scholarly journals The problem of structural unemployment at the present stage of labour market development in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Artem HUSIEV
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Structural Unemployment ◽  
Technological Unemployment ◽  
High Level

The article explores the theoretical and methodological basis of the problem of structural unemployment. The economic essence of the phenomenon has been identified, as well as the main reasons for its emergence in the context of globalization. The main types of structural unemployment are given: technological, territorial-industry. The relationship between the digitalization of business processes due to scientific and technological progress and the increase in the level of structural unemployment in the country has been revealed. The problem of structural unemployment in Ukraine at the present stage has been analyzed. The concept of public policy on structural unemployment has been proposed. Structural unemployment is a kind of unemployment, which arises as a result of structural changes in the economy of the country, exists under any economic system, its complete elimination is impossible. Depending on the reason for the emergence of structural unemployment is technological and geographically-sectorial unemployment. Technological unemployment is typical for highly developed countries with a high level of digitalization economy and is a consequence of automation of workplaces. Technological unemployment leads to transformations in the structure of demand for labor: withering some professions and the emergence of others. Such unemployment is a positive thing for the country's economy as a whole, so the main measures are to remove negative consequences of this unemployment for individual workers. In Ukraine, due to the relatively low rate of scientific and technological progress, the problem of technological unemployment, compared to developed countries, is less urgent. Geographically, the branch unemployment is caused by disproportions between supply and demand of manpower in certain areas or regions. In Ukraine and other countries with a transitive economy, this type of structural unemployment is more widespread. Balancing the demand and supply on the labor market at the mesoeconomic level is the main direction of the State policy on reducing the level of territorial and industry unemployment in Ukraine.

The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development

2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A Hanushek ◽  
Ludger Woessmann
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
School Quality ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
School Attainment ◽  
High Level

The role of improved schooling, a central part of most development strategies, has become controversial because expansion of school attainment has not guaranteed improved economic conditions. This paper reviews the role of cognitive skills in promoting economic well-being, with a particular focus on the role of school quality and quantity. It concludes that there is strong evidence that the cognitive skills of the population—rather than mere school attainment—are powerfully related to individual earnings, to the distribution of income, and to economic growth. New empirical results show the importance of both minimal and high level skills, the complementarity of skills and the quality of economic institutions, and the robustness of the relationship between skills and growth. International comparisons incorporating expanded data on cognitive skills reveal much larger skill deficits in developing countries than generally derived from just school enrollment and attainment. The magnitude of change needed makes clear that closing the economic gap with developed countries will require major structural changes in schooling institutions.

scholarly journals MODERN TECHNOLOGIES AS A DETERMINANT OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL OPEN ECONOMIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radomir Božić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Open Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Open Economies ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Economic Growth And Development

The modern age is characterized by strong development and application of information and communication tech- nologies (ICT) and Industry 4.0, which determine sig- nificant changes in the economy and society as a whole, and especially affect production and business processes, economic growth and development, productivity, busi- ness models, required qualifications and workers’ skills, the education system, as well as people’s daily lives. Thanks to that, developed countries are already achiev- ing significant effects in terms of efficiency, productiv- ity, flexibility, gross domestic product (GDP) and living standards growth, and there are opportunities for small open economies to create their own approaches to accel- erate growth and convergence with developed countries. Otherwise, the negative consequences known as digital sharing are also possible. The aim of this paper is to present, based on relevant lit- erature and experiences of individual countries, the po- tentials, challenges and possible responses of economic and business policy makers aimed at the application of ICT and Industry 4.0 in small open economies, such as the Western Balkans. The paper is structured as follows: Introductory remarks - elaboration of the theoretical basis, characteristics and implications of ICT and Industry 4.0 on the economy and society as a whole; Methodology - review of rel- evant current literature; Results - presentation of basic potentials, challenges and possible responses of small open economies in the function of accelerating econom- ic growth; and Discussion - concluding remarks and rec- ommendations for possible responses.

scholarly journals HIGHER EDUCATION AND LABOUR MARKET IN UKRAINE: A DECADE OF INTERACTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-38
Author(s):  
Natalia Mospan
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
National Labour Market

The national model of interaction between higher education and the labour market was formed under the influence of world processes (globalization, marketization, internationalization, Europeanization). In 2020, the national economy, having reached the frontier of its development, was struck by the COVID-19 pandemic, whose negative consequences require rigorous analysis and careful study. Since 2014, the negative trends in the interaction of higher education with the labour market have begun to grow. They manifested in a shortage of highly qualified workers, or inconsistency of qualifications with the requirements of the national labour market. These trends continue to escalate in recent years. At the legislative level, there was an attempt from the government to outline steps towards the interaction of higher education with the labour market but without defining specific mechanisms. The economic and financial crisis has required the government to transit to another form of financing higher education institutions and to restructure and even reduce their number. The current state of interaction between higher education and the labour market is defined as unbalanced. That has led to a mismatch between supply and demand in the national labour market; the high level of unemployment among graduates of higher educational institutions and professionals with higher education; increasing student and labour migration; distance learning and work remotely. Ukraine is gradually losing modern factors of economic growth – human capital. Prospective trends are considered in the transition to a circular economy; the inclusion of the “environmental” dimension of the circular economy in professionals training and education. The article analyses the interaction of higher education with the labour market in Ukraine over the past decade (2010-2020). The study focuses on an analysis of past, current and future trends in higher education, the labour market and national legislation from the perspective of sustainable economic development. The research is interdisciplinary and mixed (theoretical and empirical). For visualization of the analysed phenomena and conclusions, the surveys data conducted in 2015, 2017 and 2020 are presented.

scholarly journals Alternative futures for world cereal and meat consumption

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Rosegrant ◽  
Nancy Leach ◽  
Roberta V. Gerpacio
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Global Food

Fundamental changes in the global structure of food demand will lead to an extra-ordinary increase in the importance of developing countries in global food markets. Economic growth in developing countries is changing consumption patterns, with slower growth (and in many countries actual declines) in per capita food consumption of grains and rapidly growing per capita and total meat consumption, combined with induced growth in cereal feed consumption. The present paper examines the hypothesis, suggested by some researchers, that high-meat diets in developed countries limit improvement in food security in developing countries. These analysts argue that reduced meat consumption in developed countries would release cereals from livestock feed to food for poorer populations, thus improving food security in developing countries. Using the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington, DC, USA) global food projections model, the international model for policy analysis of agricultural com-modities and trade (see Rosegrant et al. 1995), we first analyse the implications for future global cereal and meat supply and demand resulting from changes in global income, population growth and other structural changes, then simulate alternative sce-narios to examine the effect of large reductions in meat consumption in developed coun-tries on food consumption and food security in developing countries. The paper shows that while the long-term prospects for food supply, demand and trade indicate a strength-ening of world cereal and livestock markets, the improvement in food security in the developing world will be slow, and changes in the dietary patterns in developed countries are not an effective route to improvement in food security in developing countries.

Structural Change and the Role of Demand

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Ricardo Azevedo Araujo ◽  
Joanílio Rodolpho Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Sector Model

Structural economic dynamics is an approach that provides insights into the process of structural change, offering a synthesis between traditional supply and demand views of economic growth, with the supply side characterized by technological progress and the demand side driven by the Engel’s law. However, adequately considering structural change requires a framework for more fully accounting for the role of demand, and not leaving it as merely exogenous. With this inquiry dimensions of endogenous patterns of demand are selectively embedded in a Pasinetti multi-sector model, thus rendering structural changes endogenous. This stream of research provides a more inclusive and comprehensive panorama of the role of demand for structural change, connecting the evolving patterns of the demand with productivity growth.

scholarly journals Analysis of Trends in International Trade at the Present Stage of World Economy Digitalization

2020 ◽  
pp. 170-182
Author(s):  
Olga Nikulina ◽  
Syuzanna Petrosyan
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
Structural Method ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Electronic Trade ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents an analysis of trends in the development of international trade in the context of digitalization. The growing process of digitalization can lead to qualitative changes in all sectors of domestic economy and foreign trade. At the present stage important aspects of growth, development and digitalization of economies of the countries participating in international trade and economic relations are primarily electronic trade, export and import operations and management at the national and the interstate level. The subject of this study is economic relations arising in the process of implementing operations on the international exchange of goods and services in the context of digitalization of the world economy. The purpose of the study is to identify the main trends and tendencies in the development of international trade in the digital transformation of economic and political relations. The study uses the economic and statistical method that reveals the main trends in the development of digitalization and international trade, and the system-structural method that analyzes the structural changes in the impact of digitalization on international trade. As a result, the authors have developed tools to promote digitalization in international trade and international economic relations. The development of international trade in modern conditions is most dependent on digital technologies that have an impact on e-commerce and business processes in international trade.

Features of shadowing the sphere of information and communication services at the national and regional levels

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Roman Yaremchuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
High Level

Based on the assessment of the features and basic preconditions for the shadowing of ICT services in the regions of Ukraine, it is substantiated that a significant level of its shadowing, especially in the IT sector, is an unfavorable factor that limits the positive effects and structural changes in Ukraine’s socio-economic system and also hinders the most complete and effective realization of its development potential. It is established that lack of effective judicial system and specialized standard and legal base, and also the low level of ICT services domestic market development and generally low investment appeal of our country’s economic system remains the main obstacles which hinder the achievement of the high level of the Ukrainian ICT sector development and increase in competitiveness of its services on a global scale. It leads not only to the deepening lag of the ICT services sector of Ukraine from its main competitors on a global scale, but also to maintaining a high level of its shadowing, which negatively affects the prospects of the national economy and increasing the efficiency of its potential in ensuring economic development of the regions of Ukraine. The maximum positive impact of the ICT services sector in the development of the economic system is possible only if it, in addition to increasing its competitiveness in the global IT market, will contribute to the growth and improvement of the domestic IT market through the implementation of experience gained in the economic systems of developed countries in creation and introduction of modern innovative technologies, products, methods of organization and management of business processes. The positive impact of the ICT services sector on the internal IT market development in Ukraine is significantly limited by numerous regulatory and economic barriers, which together with the high level of the shadow economy, both in the ICT services sector and in the economic system of Ukraine in general, noticeably reduce its investment attractiveness for foreign and domestic investors. According to the assessment of the shadow economy level in the ICT services sector of Ukraine in 2013-2018 by the method of unprofitable enterprises, the interdependence between changes in the level of the shadow economy in ICT services sector and some parameters of its productivity in the economic system is defined. It allowed to find out the main reasons for the shadowing and the threats of its growth in the ICT services sector in Ukraine, and also to identify possible ways to overcome them in the near future.

THE IMPACT OF UKRAINE'S EXCISE DUTY POLICY ON THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF THE TOBACCO MARKET

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10) ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Nadiia NOVYTSKA ◽  
◽  
Inna KHLIEBNIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Excise Duty ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Transformation Processes

The market of tobacco products in Ukraine is one of the most dynamic and competitive. It develops under the influence of certain factors that cause structural changes, therefore, the aim of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of transformation processes in the market of tobacco and their alternatives in Ukraine and identify the factors that cause them. The high level of tax burden and the proliferation of alternative products with a potentially lower risk to human health, including heating tobacco products and e-cigarettes, are key factors in the market’s transformation process. Their presence leads to an increase in illicit turnover of tobacco products, which accounts for 6.37% of the market, and the gradual replacement of cigarettes with alternative products, which account for 12.95%. The presence on the market of products that are not taxed or taxed at lower rates is one of the reasons for the reduction of excise duty revenues. According to the results of 2019, the planned indicators of revenues were not met by 23.5%. Other reasons for non-fulfillment of excise duty revenues include: declining dynamics of the tobacco products market; reduction in the number of smokers; reorientation of «cheap whites» cigarette flows from Ukraine to neighboring countries; tax avoidance. Prospects for further research are identified, namely the need to develop measures for state regulation and optimization of excise duty taxation of tobacco products and their alternatives, taking into account the risks to public health and increasing demand of illegal products.

Folding-Controlled Assembly of Ortho-Phenylene-Based Macrocycles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viraj kirinda ◽  
Scott Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Structural Control ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Condensation Product ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
High Level ◽  
Alkoxy Groups ◽  
Energy Surfaces

The self-assembly of foldamers into macrocycles is a simple approach to non-biological higher-order structure. Previous work on the co-assembly of ortho-phenylene foldamers with rod-shaped linkers has shown that folding and self-assembly affect each other; that is, the combination leads to new emergent behavior, such as access to otherwise unfavorable folding states. To this point this relationship has been passive. Here, we demonstrate control of self-assembly by manipulating the foldamers’ conformational energy surfaces. A series of o-phenylene decamers and octamers have been assembled into macrocycles using imine condensation. Product distributions were analyzed by gel-permeation chromatography and molecular geometries extracted from a combination of NMR spectroscopy and computational chemistry. The assembly of o-phenylene decamers functionalized with alkoxy groups or hydrogens gives both [2+2] and [3+3] macrocycles. The mixture results from a subtle balance of entropic and enthalpic effects in these systems: the smaller [2+2] macrocycles are entropically favored but require the oligomer to misfold, whereas a perfectly folded decamer fits well within the larger [3+3] macrocycle that is entropically disfavored. Changing the substituents to fluoro groups, however, shifts assembly quantitatively to the [3+3] macrocycle products, even though the structural changes are well-removed from the functional groups directly participating in bond formation. The electron-withdrawing groups favor folding in these systems by strengthening arene–arene stacking interactions, increasing the enthalpic penalty to misfolding. The architectural changes are substantial even though the chemical perturbation is small: analogous o-phenylene octamers do not fit within macrocycles when perfectly folded, and quantitatively misfold to give small macrocycles regardless of substitution. Taken together, these results represent both a high level of structural control in structurally complex foldamer systems and the demonstration of large-amplitude structural changes as a consequence of a small structural effects.

On the issue of the revitalization and modernization of the engineering in Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
A. E. Melnikov
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Significant Barrier ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Competitive Products

Currently, one of the important tasks of the economic policy of Russia is the formation of a hightech image of the national economy, capable of effective functioning in the changing global geopolitical and geoeconomic conditions. In this context, the issue of revitalization of mechanical engineering, which plays a key role in the development of the country’s economy, is of particular relevance. This sector is a link between scientific and technological progress and the level of provision of domestic producers with domestic machines and equipment, allowing them to produce competitive products and to a lesser extent depend on the state of the external environment. The example of the developed countries of the world shows that the development of advanced engineering technology significantly increases the efficiency of the national economy, helps to accelerate its growth. At the same time, in Russia, in order to unleash the scientific and technical potential and activate engineering, it is necessary to initiate modernization processes in it. Based on the foregoing, the purpose of the study is to analyze the state of Russian engineering from the position of its role in the country’s economy. It is shown that at present a significant barrier to the development of this sector is the predominance of imported equipment, due to technical and operational characteristics, often superior to domestic counterparts.

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