scholarly journals Visualization of Gut Microbiota-host Interactions via Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, Lectin Staining, and Imaging

10.3791/62646 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine M. Ng ◽  
Carolina Tropini
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Lectin Staining

scholarly journals 337 Metabolic Foundations of Microbiota-Host Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 69-69
Author(s):  
Dylan Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches

Abstract The gastrointestinal tract of mammals is home to a dense population of microbes which influence host physiology and health. One of the most concrete ways that the gut microbiota impacts host biology is through the production of hundreds of chemically diverse small molecules. These molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream, where they reach concentrations similar to those achieved by pharmaceuticals and bind host receptors leading to changes in cellular and organ physiology. Here I will summarize recent work from our group and others that show how microbially sourced metabolites alter health and physiology of the host. I will also discuss how mechanistic studies of small molecules from the microbiota are enabling new therapeutic approaches to harness the metabolic potential of the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Mechanochemical Approaches Towards the in Situ Confinement of 5-FU Anti-Cancer Drug Within MIL-100 (Fe) Metal-Organic Framework

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Souza ◽  
Jin-Chong Tan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Iron Based ◽  
Organic Framework

We report two solvent-free mechanochemical methods to achieve one‑pot encapsulation of anti-cancer drug 5‑Fluorouracil (5‑FU) in the iron-based MIL‑100 metal-organic framework (MOF). We compare the structural and physicochemical properties of drug@MIL‑100 systems derived from <i>in situ </i>manual and vortex grinding, where the former exhibits a slower drug release due to stronger guest-host interactions.

A highly divergent picornavirus infecting the gut epithelia of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in research institutions world-wide

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eda Altan ◽  
Steven V. Kubiski ◽  
Ákos Boros ◽  
Gábor Reuter ◽  
Mohammadreza Sadeghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Viral Metagenomics ◽  
Vertebrate Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Vertebrate Model

AbstractZebrafish have been extensively used as a model system for research in vertebrate development and pathogen-host interactions. We describe the complete genome of a novel picornavirus identified during a viral metagenomics analysis of zebrafish gut tissue. The closest relatives of this virus showed identity of ≤19.8% in their P1 capsids and ≤35.4% in their RdRp qualifying zebrafish picornavirus 1 (ZfPV1) as member of a novel genus with a proposed name of Cyprivirus. RT-PCR testing of zebrafish from 41 institutions from North America, Europe, and Asia showed ZfPV1 to be highly prevalent world-wide. In situ hybridization of whole zebrafish showed viral RNA was restricted to a subset of enterocytes and cells in the subjacent lamina propria of the intestine and the intestinal mucosa. This naturally occurring and apparently asymptomatic infection (in wild type zebrafish lineage AB) provides a natural infection system to study picornavirus-host interactions in an advanced vertebrate model organism. Whether ZfPV1 infection affects any immunological, developmental or other biological processes in wild type or mutant zebrafish lineages remains to be determined.

scholarly journals The Bacterium Frischella perrara Causes Scab Formation in the Gut of its Honeybee Host

mBio ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Engel ◽  
Kelsey D. Bartlett ◽  
Nancy A. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Key Species

ABSTRACT Honeybees harbor well-defined bacterial communities in their guts. The major members of these communities appear to benefit the host, but little is known about how they interact with the host and specifically how they interface with the host immune system. In the pylorus, a short region between the midgut and hindgut, honeybees frequently exhibit scab-like structures on the epithelial gut surface. These structures are reminiscent of a melanization response of the insect immune system. Despite the wide distribution of this phenotype in honeybee populations, its cause has remained elusive. Here, we show that the presence of a common member of the bee gut microbiota, the gammaproteobacterium Frischella perrara, correlates with the appearance of the scab phenotype. Bacterial colonization precedes scab formation, and F. perrara specifically localizes to the melanized regions of the host epithelium. Under controlled laboratory conditions, we demonstrate that exposure of microbiota-free bees to F. perrara but not to other bacteria results in scab formation. This shows that F. perrara can become established in a spatially restricted niche in the gut and triggers a morphological change of the epithelial surface, potentially due to a host immune response. As an intermittent colonizer, this bacterium holds promise for addressing questions of community invasion in a simple yet relevant model system. Moreover, our results show that gut symbionts of bees engage in differential host interactions that are likely to affect gut homeostasis. Future studies should focus on how these different gut bacteria impact honeybee health. IMPORTANCE As pollinators, honeybees are key species for agricultural and natural ecosystems. Their guts harbor simple communities composed of characteristic bacterial species. Because of these features, bees are ideal systems for studying fundamental aspects of gut microbiota-host interactions. However, little is known about how these bacteria interact with their host. Here, we show that a common member of the bee gut microbiota causes the formation of a scab-like structure on the gut epithelium of its host. This phenotype was first described in 1946, but since then it has not been much further characterized, despite being found in bee populations worldwide. The scab phenotype is reminiscent of melanization, a conserved innate immune response of insects. Our results show that high abundance of one member of the bee gut microbiota triggers this specific phenotype, suggesting that the gut microbiota composition can affect the immune status of this key pollinator species.

scholarly journals Vitamin D Modulates Intestinal Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Battistini ◽  
Rafael Ballan ◽  
Marcos Herkenhoff ◽  
Susana Saad ◽  
Jun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal0 tract (GIT), including Crohn&rsquo;s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which differ in the location and lesion extensions. Both diseases are associated with microbiota dysbiosis, with a reduced population of butyrate-producing species, abnormal inflammatory response, and micronutrient deficiency (e. g. vitamin D hypovitaminosis). Vitamin D (VitD) is involved in immune cell differentiation, gut microbiota modulation, gene transcription, and barrier integrity. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulates the biological actions of the active VitD (1&alpha;, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), and is involved in the genetic, environmental, immune, and microbial aspects of IBD. VitD deficiency is correlated with disease activity and its administration targeting a concentration of 30 ng/mL may have the potential to reduce disease activity. Moreover, VDR regulates functions of T cells and Paneth cells and modulates release of antimicrobial peptides in gut microbiota-host interactions. Meanwhile, beneficial microbial metabolites, e.g. butyrate, upregulate the VDR signaling. In this review, we summarize the clinical progress and mechanism studies on VitD /VDR related to gut microbiota modulation in IBD. We also discuss epigenetics in IBD and the probiotic regulation of VDR. Furthermore, we discuss the existing challenges and future directions. There is a lack of well-designed clinical trials exploring the appropriate dose and the influence of gender, age, ethnicity, genetics, microbiome, and metabolic disorders in IBD subtypes. To move forward, we need well-designed therapeutic studies to examine whether enhanced vitamin D will restore functions of VDR and microbiome in inhibiting chronic inflammation.

scholarly journals A Blueprint for Cancer-Related Inflammation and Host Innate Immunity

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3211
Author(s):  
Lucia García-López ◽  
Isabel Adrados ◽  
Dolors Ferres-Marco ◽  
Maria Dominguez
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Adult Drosophila

Both in situ and allograft models of cancer in juvenile and adult Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies offer a powerful means for unravelling cancer gene networks and cancer–host interactions. They can also be used as tools for cost-effective drug discovery and repurposing. Moreover, in situ modeling of emerging tumors makes it possible to address cancer initiating events—a black box in cancer research, tackle the innate antitumor immune responses to incipient preneoplastic cells and recurrent growing tumors, and decipher the initiation and evolution of inflammation. These studies in Drosophila melanogaster can serve as a blueprint for studies in more complex organisms and help in the design of mechanism-based therapies for the individualized treatment of cancer diseases in humans. This review focuses on new discoveries in Drosophila related to the diverse innate immune responses to cancer-related inflammation and the systemic effects that are so detrimental to the host.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Elusive Passenger in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle: The Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Sapountzis ◽  
Audrey Segura ◽  
Mickaël Desvaux ◽  
Evelyne Forano
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Native Cattle ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

For approximately 10,000 years, cattle have been our major source of meat and dairy. However, cattle are also a major reservoir for dangerous foodborne pathogens that belong to the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) group. Even though STEC infections in humans are rare, they are often lethal, as treatment options are limited. In cattle, STEC infections are typically asymptomatic and STEC is able to survive and persist in the cattle GIT by escaping the immune defenses of the host. Interactions with members of the native gut microbiota can favor or inhibit its persistence in cattle, but research in this direction is still in its infancy. Diet, temperature and season but also industrialized animal husbandry practices have a profound effect on STEC prevalence and the native gut microbiota composition. Thus, exploring the native cattle gut microbiota in depth, its interactions with STEC and the factors that affect them could offer viable solutions against STEC carriage in cattle.

Interactions between dietary flavonoids and the gut microbiome: a comprehensive review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mostafa Hassan Baky ◽  
Mostafa Elshahed ◽  
Ludger Wessjohann ◽  
Mohamed A. Farag
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Natural Polyphenol ◽  
Biotransformation Products ◽  
Dietary Flavonoids

Abstract Flavonoids are natural polyphenol secondary metabolites that are widely produced in planta. Flavonoids are ubiquities in human dietary intake and exhibit a myriad of health benefits. Flavonoids-induced biological activities are strongly influenced by their in situ availability in the human GI tract, as well as the levels of which are modulated by interaction with the gut bacteria. As such, assessing flavonoids–microbiome interactions is considered a key to understand their physiological activities. Here, we review the interaction between the various classes of dietary flavonoids (flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins) and gut microbiota. We aim to provide a holistic overview of the nature and identity of flavonoids on diet and highlight how flavonoids chemical structure, metabolism and impact on humans and their microbiomes are interconnected. Emphasis is placed on how flavonoids and their biotransformation products affect gut microbiota population, influence gut homoeostasis and induce measurable physiological changes and biological benefits.

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