Gut microbiota: Poised to assume an overarching role in a wide range of diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
SylvesterChuks Nwokediuko
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wide Range

scholarly journals Exploring Interactions between the Gut Microbiota and Social Behavior through Nutrition

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Pasquaretta ◽  
Tamara Gómez-Moracho ◽  
Philipp Heeb ◽  
Mathieu Lihoreau
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Nutritional Ecology ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nutritional Geometry ◽  
Social Animals

Microbes influence a wide range of host social behaviors and vice versa. So far, however, the mechanisms underpinning these complex interactions remain poorly understood. In social animals, where individuals share microbes and interact around foods, the gut microbiota may have considerable consequences on host social interactions by acting upon the nutritional behavior of individual animals. Here we illustrate how conceptual advances in nutritional ecology can help the study of these processes and allow the formulation of new empirically testable predictions. First, we review key evidence showing that gut microbes influence the nutrition of individual animals, through modifications of their nutritional state and feeding decisions. Next, we describe how these microbial influences and their social consequences can be studied by modelling populations of hosts and their gut microbiota into a single conceptual framework derived from nutritional geometry. Our approach raises new perspectives for the study of holobiont nutrition and will facilitate theoretical and experimental research on the role of the gut microbiota in the mechanisms and evolution of social behavior.

scholarly journals Intestinal Microbiota: A Novel Target to Improve Anti-Tumor Treatment?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Villéger ◽  
Amélie Lopès ◽  
Guillaume Carrier ◽  
Julie Veziant ◽  
Elisabeth Billard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Target

Recently, preclinical and clinical studies targeting several types of cancer strongly supported the key role of the gut microbiota in the modulation of host response to anti-tumoral therapies such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and even surgery. Intestinal microbiome has been shown to participate in the resistance to a wide range of anticancer treatments by direct interaction with the treatment or by indirectly stimulating host response through immunomodulation. Interestingly, these effects were described on colorectal cancer but also in other types of malignancies. In addition to their role in therapy efficacy, gut microbiota could also impact side effects induced by anticancer treatments. In the first part of this review, we summarized the role of the gut microbiome on the efficacy and side effects of various anticancer treatments and underlying mechanisms. In the second part, we described the new microbiota-targeting strategies, such as probiotics and prebiotics, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation and physical activity, which could be effective adjuvant therapies developed in order to improve anticancer therapeutic efficiency.

scholarly journals Modulation of gut microbiota through nutritional interventions in Behçet's syndrome patients (the MAMBA study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuditta PAGLIAI ◽  
Monica DINU ◽  
Claudia FIORILLO ◽  
Matteo BECATTI ◽  
Silvia TURRONI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Behçet’S Syndrome ◽  
Behçet's Syndrome ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Behcet’S Syndrome ◽  
Behcet's Syndrome

Abstract Background Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by a wide range of potential clinical manifestations. Recent evidences suggest that the gut microbiota (GM) in BS shows low biodiversity with a significant depletion in butyrate producers. The aim of the present project is to investigate whether a dietary intervention could ameliorate the clinical manifestations and modulate the GM of patients with BS.Methods This is a randomized, open, cross-over study involving 90 BS patients who will be randomized to follow a 3-months dietary profile with either: lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (VD), Mediterranean diet (MD) or Mediterranean diet supplemented with butyrate (MD-Bt). The VD will contain inulin and resistant starch-rich foods, eggs and dairy, in addition to plant-based food, but will not contain meat, poultry or fish. The MD will contain all food categories and will provide 2 portions per week of fish and 3 portions per week of fresh and processed meat. The MD-Bt will be similar to the MD but supplemented with 1.8 g/day of oral butyrate. The three different dietary patterns will be isocaloric and related to subject’s nutritional requirements. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, blood and fecal samples will be obtained from each participant at the beginning and at the end of each intervention phase. The primary outcomes will be represented by the change from baseline of the BS gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms. Changes from baseline of GM composition, SCFA production, inflammatory and antioxidant profile will be considered as secondary outcomes.Discussion BS is a rare disease, and, actually, not all the available treatments are target therapies. A supportive treatment based on dietary and lifestyle issues, able to restore immune system homeostasis, could have a high impact on costs sustainability for the treatment of such a chronic and disabling inflammatory condition.

scholarly journals Different impacts of plant proteins and animal proteins on human health through altering gut microbiotaant proteins and animal proteins on human health through altering gut microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baojun Xu ◽  
Sunil Christudas ◽  
Ramya Devi Devaraj
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Dietary Proteins ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Enormous Number

Dietary proteins exert a wide range of nutritional and biological functions. Apart from their nutritional roles as the source of amino acids for protein synthesis, they take part mainly in the regulation of food intake, blood pressure, bone metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune functions. The interaction of dietary proteins with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a chief role in determining the physiological properties of proteins. The enzymes protease and peptidase hydrolyze dietary protein to generate dipeptides, tripeptides, and amino acids in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. These products digested from dietary proteins are utilized in the small intestine by microbes. Moreover, the microbes also convert the macro and micronutrients from the diet into an enormous number of compounds that may have either beneficial or adverse effects on human health. The present review discusses the various impacts caused by both dietary plant and animal protein sources on microbiota in the GI tract.Keywords: Animal protein; Plant protein; Dietary proteins; Gut microbiota; Human health.

scholarly journals Dietary fatty acid intake and gut microbiota determine circulating endocannabinoidome signaling beyond the effect of body fat

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Castonguay-Paradis ◽  
Sébastien Lacroix ◽  
Gabrielle Rochefort ◽  
Lydiane Parent ◽  
Julie Perron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Circulating Levels

Abstract The endocannabinoidome encompasses several fatty acid (FA)-derived mediators, including the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), which served as targets for anti-obesity drug development, and their congener N-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs) and 2-monoacyl-glycerols (2‑MAGs), which are involved in food intake and energy metabolism. Body weight and fat distribution have been suggested as determinants of peripheral endocannabinoid levels. We aimed at investigating factors, beyond body fat composition, that are associated with circulating NAE and 2-MAG levels in a heterogeneous human population. Plasma NAEs and 2-MAGs were measured using LC–MS/MS in a cross-sectional sample of healthy men and women (n = 195) covering a wide range of BMI and individuals before and after a 2-day Mediterranean diet (n = 21). Circulating levels of all 2-MAGs and NAEs, other than N-oleoyl-ethanolamine (OEA), correlated with body fat mass and visceral adipose tissue (0.26 < r < 0.54). NAE levels were elevated in individuals with elevated fat mass, while 2-MAGs were increased in individuals with predominantly visceral body fat distribution. Dietary intakes of specific FAs were associated with 2-AG and omega-3-FA-derived NAEs or 2-MAGs, irrespective of the body fat distribution. Some gut bacterial families (e.g. Veillonellaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae and Akkermansiaceae) were associated with variations in most NAEs or omega-3-FA-derived 2‑MAGs, independently of fat mass and dietary FA intake. Finally, a 2-day Mediterranean diet intervention increased circulating levels of NAEs and 2-MAGs in agreement with changes in FA intake (p < 0.01). Self-reported intake and short-term dietary intervention increased in oleic acid and EPA and DHA intake as well as certain gut microbiota taxa are associated to circulating NAEs and 2‑MAGs independently of adiposity measures, thus highlighting the potential importance of these variables in determining endocannabinoidome signaling in humans.

The Role of Acupuncture on the Gut–Brain–Microbiota Axis in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Kiangyada Yaklai ◽  
Sintip Pattanakuhar ◽  
Nipon Chattipakorn ◽  
Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, commonly characterized by abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort. These symptoms can substantially reduce the quality of life and work productivity of the patients. The exact pathogenesis of IBS remains unclear, as it has become apparent that multiple pathways are activated in the condition, including inflammation, immunology, neurology and psychology. Recent evidence has shown that symptoms in IBS are related to the dysfunction of the nervous system, particularly the viscerosomatic pathway, through immune-to-brain communication. The potential link between brain–gut relationships is gut microbiota. The management of IBS mostly focuses on symptomatically treating the patients. There are a wide range of standard treatments, including pharmacological to psychological interventions which are effective in some patients. Therefore, a combination of therapies including both standard and complimentary treatments, including Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) such as acupuncture, have been used in treating IBS patients. Several in vivo and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of acupuncture in treating IBS. Increasing attention has been paid to research regarding the action mechanisms of acupuncture for IBS. This paper summarizes and discusses the possible mechanisms associated with acupuncture on the pathophysiology of IBS, including gastrointestinal (GI) motility, visceral hypersensitivity, the immune system, neurotransmitters, and the brain–gut axis. The results fromin vivo and clinical studies have been included. In addition, the effects of acupuncture on gut microbiota in IBS are included and any contradictory findings are deliberated.

scholarly journals Age-related changes of microbiota in midlife associated with reduced saccharolytic potential: an in vitro study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junkui Chen ◽  
Xionge Pi ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Qunfang Ding ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Fermentation Broth ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Gut microbiota is critical in maintaining human health, of which diversity and abundance are subject to significantly reduce in seniors. Gut microbiota is reported to be stable across the long adulthood in general, but lack of careful examination, especially for the midlife people. Results To characterize the gut microbiota in midlife, we investigated the faecal microbiota between two groups of healthy people, young, 20–39 years old, n = 15; and midlife, 40–60 years old, n = 15. Metabolic responses of the microbiota were studied through in vitro batch fermentation model. Although no difference was observed in the diversity indices between the two age groups, a wide range taxonomic changes were found in the faecal microbiota. Furthermore, substantial Bifidobacterium reduction was also found in both faecal and fermented samples. The faecal SCFAs are similar in both groups, as well as starch fermentation broth. However, after inulin fermentation, the acetate concentration and inulin degradation rate decreased while the gas production increased in midlife group, suggesting a deficiency of saccharolytic potential in midlife, especially for non-digestible carbohydrate. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that gut microbiota begins to change as early as in midlife. The reduction in Bifidobacterium dominates the change of the microbiota composition in midlife resulting in attenuated saccharolytic capacity of inulin, possibly leading to insufficient acetate production which might be associated with healthy problems in this transition period from young to elderly.

scholarly journals Crosstalk between the Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy: From the Perspective of Gut Microbiota

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuying Fan ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Xueyan Liu ◽  
Junmei Zhang ◽  
Gang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Dietary Therapy ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Given the association between a range of neurological disorders and changes in the gut microbiota, interest in the gut microbiota has recently increased. In particular, the significant involvement of the autoimmune processes in the development of epilepsy, one of the most serious and widespread neurological diseases, has led to a suggested link with the gut microbiome. Because the constitution of the gut microbiome can be influenced by diet, dietary therapy has been shown to have a positive impact on a wide range of conditions via alteration of the gut microbiota. An example of one such diet is the ketogenic diet (KD), which promotes a diet that contains high levels of fat, adequate levels of protein, and low levels of carbohydrate. Due to the near-total elimination of carbohydrates from the individual’s food in this ultra-high-fat diet, ketone bodies become an important source of energy. Although the ketogenic diet has proven successful in the treatment of refractory epilepsy and other illnesses, the underlying mechanisms of its neuroprotective effects have yet to be fully elucidated. Nevertheless, recent studies strongly indicate a role for the gut microbiota in the effective treatment of epilepsy with the ketogenic diet. The latest advances regarding the links between the ketogenic diet, gut microbiota, and epilepsy are reviewed in this article, with a particular focus on the role of the gut microbiota in the treatment outcome.

scholarly journals Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Obesity (Diabesity). The Central Role of Gut Microbiota and Its Translational Applications

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Ortega ◽  
Oscar Fraile-Martínez ◽  
Irene Naya ◽  
Natalio García-Honduvilla ◽  
Melchor Álvarez-Mon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Wide Range

Obesity is a condition of rising prevalence worldwide, with important socioeconomic implications, being considered as a growing public health concern. Frequently, obesity brings other complications in addition to itself—like Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)—sharing origin, risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms. In this context, some authors have decided to include both conditions as a unique entity known as “diabesity”. In fact, understanding diabesity as a single disease is possible to maximise the benefits from therapies received in these patients. Gut microbiota plays a key role in individual’s health, and their alterations, either in its composition or derived products are related to a wide range of metabolic disorders like T2DM and obesity. The present work aims to collect the different changes reported in gut microbiota in patients with T2DM associated with obesity and their possible role in the onset, development, and establishment of the disease. Moreover, current research lines to modulate gut microbiota and the potential clinical translation derived from the knowledge of this system will also be reviewed, which may provide support for a better clinical management of such a complex condition.

scholarly journals The Interplay between Immune System and Microbiota in Osteoporosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Locantore ◽  
Valeria Del Gatto ◽  
Silvia Gelli ◽  
Rosa Maria Paragliola ◽  
Alfredo Pontecorvi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Microarchitecture ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Wide Range

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and alterations of bone microarchitecture, with an increased risk of fractures. It is a multifactorial disorder that is more frequent in postmenopausal women but can be associated to other diseases (inflammatory and metabolic diseases). At present, several options are available to treat osteoporosis trying to block bone reabsorption and reduce the risk of fracture. Anyway, these drugs have safety and tolerance problems in long-term treatment. Recently, gut microbiota has been highlighted to have strong influence on bone metabolism, becoming a potential new target to modify bone mineral density. Such evidences are mainly based on mouse models, showing an involvement in modulating the interaction between the immune system and bone cells. Germ-free mice represent a basic model to understand the interaction between microbiota, immune system, and bone cells, even though data are controversial. Anyway, such models have unequivocally demonstrated a connection between such systems, even if the mechanism is unclear. Gut microbiota is a complex system that influences calcium and vitamin D absorption and modulates gut permeability, hormonal secretion, and immune response. A key role is played by the T helper 17 lymphocytes, TNF, interleukin 17, and RANK ligand system. Other important pathways include NOD1, NOD2, and Toll-like receptor 5. Prebiotics and probiotics are a wide range of substances and germs that can influence and modify microbiota. Several studies demonstrated actions by different prebiotics and probiotics in different animals, differing according to sex, age, and hormonal status. Data on the effects on humans are poor and controversial. Gut microbiota manipulation appears a possible strategy to prevent and treat osteopenia and/or osteoporosis as well as other possible bone alterations, even though further clinical studies are necessary to identify correct procedures in humans.

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