scholarly journals The Prtotein Content In Edible Insects And The Nutritional Value Of Macrophytes In Their Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (06) ◽  
pp. 71-90
Author(s):  
Sattarov Abdumurod Sattarovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Average Survival

This article analyzes the synthesis of the Tenebrio molitor protein (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) belonging to a food insect, depending on its nutrient content. Differences in protein synthesis by Tenebrio molitor larvae were shown when wheat bran and flour from the macrophytesLemna minor and Azollacarolina were added. In particular, it was noted that TMO-2 and TMO-6 T.molitor F6 larvae are synthesized on average 31.02% protein in wheat bran, 38.13% in duckweed and 30.87% in azole. It was found that the larvae of variant F6 grown on wheat bran synthesized protein on average 4.79% less than the variant F1 of wheat. F6 larvae grown in duckweed synthesized 7.11% more protein than larvae grown in wheat bran and 0.15% less protein synthesis than larvae grown in azole. It was found that F6 larvae grown in duckweed produce 7.26% more protein than larvae grown in azole. Summarizing these indicators, it was noted that in the body of larvae eating macrophytes insufficient absorption of nutrients, low moisture content in the feed led to their death, egg laying and larvae of variant F6 produced significantly less protein than variant F1. When feeding macrophytes, it is advisable to takeintoaccountits moisture content or add flour based on them to other food sources. It was studied that egg-laying larvae grown on the basis of azole accounted for 38.14%, whereas in duckweed this indicator was 58.38%. It was found that in larvae grown on wheat bran, the percentage of egg-laying is 68.85%. The mortality rate of larvae feeding on wheat bran was 18.22%, in duckweed - 44.63%, in azole - 62.27%, this is due to insufficient moisture in the composition of duckweed and azole (average humidity 3.4-4.2%), relatively high humidity (average humidity 9.58-10.12%) in wheat bran. Survival coefficients of Tenebrio molitor F6 larvae were determined in three different compositions and sources of nutrients with different humidity (wheat bran, Lemna minor and flour Azollacarolina). Tenebrio molitor F6 larvae of the generation of variants TMO-2 and TMO-6 were grown on wheat bran with an average survival rate of 0.79, on duckweed flour - 0.50, on azolla flour - 0.64. It was noted that the survival rate of larvae grown on wheat bran was 15.5% higher than that of larvae grown on azolla, and it is advisable to explain the source not by the protein reserve, but by the amount of moisture in it. It was noted that the moisture content (9.58-10.12%) (protein 15%) in wheat bran was a factor in the high viability of the larvae compared to azolla (protein-27%, humidity 8.2%). Despite the easy protein synthesis in the body of larvae in duckweed flour (protein - 16.1%, humidity - 4.4%) compared to azolla flour, its content is 3.8% lower than that of azolla, due to the fact that survival the larvae in them were lower than in wheat and azolla. Therefore, along with the protein content, moisture is an important factor when choosing a food source. When summing the survival rates of larvae of the Tenebrio molitor F6 generation in the studied nutrient media, the average survival was calculated as 0.96. This means that based on the established ratios of wheat bran, duckweed and azolla flour, it will be possible to create a nutrient medium with a new content, high nutritional value and low cost

scholarly journals Proximate composition of two puffer fish species, Leiodon cutcutia and Dichotomyctere fluviatilis of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Ishtiak Ahmed Chowdhury ◽  
Md Rakibul Hasan ◽  
Suraiya Parveen ◽  
Shuvra Kanti Dey ◽  
Md Baki Billah
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Puffer Fish

Protein, lipid, ash and moisture content in the body muscles of two commonly available puffer fish species in Bangladesh (Leiodon cutcutia and Dichtomyctere fluviatilis) have been analysed from January 2018 to June, 2018. The puffer fish species were collected from different habitats i.e., Leiodon cutcutia from freshwater and Dichtomyctere fluviatilis from estuarine water. The percentage of the proximate composition varied in different months in both the species. In Leiodon cutcutia, moisture content fluctuated from 79.32% to 87.61% with an average of 83.75%; protein content from 6.35% to 13.31% with an average of 9.49%; lipid content from 1.57% to 2.32% with an average of 1.92% and ash content from 2.30% to 3.27% with an average of 2.84%. In Dichotomyctere fluviatilis, moisture content fluctuated from 73.77% to 84.18% with an average of 77.49%; protein content from 10.03% to 19.77% with an average of 16.80%; lipid content from 0.92% to 1.71% with an average of 1.32% and ash content from 2.77% to 3.34% with an average of 3.05%. The comparative evaluation of the nutritional value of the studied fish species revealed that the puffer fish from estuarine environment might contain higher amount of nutrients. Thus, proper utilization of this species towards sustainable management, nutritional composition and biosecurity issues will lead to achieve sustainable blue economy. Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 8(1): 25-33, 2019 (June)

scholarly journals Mathematical model and experimental validation for the prediction of dissolved oxygen saturation in aquaculture ponds

2022 ◽  
Vol 2153 (1) ◽  
pp. 012017
Author(s):  
K M Valdez-Prudencio ◽  
S Arceo-Diaz ◽  
J A Bricio-Barrios ◽  
E E Bricio-Barrios
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Energy Transport ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Artificial Aeration

Abstract Fluid mechanics is one of the oldest areas of physics with the greatest number of applications in everyday life. This area became more versatile when mass and energy transport equations were incorporated. Together, these equations allow describing a wide variety of case studies with great precision. Among cases available in the open literature, aquaculture is one of the most important due to the growing need for food sources for human consumption, the nutritional value of many fish varieties, the low cost of the maintenance of fish farms. Dissolved oxygen is one of the most relevant parameters ensuring water quality in fish farming. Many fish farms use permanent artificial aeration systems for maintaining the oxygen level within the recommended range used, causing an increasing energy consumption. Therefore, this work proposes an equation and validation, based on equations hydraulics and transport phenomenon, capable of determining the maximum concentration of dissolved oxygen in the body from the operating parameters of the tilapia rearing pond.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Natural and Factitious Food Sources for Pronematus Ubiquitus on Tomato Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus V. A. Duarte ◽  
Dominiek Vangansbeke ◽  
Juliette Pijnakker ◽  
Rob Moerkens ◽  
Alfredo Benavente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Oidium Neolycopersici ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Supplementation Frequency ◽  
Factitious Food ◽  
The Impact

Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor) is a small iolinid mite that is capable of establishing on tomato plants. Once established, this mite has been shown to control both tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) (Acari: Eriophyidae) and tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici L. Kiss). In the present study, we explored the nutritional value of various food sources in the laboratory. First, we assessed the reproduction of two food sources that P. ubiquitus can encounter on a tomato crop: tomato pollen and powdery mildew. In a second laboratory experiment, we evaluated the nutritional value of two types of prey mites: the astigmatid Carpoglyphus lactis L. (Acari: Carpoglyphidae) and the tarsonemid Tarsonemus fusarii (Acari: Tarsonemidae). Powdery mildew and C. lactis did not contribute to the reproduction, whereas tomato pollen and T. fusarii did allow egg-laying. However, Typha angustifolia pollen was a superior food source in both experiments. In a greenhouse trial on individual caged tomato plants, we evaluated the impact of pollen supplementation frequency on establishment of P. ubiquitus. Here, a pollen addition frequency of every other week was required to allow populations of P. ubiquitus to establish.

scholarly journals Efficient Cryopreservation of Populus tremula by In Vitro-Grown Axillary Buds and Genetic Stability of Recovered Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Elena O. Vidyagina ◽  
Nikolay N. Kharchenko ◽  
Konstantin A. Shestibratov
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
One Step ◽  
The One

Axillary buds of in vitro microshoots were successfully frozen at –196 °C by the one-step freezing method using the protective vitrification solution 2 (PVS2). Microshoots were taken from 11 transgenic lines and three wild type lines. Influence of different explant pretreatments were analyzed from the point of their influence towards recovery after cryopreservation. It was found out that the use of axillary buds as explants after removal of the apical one increases recovery on average by 8%. The cultivation on growth medium of higher density insignificantly raises the regenerants survival rate. Pretreatment of the osmotic fluid (OF) shows the greatest influence on the survival rate. It leads to the increase in survival rate by 20%. The cryopreservation technology providing regenerants average survival rate of 83% was developed. It was based on the experimental results obtained with explant pretreatment. Incubation time in liquid nitrogen did not affect the explants survival rate after thawing. After six months cryostorage of samples their genetic variability was analyzed. Six variable simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were used to analyze genotype variability after the freezing-thawing procedure. The microsatellite analysis showed the genetic status identity of plants after cryopreservation and of the original genotypes. The presence of the recombinant gene in the transgenic lines after cryostorage were confirmed so as the interclonal variation in the growth rate under greenhouse conditions. The developed technique is recommended for long-term storage of various breeding and genetically modified lines of aspen plants, as it provides a high percentage of explants survival with no changes in genotype.

The history of anabolic steroids and a review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids

1985 ◽  
Vol 110 (3_Suppla) ◽  
pp. S11-S18 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kopera
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Complex Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anabolic Effect ◽  
Vital Functions

Metabolism is the term employed to embrace the various physical and chemical processes occurring within the tissues upon which the growth and heat production of the body depend and from which the energy for muscular activity, for the maintenance of vital activity and for the maintenance of vital functions is derived (Best & Taylor 1950). The destructive processes by which complex substances are converted by living cells into more simple compounds are called catabolism. Anabolism denotes the constructive processes by which simple substances are converted by living cells into more complex compounds, especially into living matter. Catabolism and anabolism are part of all metabolic processes, the carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The term anabolic refers only to substances that exert an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and are unlikely to cause adverse androgenic effects. They shift the equilibrium between protein synthesis and degradation in the body as a whole in the direction of synthesis, either by promoting protein synthesis or reducing its breakdown. The protein anabolic effect of anabolic steroids is not restricted to single organs but is the result of stimulated biosynthesis of cellular protein in the whole organism.

Intravenous administration of amino acids during anesthesia stimulates muscle protein synthesis and heat accumulation in the body

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (5) ◽  
pp. E882-E888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ippei Yamaoka ◽  
Masako Doi ◽  
Mitsuo Nakayama ◽  
Akane Ozeki ◽  
Shinji Mochizuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Heat Accumulation

The present study was conducted to determine the contribution of muscle protein synthesis to the prevention of anesthesia-induced hypothermia by intravenous administration of an amino acid (AA) mixture. We examined the changes of intraperitoneal temperature (Tcore) and the rates of protein synthesis ( Ks) and the phosphorylation states of translation initiation regulators and their upstream signaling components in skeletal muscle in conscious (Nor) or propofol-anesthetized (Ane) rats after a 3-h intravenous administration of a balanced AA mixture or saline (Sal). Compared with Sal administration, the AA mixture administration markedly attenuated the decrease in Tcore in rats during anesthesia, whereas Tcore in the Nor-AA group became slightly elevated during treatment. Stimulation of muscle protein synthesis resulting from AA administration was observed in each case, although Ks remained lower in the Ane-AA group than in the Nor-Sal group. AA administration during anesthesia significantly increased insulin concentrations to levels ∼6-fold greater than in the Nor-AA group and enhanced phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) and ribosomal protein S6 protein kinase relative to all other groups and treatments. The alterations in the Ane-AA group were accompanied by hyperphosphorylation of protein kinase B and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These results suggest that administration of an AA mixture during anesthesia stimulates muscle protein synthesis via insulin-mTOR-dependent activation of translation initiation regulators caused by markedly elevated insulin and, thereby, facilitates thermal accumulation in the body.

The influence of nutrition on egg-production and longevity in unmated female body-lice (Pediculus humanus corporis: Anoplura)

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Haddow
Keyword(s):  
Female Body ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unmated Female ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Lice

1. Isolated unmated female body-lice were worn in pillboxes between the skin and the clothes. They were kept constantly on the body but, by a simple device, groups of ten were permitted feeding periods of different length. These groups were fed for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. per day respectively. Another group of ten were never allowed to feed after the last moult.2. Some of the figures for egg yield were high. Lice in the 24 hr. group were able to maintain a rate of ten eggs per day for 4−5 days at a time.3. No significant difference in longevity or rate of egg-laying was found to exist between the 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. groups nor between the 4 and 8 hr. groups but a pronounced and significant difference exists between the 8 and 12 hr. groups. Below 12 hr. there is a sharp fall in longevity and rate of egg production. The unfed group all died, without laying, on the third day.4. The rate of laying as shown by the mode increases progressively with increase in time allowed daily for feeding.5. With regard to the mean eggs per louse the position is less clear. It is felt that the 24 hr. group may differ significantly from the 12, 16 and 20 hr. groups but this is uncertain.

The morphology of the British Prostriata with particular reference to Ixodes hexagonus Leach. II

Parasitology ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 161-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Arthur
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dorsal Margin ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Basis Capituli

The palps of all stages of Ixodes trianguliceps are provided with a ventral plate below the basal article; formerly this plate was thought to be the first palpal article. This article in the larva and nymph is produced forward into a spur, but in the female tick this spur is incorporated into the basis capituli as the sella. The hypostomes of I. trianguliceps and I. canisuga are redescribed to clear up existing inaccuracies.Ticks in which the rostrum does not extend beyond the apex of the first palpal article are found on birds, and this probably represents a primitive condition. Those with palpal spurs, which may or may not be fused with the basis capituli, are found on birds (not in Britain) or on mammals of the mouse size group, and those where the rostrum is produced beyond the first palpal article occur on a wide range of large and small animals. The longer and more heavily toothed digits of ticks appear to be associated with a wide host range and vice versa. The structure of the digit may also influence the choice of attachment sites by ticks on their hosts because the microstructure of the skin varies in different parts.Variations in size and form of the scuta of some British ticks are described, and the mean growth rate is ascertained from this data. The information shows that the material of I. ricinus and I. hexagonus is homogeneous, and that specific differences occur in size, shape, the position and type of dermal ducts and in the relation between scutal and alloscutal bristles.The morphology of Gené's organ in I. hexagonus is described. It consists of a basal sac-like portion surmounted by four horns and lined with a cuticle beneath an epithelium. The gland is a proliferation of the epithelium and located near the bifurcation of the base into the horns. A watery refractile fluid, secreted by the gland, accumulates between the epidermis and the cuticle in the horn-like extensions. Proximally the thick endocuticle and epidermis lie close together, and two cuticularized rods penetrate the endocuticle for about half-way along the stalk. The rods arise from the postero-dorsal margin of the basis capituli. Muscles, arising from the free ends of the rods, pass back to near the hind-margin of the scutum; they retract the basis capituli after egg laying and indirectly assist in the retraction of Gené's organ. A suggested mechanism for everting Gené's organ in I. hexagonus is outlined.During feeding the opisthosomatic cuticle of all developmental stages of the tick is much stretched. In the larva, where the cuticle is thin, this is effected by the flattening of the epicuticular pleats, but nymphs and females have, in addition, two longitudinal folds alongside the body which stretch to a far greater extent than do the epicuticular pleats. Similar folds are present between the hard ventral plates and the scutum and between the epimeral and median plates in the male. Coupled with the large size of the male digit, this suggests that morphologically, at least, males can imbibe blood.The growth of the leg segments of I. hexagonus is not constant from stage to stage, and as a result the shortest ‘leg-length’ of the female exceeds the longest ‘leg-length’ of the male.

scholarly journals Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Synthes as Precursors for Enantiopure Clenbuterol and Other β2 Agonists

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Fredrik Blindheim ◽  
Mari Hansen ◽  
Sigvart Evjen ◽  
Wei Zhu ◽  
Elisabeth Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Asymmetric Reduction ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis ◽  
The World ◽  
Β2 Agonist ◽  
Β2 Agonists

Clenbuterol is a β2-agonist used in the veterinary treatment of asthma in several countries. The drug is listed on the World Antidoping Agency’s prohibited list due to its effect on increased protein synthesis in the body. However, racemic clenbuterol has recently been shown to reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease. In order to reveal which one (or both) of the enantiomers that cause this effect, pure enantiomers need to be separately studied. (R)-1-(4-Amino-3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-bromoethan-1-ol has been synthesised in 93% enantiomeric excess (ee) by asymmetric reduction of the corresponding ketone catalysed by a ketoreductase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as the cofactor in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). (S)-N-(2,6-Dichloro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)acetamide has been synthesised in >98% ee by the same system. Both synthons are potential precursors for clenbuterol enantiomers.

scholarly journals Contamination of food with cadmium and dioxins – influence on the human body

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Słojewska ◽  
Izabela Gutowska
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Hormonal Balance ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Contaminated Food

Introduction: Food is a carrier of many pollutants nowadays. For cadmium and dioxins, it is the main source of these compounds in the general population. Hence, the aim of this work was to collect data on the health effects associated with exposure to cadmium and dioxins which get into the human body through food.Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted by searching the scientific Medline database (PubMed) and Google Scholar.Results: Health effects associated with a long-term exposure to low doses of cadmium and dioxins may be nonspecific and are rarely attributed to food sources. These may cause disorders affecting hormonal balance, kidney function, lipid metabolism, fertility, cognitive function, bone mineralization, and susceptibility to diseases and allergies. These compounds may also lead to cancer development.Conclusions: The general population faces the problem of longterm exposure to small doses of these substances due to their accumulation in the body, even if their amounts do not exceed the relevant standards. The health effects of this type of exposure may be significantly delayed and are not likely to be attributed to the consumption of contaminated food. Consumers wishing to reduce the amounts of these compounds delivered to the body should limit the consumption of grilled and smoked products, and should also opt for organic food.

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