Political Abolitionism

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-60
Author(s):  
J. R. Oldfield
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Party System ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Political Protest ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa

This Chapter deals with the wider question of political influence and how anti-slavery activists engaged with politics. In the past, this topic has been dominated by studies of anti-slavery petitions. While recognising the importance of petitioning, this chapter looks at complementary forms of political protest, chief among them the pledging of prospective parliamentary candidates, or what in the USA was called ‘the interrogatory system’. Pledging proved singularly effective in flushing out reluctant candidates but by its very nature it was seen as symptomatic of a new kind of politics that was at once brash, noisy and confrontational. The chapter looks at how these tactics were widely adopted in the USA, where direct political action eventually led to the organization of the Liberty Party, a new departure that took it as axiomatic that the existing two-party system (Whigs/Democrats) was not working. The chapter argues that the Liberty Party had a significant impact on divorcing the federal government from the idea of slavery.

SOX vs C-SOX: which one works better?

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1031-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harjeet Bhabra ◽  
Ashrafee Tanvir Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Corporate Acquisitions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tender Offers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sarbanes Oxley ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Corporate Legislation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the influence of the Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX) Act of the USA and the Canadian SOX (C-SOX) through the comparison of corporate acquisitions in these two countries. Design/methodology/approach The final sample includes 1,187 merger and tender offers undertaken by publicly traded (TSX listed) Canadian firms between 1990 and 2016. The authors use standard event study methodology (Patell, 1976) and Berkovitch and Narayanan’s (1993) seminal method to examine announcement period performance and deal motive, respectively. Findings The findings support the pro-regulation hypothesis which states that stricter regulations are more useful. Cross-listed acquirers exposed to SOX regime performed much better (both short- and long-term) than non-cross-listed counterparts with only C-SOX exposure. These findings are both statistically and economically significant. Research limitations/implications This study has direct implications as it provides evidence to the legislatures of the provinces, as well as to the federal government, that stricter regulations are effective and Canada should enact additional corporate legislation. Canada may have fared well in the past, but dynamics are changing and may further change in the future, and therefore, timely and stricter corporate legislation are more appropriate. Practical implications This study has direct implications as it provides evidence to the legislatures of the provinces, as well as to the federal government, that stricter regulations are effective and Canada should enact additional corporate legislation. Canada may have fared well in the past, but dynamics are changing and may further change in the future, and therefore, timely and stricter corporate legislation are more appropriate. Originality/value This study contributes to the growing literature of SOX-related studies. This is the first study to investigate comprehensively the differences between the two laws enacted by these neighboring countries. As USA and Canada share largely integrated capital markets and are each other’s biggest trading partner, this genre of research has great value. It is a timely study as the Canadian Federal Government is looking into standardizing corporate legislation across provinces and territories.

Future Directions

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-190
Author(s):  
Michael A. Livermore ◽  
Richard L. Revesz
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The Political ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Competing Demands

Although the system of guardrails developed over the past several decades to balance the competing demands of competent administration and accountability to the political process was far from perfect, the Trump administration’s many failures demonstrate the value of this system for the American public. The question facing both political parties is whether they want to, and can, commit themselves to rebuilding the system that Trump inherited. There are many good reasons to believe that guardrails to constrain political influence at agencies is desirable, and good reasons to specifically endorse cost-benefit analysis and centralized review. But the past success of a practice or institution does not guarantee its future existence. It is possible that the party system has shifted in ways that generate incentives for both parties to defect from their prior consensus.

Cross-culture outcomes of a brazilian professor Fulbright in the USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (50) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Marcelo Da Silva Leite ◽  
Celeste Gaia
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
College And University ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
University Curriculum ◽  
Fulbright Scholar ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Higher Education Costs

Over the past decade due the expansion of globalization there has been an increasing emphasis on internationalization among faculty, administration and accrediting agencies in the Higher Education.  Although to promote internationalization in the Higher Education, costs are a big challenge, one way to have the international actions with low cost, it is seeking for grants from different governmental agencies and foundations.The Fulbright Scholar program provides a long-standing and externally-funded means for internationalizing college and university curriculum. This article is going to share the perspective   of a Brazilian Fulbright Scholar at an American college and the institution perspective of the Fulbright scholar participation at the College.

scholarly journals Triangulating abuse liability assessment for flavoured cigar products using physiological, behavioural economic and subjective assessments: a within-subjects clinical laboratory protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e023850
Author(s):  
Catherine S Wall ◽  
Rose S Bono ◽  
Rebecca C Lester ◽  
Cosima Hoetger ◽  
Thokozeni Lipato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Abuse Liability ◽  
Smoke Inhalation ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Behavioural Economic ◽  
Scientific Meetings

IntroductionIn the USA, Food and Drug Administration regulations prohibit the sale of flavoured cigarettes, with menthol being the exception. However, the manufacture, advertisement and sale of flavoured cigar products are permitted. Such flavourings influence positive perceptions of tobacco products and are linked to increased use. Flavourings may mask the taste of tobacco and enhance smoke inhalation, influencing toxicant exposure and abuse liability among novice tobacco users. Using clinical laboratory methods, this study investigates how flavour availability affects measures of abuse liability in young adult cigarette smokers. The specific aims are to evaluate the effect of cigar flavours on nicotine exposure, and behavioural and subjective measures of abuse liability.Methods and analysesParticipants (projected n=25) are healthy smokers of five or more cigarettes per day over the past 3 months, 18–25 years old, naive to cigar use (lifetime use of 50 or fewer cigar products and no more than 10 cigars smoked in the past 30 days) and without a desire to quit cigarette smoking in the next 30 days. Participants complete five laboratory sessions in a Latin square design with either their own brand cigarette or a session-specific Black & Mild cigar differing in flavour (apple, cream, original and wine). Participants are single-blinded to cigar flavours. Each session consists of two 10-puff smoking bouts (30 s interpuff interval) separated by 1 hour. Primary outcomes include saliva nicotine concentration, behavioural economic task performance and response to various questionnaire items assessing subjective effects predictive of abuse liability. Differences in outcomes across own brand cigarette and flavoured cigar conditions will be tested using linear mixed models.Ethics and disseminationThe Virginia Commonwealth University Institutional Review Board approved the study (VCU IRB: HM20007848). Dissemination channels for study findings include scientific journals, scientific meetings, and policy briefs.Trial registration numberNCT02937051.

scholarly journals Industrial legislation in Australia, 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 002218562110082
Author(s):  
Eugene Schofield-Georgeson
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Workers Compensation ◽  
State Governments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wage Theft ◽  
Economic Stimulus ◽  
Liberal Government

In 2020, the Federal Morrison Liberal Government scrambled to respond to the effects of the international coronavirus pandemic on the Australian labour market in two key ways. First, through largescale social welfare and economic stimulus (the ‘JobKeeper’ scheme) and second, through significant proposed reform to employment laws as part of a pandemic recovery package (the ‘Omnibus Bill’). Where the first measure was administered by employers, the second was largely designed to suspend and/or redefine labour protections in the interests of employers. In this respect, the message from the Federal Government was clear: that the costs of pandemic recovery should be borne by workers at the discretion of employers. State Labor Governments, by contrast, enacted a range of industrial protections. These included the first Australia ‘wage theft’ or underpayment frameworks on behalf of both employees and contractors in the construction industry. On-trend with state industrial legislation over the past 4 years, these state governments continued to introduce industrial manslaughter offences, increased access to workers’ compensation, labour hire licensing schemes and portable long service leave.

scholarly journals Bioinsecticides based on plant essential oils: a short overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 179-182
Author(s):  
Murray B. Isman
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

AbstractInterest in the discovery and development of plant essential oils for use as bioinsecticides has grown enormously in the past 20 years. However, successful commercialization and utilization of crop protection products based on essential oils has thus far lagged far behind their promise based on this large body of research, most notably because with the exceptions of the USA and Australia, such products receive no special status from regulatory agencies that approve new pesticides for use. Essential oil-based insecticides have now been used in the USA for well over a decade, and more recently have seen use in the European Union (EU), Korea, and about a dozen other countries, with demonstrated efficacy against a wide range of pests and in numerous crop systems. For the most part these products are based on commodity essential oils developed as flavor and fragrance agents for the food and cosmetic industries, as there are formidable logistic, economic, and regulatory challenges to the use of many other essential oils that otherwise possess potentially useful bioactivity against pests. In spite of these limitations, the overall prospects for biopesticides, including those based on essential oils, are encouraging as the demand for sustainably-produced and/or organic food continues to increase worldwide.

scholarly journals Global publication trends and hotspots of molecular biomarkers in DILI from 1991 to 2020: A 30-year bibliometric analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 003685042110005
Author(s):  
Mingnan Cao ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Jingli Duan
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Citation Networks ◽  
Publication Trends ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Topic Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Black Box Warnings ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Post Marketing

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the common adverse drug reactions and the leading cause of drug development attritions, black box warnings, and post-marketing withdrawals. Current biomarkers are suboptimal in detecting DILI and predicting its outcome. This study aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate the research trends on DILI biomarkers using bibliometric analysis. All relevant publications were extracted from the Web of Science database. An online analysis platform of literature metrology, bibliographic item co-occurrence matrix builder, and CiteSpace software were used to analyze the publication trends. CitNetExplorer was used to construct direct citation networks and VOSviewer was used to analyze the keywords and research hotspots. We found a total of 485 publications related to DILI biomarkers published from 1991 to 2020. Toxicological Sciences had been the most popular journal in this field over the past 30 years. The USA maintained a top position worldwide and provided a pivotal influence, followed by China. Among all the institutions, the University of Liverpool was regarded as a leader for research collaboration. Moreover, Professors Paul B. Watkins and Tsuyoshi Yokoi made great achievements in topic area. We analyzed the citation networks and keywords, therefore identified five and six research hotspot clusters, respectively. We considered the publication information regarding different countries/regions, organizations, authors, journals, et al. by summarizing the literature on DILI biomarkers over the past 30 years. Notably, the subject of DILI biomarkers is an active area of research. In addition, the investigation and discovery of novel promising biomarkers such as microRNAs, keratin18, and bile acids will be future developing hotspots.

Diverging trends in US male-female condom use by STI risk factors: a nationally representative study

2020 ◽  
pp. sextrans-2020-054642
Author(s):  
Casey E Copen ◽  
Patricia J Dittus ◽  
Jami S Leichliter ◽  
Sagar Kumar ◽  
Sevgi O Aral
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Female Condom ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Representative Study ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Sex Partner

ObjectiveCondom use behaviours are proximal to recent STI increases in the USA, yet it remains unclear whether the use of condoms has changed over time among unmarried, non-cohabiting young men who have sex with women (MSW) and how this variability is influenced by STI risk factors.MethodsTo examine condom use over time among MSW aged 15–29, we used three cross-sectional surveys from the 2002, 2006–2010 and 2011–2017 National Survey of Family Growth. We estimated weighted percentages, adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess changes in condom use, stratified by whether MSW reported any STI risk factors in the past 12 months (ie, perceived partner non-monogamy, male-to-male sex, sex in exchange for money or drugs, sex partner who injects illicit drugs, or an HIV-positive sex partner).ResultsWe observed a divergence in trends in condom use at last sex between men aged 15 –29 with STI risk factors in the past 12 months and those without such history. We saw significant declines in condom use from 2002 to 2011–2017 among men with STI risk factors (APR=0.80, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.95), specifically among those aged 15–19 (APR=0.73, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.94) or non-Hispanic white (APR=0.71, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.93). In contrast, trends in condom use among men with no STI factors remained stable or increased. Across all time periods, the most prevalent STI risk factor reported was perception of a non-monogamous female partner (23.0%–26.9%). Post-hoc analyses examined whether condom use trends changed once this variable was removed from analyses, but no different patterns were observed.ConclusionsWhile STIs have been increasing, men aged 15–29 with STI risk factors reported a decline in condom use. Rising STI rates may be sensitive to behavioural shifts in condom use among young MSW with STI risk factors.

scholarly journals Trends in survival of patients with Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia in the USA: an analysis of 3691 cases

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 121 (24) ◽  
pp. 4861-4866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano J. Costa ◽  
Ana C. Xavier ◽  
Amy E. Wahlquist ◽  
Elizabeth G. Hill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Burkitt Lymphoma ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Usa

Key Points Survival of patients with BL improved substantially in the United States during the past decade, mainly among young adults. Survival of patients with BL remains relatively low, particularly for older and black patients, identifying an unmet need.

Para-diplomacy: Concept and the Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakhahari Chatterji ◽  
Swagata Saha
Keyword(s):  
Sovereign State ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Control Versus ◽  
International Interaction ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Regional Imbalance ◽  
Institutional Space ◽  
India And China

Globalisation and market reforms have made foreign policymaking a more inclusive and multilayered process. Para-diplomacy and emergence of empowered federating/component units engaging in international interaction call for recalibration of theories and understating of International Relations. The debate over central control versus unit autonomy raised the concern: whether para-diplomacy will turn out to be an asset or a threat for the sovereign state. While state may reap benefits of economic development, para-diplomacy may yet lead to regional imbalance, ethnic mobilisation and separatism. With the focus being shifted to Asia with respect to expanding market and sphere of influence, this article analyses the experience of para-diplomacy between India and China as well as of both with the USA. In doing so, reference is drawn to the past experiences of the West to understand how para-diplomacy took root and how is it practised in different contexts. Considering the economic, political and social implications of para-diplomatic practices in specific contexts, the article concludes with an attempt to find out the institutional space it may tread and the policy options it may hold out especially for India.

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