfully, these drugs starts making a person totally relied on them and it is basically impossible for the individual to survive without them. There can be many reasons as to why an individual decides to go on this path of addiction. Economic problems, state of utter sadness in case of the death of a loved one or a closed one, societal stress, isolation, aggression, bad or wrong company, in state of depression and anxiety are the most likely situations in which a person starts taking drugs. Along with many other factors, families often play a vital role in pushing an individual towards seeking comfort and relief from the drugs. Developing countries like Pakistan and many others are facing the problem as there are not many effective and active rehabilitation centers. In this research article, the role of families contributing in an individual’s drug addiction is elaborated. This research article is done with the help of many researches, as well as some interviews were conducted regarding certain factors and the answers were given according to the observation and views of responders. The conclusion is drawn with the help of articles and personal opinions and observations regarding how a person leans toward substance or drug usage because of certain family issues and problems.

scholarly journals Substance abuse, drug addiction and the role of primary health care amid the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 6175
Author(s):  
Mustafa Elsaied Esmail ◽  
Majed Diaa Mosly ◽  
Abdulaziz Abdullah Alghamdi ◽  
Alalaa Hussain Hakami ◽  
Ahmed Ali Majrashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Substance Addiction ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The definition of substance abuse is the use of certain types of drugs such as alcohol, cannabis, hash, cocaine and others that have serious side effects and clinical complications. There is a significant difference between substance abuse and the term addiction. The significant difference between substance abuse and addiction is that drug addiction or substance addiction is classified as a chronic disease controlling the physical and mental ability of the individual to unpleasant force to use specific drugs such as cocaine or else. The literature has a positive correlation between the COVID-19 pandemic and illegal drug abuse in substance abuse or addiction. COVID-19 caused emotional emptiness for many people around the world, in addition to anxiety and depression. The particular group of people started addicting to specific drugs to induce temporary happiness due to the unpleasant events they had from the pandemic. This article aimed to review the challenges of substance abuse and drug abuse in the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of public health in addition to primary care facilities against this phenomenon. To our knowledge, this is the first review providing a complex review about this issue since the beginning of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Evaluation of rehabilitation services provided to drug addicts in district Peshawar

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Ramsha Hamid ◽  
Naveeda Sarwar ◽  
Adnan sarwar ◽  
Saira Gul ◽  
Saman Saman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
Drug Addicts ◽  
Drug Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
History Of

Rehabilitation is an integrated program of interventions that empower individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions to achieve “personally fulfilling, socially meaningful, and functionally effective interaction” in their daily contexts. To assessing the rehabilitation services provided to the drug addicts in Peshawar. To assess the role of government sector rehabilitation centers and the private sector rehabilitation centers in reducing the sufferings of the drug addicts.Methodology is a cross sectional analytical study was conducted in 4 rehabilitation centers of Peshawar city i.e. KTH, LRH, DWF Hayatabad and DWF Shahibala, selected by convenient sampling technique. A closed ended questionnaire was planned with a checklist of services provided in the drug rehabilitation centers. This was filled by the staff members of the rehabilitation centers. Also 131 drug addicts who were present in rehabilitation centers on the day of interview and were willing to participate in the study were included in the study population. Data was analyzed through Spss v.22 and different statistical test were applied. The resaerch is obtained the Results by Drug addiction was found to be 54% among the younger age group of 21-30 years. A significant (p=0.029) association was found between marital status and relapse of drug addiction. History of imprisonment had a significant relationship (p=0.003) with relapse. Another significant association (p=0.01) was found to exist between peer pressure and relapse. The results of the study explain that the services available for rehabilitation of drug addicts are not sufficient and the relapse rate more in public sector rehabilitation centers and the possible risk factors for relapse are peer influence, marital status and a history of imprisonment.Conclusionof this resarch is on the basis of the results and statistical analysis of our research study it can be concluded that the services available for the rehabilitation of drug addicts in Peshawar are not sufficient. The number of drug rehabilitation centers and the treatment slots available in those centers are few in number. Also most of the drug rehabilitation centers are providing the inpatient type of treatment setting which makes it impossible for a large number of drug addicts to get the benefits of rehabilitation programs. The rehabilitation services are not free of cost and a large number of drug addicts cannot afford the service charges as disallowance mechanism is not effective in the centers.

scholarly journals Elective course “Pharmaceutical aspects of substance abuse and drug addiction” as part of the process of forming a systemic thinking pharmacist

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-313
Author(s):  
T. I. Voitenko ◽  
S. V. Sergeev ◽  
O. A. Bobrovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Psychoactive Drugs ◽  
Elective Course ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Microsoft Office

Annotation. The formation of non-standard thinking and holistic vision in higher education students is achieved through the use of interdisciplinary integration of basic subjects with elective courses as more professionally oriented. The aim of the work is to optimize the teaching of a new course “Pharmaceutical aspects of substance abuse and drug addiction” (“PASAandDA”), which is offered to students of the 3rd year of the Faculty of Pharmacy and is a generalization for previous basic and additional disciplines of biological direction with modern information and communication technologies. The following methods were used: sociological survey, statistical processing of the obtained results, analysis of scientific sources on the subject of work. The survey was conducted twice anonymously on a self-developed questionnaire, which was developed according to the methodology of the Center for Applied Research, in Microsoft Forms Office 365. Generalization and processing of research materials in observation groups were conducted using statistical and comparative methods according to each category. The survey involved 123 people (43 men, 80 women), divided into two groups: students of the 3rd year of the Faculty of Pharmacy, who studied “PASAandDA” (observation group – 39 people) and people from their circle of friends who were not familiar with this course (control – 84 people). All obtained data were statistically processed using built-in modules Microsoft Forms and software package “Microsoft Office Excel” taking into account the Student’s parametric t-test to assess the obtained statistical significance of intergroup differences. The following results were obtained: the question, which was formulated in such a way that based on the answers, it was possible to obtain the numerical value of worldviews on the socialization of addicted to psychoactive drugs (PD), 21% of respondents who studied the discipline (reliability m= ±6.52), and from the number of respondents who did not study “PASAandDA” – 38% (m= ±5.3), p<0.05 (95%). 17% (m= ±6.01) and 4% (m= ±2.14), p<0.05 (95%) were denied. Considering the above results, we can conclude that among the respondents who did not study “PASAandDA”, statistically significantly more consider drug addiction to be less threatening to the individual and his return to society. Finally, the analysis of factual data makes it possible to state that the study of the elective course “PASAandDA”, in accordance with the implemented optimizations, statistically significantly reduced the number of potential consumers of psychoactive drugs among applicants, which is undeniable practical significance of this discipline.

scholarly journals METHODOLOGICAL BASES OF A.S. MAKARENKO’S PEDAGOGY AND HUMANISTIC GUIDELINES OF MODERN EDUCATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 150-154
Author(s):  
Yu. КOLOS ◽  
L. PASHKO ◽  
Yu. VASYLETS
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
Societal Challenges ◽  
Psychology History ◽  
Young Teacher ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Children’S Rehabilitation ◽  
Parallel Action

The article deals with the methodological sources and humanistic guidelines of modern education. The philosophical bases of A.S. Makarenko’s pedagogy and pedagogical ideas of G.V. Mohnenko are presented. New approaches to eliminating bad habits such as smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction are shown in modern conditions. The purpose of the study is to identify and systematize humanistic guidelines and dimensions, their meaning and prospects in modern education. In his colonies A.S. Makarenko organized a humanistic and democratic micro-society. One of his main pedagogical ideas was the education of the individual in the team and through the team. The young teacher tokk interest in philosophical works, literature, psychology, history and other sciences, in particular, the works by Bergson, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and others. The idea of pedagogical expediency was successfully implemented in the practice of A.S. Makarenko, and is closely intertwined with the concept of "common sense" by Henri Bergson. The article considers the following principles of Makarenko's pedagogy: parallel action, i.e. influence on the personality through the team, reliance on positive in the pupil’s personality, perspective lines in the development of the team, "tomorrow's joy" and others. Nowadays, new societal challenges have emerged that require new approaches to education in the context of the spread of alcoholism, smoking and drug addiction. An important and interesting experience is the approaches of Gennady Viktorovich Mokhnenko, an innovative teacher, the founder and head of the largest children's rehabilitation center "Republic Pilgrim" and a network of rehabilitation centers for adults.

The Red Neuronal Pigment in the Nervous System of the Mussel, Mytilus Edulis: Localization and Its Effect on Lateral Ciliary Activity with Spectral and Analytical Changes

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 494-495
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Paparo ◽  
Judith A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cryostat Sections

The purpose of this study was to localize the red neuronal pigment in Mytilus edulis and examine its role in the control of lateral ciliary activity in the gill. The visceral ganglia (Vg) in the central nervous system show an over al red pigmentation. Most red pigments examined in squash preps and cryostat sec tions were localized in the neuronal cell bodies and proximal axon regions. Unstained cryostat sections showed highly localized patches of this pigment scattered throughout the cells in the form of dense granular masses about 5-7 um in diameter, with the individual granules ranging from 0.6-1.3 um in diame ter. Tissue stained with Gomori's method for Fe showed bright blue granular masses of about the same size and structure as previously seen in unstained cryostat sections.Thick section microanalysis (Fig.l) confirmed both the localization and presence of Fe in the nerve cell. These nerve cells of the Vg share with other pigmented photosensitive cells the common cytostructural feature of localization of absorbing molecules in intracellular organelles where they are tightly ordered in fine substructures.

The Utility of Non-invasive Tests for Detection of Previous Proximal-vein Thrombosis

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (04) ◽  
pp. 592-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Villalta ◽  
Paolo Prandoni ◽  
Alberto Cogo ◽  
Paola Bagatella ◽  
Andrea Piccioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Clinical Score ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Popliteal Vein ◽  
Venous Reflux ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Common

SummaryBackground. Despite the availability of several diagnostic methods for the detection of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), the identification of previous episodes of DVT remains a diagnostic challenge.Study objective. To assess the reliability of a combination of a standardized clinical score with three non-invasive tests: compression ultrasonography (CUS), Doppler ultrasound (DUS), and photoplethysmography (PPG), in determining the presence or the absence of previous proximal DVT.Methods. One hundred consecutive unselected outpatients were identified, who had undergone contrast venography six to nine years previously because of the clinical suspicion of DVT (confirmed in 43). They were blindly reinvestigated by a panel of trained operators unaware of venography results. They underwent a clinical evaluation of the lower limb, by applying a standardized score to five symptoms and six signs (grading each item from 0 to 3); a PPG test to determine the venous refilling time; a DUS test to determine the venous reflux separately in the common femoral and the popliteal vein; and a CUS test to determine vein compressibility in the same regions.Results. An abnormal CUS test and/or the demonstration of venous reflux in the popliteal region and/or a high clinical score (≥ 8) identified twenty-four of the 43 (56%) DVT + patients with a specificity of 89%. The combination of normal CUS with the absence of venous reflux in both the common femoral and popliteal vein and a low clinical score excluded previous thrombosis in 45 (79%) of the 57 DVT- patients (negative predictive value, 78%). Abnormal venous reflux in the isolated common femoral vein did not reliably predict the presence or absence of previous DVT. However, this occurred in only 13 (13%) patients. The PPG determination of venous refilling time did not improve the results obtained with the other tests.Conclusions. The combination of a standardized clinical evaluation with the results of CUS and DUS can reliably diagnose or exclude previous proximal-vein thrombosis in almost 90% of patients with previous episodes of suspected DVT.

What Can Economists Contribute to the Common Good Tradition?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Yuengert
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Common Pool Resources ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Provision ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

Although most economists are skeptical of or puzzled by the Catholic concept of the common good, a rejection of the economic approach as inimical to the common good would be hasty and counterproductive. Economic analysis can enrich the common good tradition in four ways. First, economics embodies a deep respect for economic agency and for the effects of policy and institutions on individual agents. Second, economics offers a rich literature on the nature of unplanned order and how it might be shaped by policy. Third, economics offers insight into the public and private provision of various kinds of goods (private, public, common pool resources). Fourth, recent work on the development and logic of institutions and norms emphasizes sustainability rooted in the good of the individual.

Punk as Folk: Continuities and Tensions in the UK and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Dale
Keyword(s):  
Folk Music ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Collective Creativity ◽  
Living Tradition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

Numerous claims have been made by a wide range of commentators that punk is somehow “a folk music” of some kind. Doubtless there are several continuities. Indeed, both tend to encourage amateur music-making, both often have affiliations with the Left, and both emerge at least partly from a collective/anti-competitive approach to music-making. However, there are also significant tensions between punk and folk as ideas/ideals and as applied in practice. Most obviously, punk makes claims to a “year zero” creativity (despite inevitably offering re-presentation of at least some existing elements in every instance), whereas folk music is supposed to carry forward a tradition (which, thankfully, is more recognized in recent decades as a subject-to-change “living tradition” than was the case in folk’s more purist periods). Politically, meanwhile, postwar folk has tended more toward a socialist and/or Marxist orientation, both in the US and UK, whereas punk has at least rhetorically claimed to be in favor of “anarchy” (in the UK, in particular). Collective creativity and competitive tendencies also differ between the two (perceived) genre areas. Although the folk scene’s “floor singer” tradition offers a dispersal of expressive opportunity comparable in some ways to the “anyone can do it” idea that gets associated with punk, the creative expectation of the individual within the group differs between the two. Punk has some similarities to folk, then, but there are tensions, too, and these are well worth examining if one is serious about testing out the common claim, in both folk and punk, that “anyone can do it.”

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