scholarly journals Datura stramonium Leaf Extract Toxic Effects on Testis in Swiss Albino Mice Mus muscullu

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Tropane Alkaloids ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Structural Function ◽  
Oral Intubation ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Crude Aqueous Extract

The notorious weed, jimson weed (Datura stramonium L.) is a hallucinating plant with both poisonous and medicinal properties. The neurotoxicity of the plant is attributed to the presence of tropane alkaloids which contain a methylated nitrogen atom (N-CH3) that block neurotransmitters in the brain. Ethno-medicinally, the frequent recreational abuse of D. stramonium has resulted in toxic syndromes. This investigation has been designed to examine the toxicity and describe the possible changes in the structural function of vital organs, following the oral intubation of non-lethal doses of Datura stramonium leaves crude aqueous extract. Through preliminary trials, crude aqueous extract. Of 200mg leaves per kilogram body weight was established as a tolerable non-lethal dose. Three doses 0.36, 0.7, and 4 mg/kg were orally weekly, administered to the male mice in a 0.1 ml volume. Acute toxicity studies were accomplished through oral intubation of three dosages in each case. Observation and mortality were reported for 24 .48, 72 hours Prolonged toxicity was performed through the administration of weekly, single doses oral for 40 days. The observation was made on the mice's body weight, , and histological abnormality of a testis organ.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMISTRY, TOXICITY AND EFFICACY OF CRUDE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CARICA PAPAYA LEAF AGAINST TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
A. A. Biu ◽  
L. B. Buratai ◽  
A. A. Ahmed ◽  
I. U. Hambali ◽  
S. I. Ngulde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Crude Aqueous Extract

The aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaf was evaluated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity and in vitro antitrypanosomal efficacy in this study. A total of 15 albino rats grouped into 5(A-E) of 3 rats each were intraperitoneally treated with graded doses of 100, 200, 400, 800mg/kg body weight of the aqueous extract and observed for 24 hours for clinical signs and death. The calculated median lethal dose (LD50) was 600mg/kg body weight, with clinical signs of sluggishness, awkward pasture, loss of appetite, starry hair coat and terminal death within 24 hours. Severity of clinical signs varied with increasing doses. The in vitro antitrypanosomal efficacy of the aqueous extract showed 100% inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei at concentrations of 40mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 5mg/ml and 2.5mg/ml respectively. In conclusion the aqueous extract of C. papaya leaf has bioactive components that are moderately toxic and has trypanosomal inhibitory activity.

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii (Miq.) Miq. stem bark in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
EL Lappa ◽  
◽  
C Bogning Zangueu ◽  
EL Nguemfo ◽  
JJ Kojom Wanche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats

Ficus vogelii is a medicinal plant mainly found in tropical Africa and reported to treat inflammatory complaints. This study aims to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii stem bark in wistar rats. For acute study, aqueous extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to female rats and observed for 14 days. In the sub-chronic study, the extract was administered daily to both sex rats at the doses of 100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight for 28 consecutive days. Body weight was measured weekly, while hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were analyzed after euthanize. Aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii at all tested doses didn’t produced any mortality or significant change on the body weight and relative weight of rats on acute and sub-chronic studies. The lethal dose 50 was estimated greater than 5000 mg/kg (DL50˃5000 mg/kg). Hematological parameters were recorded non-significant in all treated rats. Aqueous extract at 600 mg/kg significantly changed transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activities, these changes were reversible in satellites. The concentrations of bilirubin was increased at 200 and 600 mg/kg in male rats, at 100, 400 mg/kg in female rats. The levels of lipids markers didn’t changed, except the significant decrease of LDL-cholesterol. Histological examination didn’t showed any change in the architecture of the liver and kidney of rats treated compared to control. Thus aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii stem bark didn’t produced adverse effects in rats after oral acute and sub-chronic treatment.

scholarly journals Delving into the Antiurolithiatic Potential of Tribulus terrestris Extract Through –In Vivo Efficacy and Preclinical Safety Investigations in Wistar Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Kaushik ◽  
Simran Tandon ◽  
Rishi Bhardwaj ◽  
Tanzeer Kaur ◽  
Surinder Kumar Singla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Tribulus Terrestris ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Preclinical Safety

Abstract Modern treatment interventions for kidney stones are wrought with side-effects, hence the need for alternative therapies such as plant-based medicines. We have previously documented through in vitro studies that statistically optimized aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae family) possesses antiurolithic and antioxidant potential. This provides strong scientific foundation to conduct in vivo efficacy and preclinical safety studies to corroborate and lend further proof to its ability to prevent and cure kidney stones. The preventive and curative urolithiatic efficacy in experimentally induced nephrolithiatic Wistar rats, along with preclinical toxicity was evaluated following oral administration of statistically optimized aqueous extract of T. terrestris. Treatment showed augmented renal function, restoration of normal renal architecture and increase in body weight. Microscopic analysis of urine revealed excretion of small sized urinary crystals, demonstrating that treatment potentially modulated the morphology of renal stones. Tissue enzymatic estimation affirmed the antioxidant efficacy of treatment with reduced free radical generation. Significant upregulation of p38MAPK at both the gene and protein level was noted in hyperoxaluric group and interestingly treatment reversed it. Acute oral toxicity study established the Median Lethal Dose (LD50) to be greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) by repeated oral toxicity for 28 days at 750 mg/kg b.wt. was noted. This study lends scientific evidence to the safe, preventive and curative potential of statistically optimized aqueous extract of T. terrestris at a dose of 750 mg/kg b.wt. and suggests that the extract shows promise as a therapeutic antiurolithic agent.

scholarly journals The Toxicology of Nickel Carbonyl

1908 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Armit
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Fatty Degeneration ◽  
Iron Carbonyl ◽  
The Body ◽  
Selective Absorption ◽  
Nickel Carbonyl ◽  
Respiratory Surface ◽  
The Brain

Nickel carbonyl poisoning is a particular instance of nickel poisoning.The lethal dose of nickel varies according to the method of application. When applied by subcutaneous injection, the physical condition of the compound influences the rate of absorption and therefore relatively large quantities may be required. In rabbits, the lethal dose is about 7½ mgrs. per kilogram body weight under the most favourable conditions when applied subcutaneously. In cats it is about 12½ mgrs. per kilogram body weight. When applied intraperitoneally, the absorbing surface is considerably larger and consequently the dose required to kill is smaller. In rabbits it is less than 7 mgrs. When applied in the form of nickel carbonyl vapour one meets with the most favourable conditions for rapid absorption and the dose is therefore still smaller. Rabbits die after the absorption of between 3 and 4 mgrs., while cats die after absorbing about 8½ mgrs. per kilogram body weight.In the lungs, nickel carbonyl is dissociated and a nickel compound, probably the hydrated sub-carbonate, is deposited on the respiratory surface.The nickel is dissolved from the respiratory surface by the tissue fluids and is then taken up by the blood.Some of the nickel finds its way directly through the lymphatic channels into the bronchial glands.In the dissolved condition, the nickel enters into complex combination with some constituent of the body.The nickel is carried by the blood to the tissues, but a selective absorption is exercised by the brain and adrenals. In the case of other forms of nickel poisoning, the lungs also exert this specific selection. The nickel only stays for a short time in these organs.The specific pathological changes which are produced by nickel in these organs are primarily a degeneration of the endothelial cells of the capillary vessels. It is possible that some further primary action is exercised on the ganglion cells in the brain and on the parenchyma cells of the adrenals.The haemorrhages follow as the result of the fatty degeneration of the vessel walls and secondary changes result from the effects of the haemorrhages.The nickel is excreted by the kidneys and intestines.The method of poisoning with iron carbonyl is similar to that of nickel poisoning, but the amount necessary to kill in the former case is larger.Iron carbonyl poisoning like nickel carbonyl poisoning is merely a specific instance of metallic poisoning.Iron acts in a similar manner to nickel on the walls of capillary vessels, but no evidence of selection by any special tissues was obtained.Cobalt has a toxicological action which is identical to that of nickel. The lethal dose however is higher than that of nickel and lower than that of iron.After the inhalation of a quantity of nickel or iron carbonyl which is greater than the minimum required to kill, no form of treatment was found to avert death.It is with much pleasure that I again express my gratitude to Dr Ludwig Mond, F.R.S., for having rendered this investigation possible, by defraying all the expenses, and by giving me the benefit of his advice.I further desire cordially to thank Dr C. J. Martin, F.R.S., and the other members of the Staff of the Lister Institute, who have at all times been ready and willing to assist me. The work has necessitated incursions into several branches of science, and has required the acquisition of a variety of methods. I have made free use of their kind collegiality and am glad to avail myself of this opportunity of recording my indebtedness.The literature of the subject has been given in Part I, q.v.

scholarly journals ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY STUDY OF ARECA CATECHU LINN. EXTRACT IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Liza Meutia Sari ◽  
Frans D Suyatna ◽  
Gus Permana Subita ◽  
Elza Ibrahim Auerkar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Areca Catechu

ABSTRACTObjective: Areca catechu Linn. or biji pinang is one of the most widely used psychoactive substance with several hundred million users worldwide,predominantly in Southern Asia. However, details of the dermal toxicity of A. catechu L. are still undiscovered. The objective of this study is toinvestigate the in vivo acute dermal toxicity of aqueous extract of A. catechu L. at dose 15,000 mg/kg body weight in Sprague-Dawley rats.Methods: The acute dermal toxicity of A. catechu L. nut extract was investigated in rats, as per OECD Guidelines 402 for acute toxicity protocols. Thebody weight, possibility of death, general signs, and behavior activity parameters were measured for 14 days to ascertain the median lethal dose(LD50) of the extract. At the end of the study, all the animals in all the treated group were sacrificed.Results: The LD50 was found to be >15,000 mg/kg body weight. There was significant weight increase (p<0.05) in treated group when comparedto control group. No mortality was observed during whole 14 days study period. A single dose of 15,000 mg/kg of body weight did not producetreatment-related signs of toxicity in any of animal tested.Conclusion: A single dermal dose to A. catechu L. aqueous extract had no toxic effects on mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, and grossfindings in female rats at a dose of 15,000 mg/kg of body weight. Subsequently, the concentrate can be employed for pharmaceuticals nutrient plants.Keywords: A. catechu L., Acute dermal toxicity, LD50.

scholarly journals Toxicological Profile of the Aqueous Extract of Tectona grandis L.F. (Verbenaceae) Leaves: A Medicinal Plant Used in the Treatment of Typhoid Fever in Traditional Cameroonian Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Gabriel Tchuente Kamsu ◽  
Dieudonné Pascal Djamen Chuisseu ◽  
Siméon Pierre Fodouop Chegaing ◽  
Huguette Bocanestine Laure Feudjio ◽  
Louis-Claire Ndel Famen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Toxicological Profile

Tectona grandis (T. grandis) is a medicinal plant widely used in Cameroon to treat typhoid fever and several other diseases. Despite its heavy use for medical purposes, no study has yet been conducted to assess its potentially toxic effects. This study aimed at evaluating the acute and subchronic toxicological profile of Tectona grandis leaf extract in rats. The acute toxicity study revealed neither behavioral disturbances nor death in rats. The lethal dose (DL50) of this extract is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The subchronic toxicity study showed no significant change in weight gain in rats at test doses throughout the treatment period. However, there was a significant decrease in alanine transaminase activity and serum protein levels at all doses. Alkaline phosphatase activity decreased at doses of 30, 90, and 270 mg/kg and increased at the dose of 810 mg/kg body weight. Serum and urinary urea levels increased simultaneously at doses of 270 and 810 mg/kg body weight. Repeated administration of the extract also increased total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein levels in both sexes were compared to respective controls, and the ratio of high- to low-density lipoprotein was found to be greater than 1 in all animals. However, at the dose of 810 mg/kg, necrosis was observed on the kidney sections and vascular congestion on the liver sections of animals. Aqueous extract of T. grandis did not lead to any adverse effects in rats after acute and subchronic treatment at 30 and 90 mg/kg doses. This extract can, therefore, be used for the formulation of typhoid fever phytomedicine at the therapeutic dose of 30 mg/kg, but before this, chronic and mutagenic toxicity evaluations must be carried out.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMISTRY, TOXICITY AND IN VITRO ANTITRYPANOSOMAL EFFICACY OF CRUDE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF GUIERA SENEGALENSIS STEM BARK

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Biu ◽  
L. B. Buratai ◽  
P. N. Onyedim ◽  
I. U. Hambali ◽  
S. I. Ngulde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Guiera Senegalensis ◽  
Crude Aqueous Extract

The crude aqueous extract of Guiera senegalensis stem bark was evaluated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity and in vitro antitrypanosomal efficacy in this study. Tests for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phlabotannins, saponins, steroids, cardenolides, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, and anthraquinones were conducted. A total of 15 albino rats of both sexes were used and grouped into 5 (A to E) of 3 rats each. Groups A-D were intraperitoneally treated with graded doses of 100, 200, 400, 800mg/kg body weight of the crude aqueous extract of G. senegalensis stem bark. Group E was treated with Physiological Saline Solution serving as the control. All groups were observed for 24 hours for clinical signs and death to determine the median lethal dose (LD50). An in vitro experiment was carried out with 2 drops of blood from a donor rat added to 5 ml of phosphate buffer glucose solution out of which 0.2ml was finally used at 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 0.625, 0.313, 0.156 and 0.078 concentrations of the extract. The phytochemical screening for bioactive substances had tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides.  Phlabotannins and cardenolides were not detected. The clinical signs observed were sluggishness, awkward posture, loss of appetite, starry hair coat and terminal death within 24 hours with LD50 value of 600mg/kg. The in vitro antitrypanosomal efficacy of the extract showed 100% inhibition of motility against Trypanosoma brucei at 20mg/ml. In conclusion, the crude aqueous extract of G. senegalensis stem bark contains phytochemical components that exhibit inhibitory trypanosomal activity. 

scholarly journals Toxicological implications of Margaritaria discoidea aqueous seed extract on Na+, K+-ATPase specific activity, glucose and serum electrolytes level in wistar rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Chimaraoke Onyeabo ◽  
Polycarp Nnacheta
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Dose Dependent

The effect of aqueous seed extract of Margaritaria discoidea on Na+ K+ ATPase activity and toxicity studies of its seed extract were investigated in albino rats. The study involved oral administration of different doses of the aqueous extract to groups of male albino rats at 25, 50,100, and 200mg/kg body weight resulted in significant (p<0.05) decrease in sodium, potassium and glucose levels while chloride and calcium ions showed a significant (p<0.05) increase relative to control. The seed extract also showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in Na+ K+ ATPase specific activity in a dose dependent manner relative to control. The median lethal dose (LD50) of this extract in mice was established at 316.2mg/kg body weight using probit of mortality. The results showed that the acute toxicity potency of the aqueous extract of the seeds was practically non-toxic. The study showed that seeds of Margaritaria discoidea could be toxic if not consumed in moderate quantities.

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