scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccines, What do we know so Far? A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cima Hamieh, MD ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control ◽  
New Vaccines

For more than a year, the world was paralyzed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It wasn’t until the last few months that hope to a return of a quasi-normal way of living was starting to materialize. The era of the COVID-19 vaccines begun, and with it all sorts of concerns and complaints about their safety and efficacy. Large numbers of people believed the conspiracy theories about the new vaccines thus becoming reluctant and sometimes refused to take the new vaccines. Others justified their concern with the relatively short trial periods compared to previous vaccines that used to take years before adoption. Multiple vaccines emerged around the same time, and thus the fight to conquer the market began. Pfizer-BioNTech, Vaxzervria, Moderna, Sputnik, Coronavac, Janssen, all were rapidly distributed to countries around the globe, in order to reduce the mortality rate and control the pandemic. To make things worse, new viral mutations started being detected and thus shed more doubt on the efficacy of these vaccines. This review article summarizes the literature of these vaccines’ pathophysiology, mechanism of action, dosing and schedule, safety profile and lastly the documented side effects of each vaccine. In conclusion, there is no certainty whether these vaccines will prevent infection and more importantly protect against forward transmission. It is sure that the immunity persists for several months, but the exact duration for every vaccine is yet to be determined. For the time being, safety precautions must still be continued; wearing masks, social distancing and avoiding crowded places must be applied.

Beta-Blocker Attenuates Cardiotoxicity Related Anthracycline Usage

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 1389-1392
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Beta Blocker ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Therapy Effectiveness ◽  
Chemotherapy Agents

To summarize the recent trials and studies of the role of beta-blocker on the treatment for cancer patients treated with anthracycline to decrease morbidity and mortality rate. Good management of cancer will result in large numbers of cancer survivors. On the other hand, cancer therapy also has side effects, one of which is cardiotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity could reduce therapy effectiveness, hence, increase disease progression and mortality rate. Anthracyclines is one of the chemotherapy agents with cardiotoxicity as a side effect. Beta-blocker has the ability to reduce cardiotoxicity due to anthracyclines usage. Keywords: Beta-blocker; Cardiotoxicity; Anthracyclines

scholarly journals Update on therapy for superficial mycoses: review article part I

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 764-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni Dias ◽  
Maria Victoria Pinto Quaresma-Santos ◽  
Fred Bernardes-Filho ◽  
Adriana Gutstein da Fonseca Amorim ◽  
Regina Casz Schechtman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
Superficial Mycoses ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives

Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses, dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use. Promising new, antifungal therapeutic alternatives are also highlighted, as well as available options on the Brazilian and world markets.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019 Occupational Considerations for Surgeons: A Review Article

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Seyed Hesamaddin Banihashemi ◽  
Ahmadreza Karimi ◽  
Hasti Nikourazm ◽  
Behnaz Bahmanyar ◽  
Dariush Hooshyar
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus and its associated disease, called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the world. Coronavirus was officially named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization and was recognized as a pandemic due to its rapid spread worldwide. Based on the published data, it is hoped to provide a source for later studies and to help prevent and control the contagious COVID-19 and its characteristics, and considerations that surgeons and medical staff must observe during the epidemic.

scholarly journals Natural Products as Potential Lead Compounds for Drug Discovery Against SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyere Tanyi Ebob ◽  
Smith B. Babiaka ◽  
Fidele Ntie-Kang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
New Vaccines

AbstractFor the past 2 years, the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 infection has become a world pandemic, ruining the lives and economies of several nations in the world. This has scaled up research on the virus and the resulting infection with the goal of developing new vaccines and therapies. Natural products are known to be a rich source of lead compounds for drug discovery, including against infectious diseases caused by microbes (viruses, bacteria and fungi). In this review article, we conducted a literature survey aimed at identifying natural products with inhibitory concentrations against the coronaviruses or their target proteins, which lie below 10 µM. This led to the identification of 42 compounds belonging to the alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, phenolic, xanthone and saponin classes. The cut off concentration of 10 µM was to limit the study to the most potent chemical entities, which could be developed into therapies against the viral infection to make a contribution towards limiting the spread of the disease.

scholarly journals Insights on Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Possible Treatment of COVID-19 infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHASHANK KUMAR MAURYA ◽  
Amit Bhattacharya ◽  
Pooja Shukla ◽  
RAJNIKANT MISHRA
Keyword(s):  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
Specific Drug ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Primary Transmission

COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 virus of the coronavirus family, created worldwide infectious outbreak affecting millions of people across the globe showing mild to severe symptoms of pneumonia and acute respiratory distress. Absence of precise information on primary transmission, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics for patients with COVID-19 makes prevention and control tough. Treatment of millions of COVID19 patients without any specific drug is one of the biggest challenge, many existing antiviral drugs are in use as an alternative treatment and hunting is still on the way to develop COVID19 specific drug and vaccine. Being the world second largest populated country, fluctuating climatic condition at every 4 months, India is also at the high risk for spread of COVID19 infection. This review article has been intended to discuss biology of COVID-19, mechanism of COVID-19 infection in humans, epidemiology, possible effect of COVID19 infection on pregnancy, nervous system, individuals diabetes and cardiovascular disease, drug repurposing strategy as an alternative line of treatment and clinical practices recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) and other government agencies followed by situation and measures taken by Indian government to minimize the spread of COVID19 in India.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccines in Pakistan: Efficacy, Adverse Effects and Availability

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130
Author(s):  
Soma Siddique ◽  
Shaheer Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Pain On Injection ◽  
The World

In this review article, we aim to document the efficacy, adverse effects, mode of action, required doses, and availability of the major vaccines available in Pakistan till 20 May 2021. We reviewed all available literature on COVID-19 vaccines in PubMed and Google scholar. We also reviewed articles from grey literature. Currently, Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna, Sinopharm (China), Sputnik V (Russia), CoronaVac (popularly known as Sinovac) (China), Cansino, and Vaxzevria vaccines have been authorized for emergency use in several countries. Pakistan has sanctioned the use of all the aforementioned vaccines except Pfizer and Moderna. As per their efficacy, Pfizer and Moderna have been found most effective among all the vaccines with 95% effectiveness, while the Vaxzevria, Sputnik V, Sinopharm, and Cansino have shown 70%, 91.6%, 79.34%, and 90% effectiveness, respectively. All the vaccines have shown milder side effects like headache, fever, and pain on injection sites. To curb the pandemic, more clinical trials are being conducted throughout the world. Importantly public awareness is warranted to achieve the target of vaccinating a large population.

Covid-19 Vaccine Benefits and Concerns: Nigerian Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olorunfemi Ayeotan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization reported 162,184,263 cases of COVID-19 and about 3,364,446 deaths globally with Nigeria statistics at 165,709 reported cases and 2,066 deaths as of May 16 2021. This increase in reported cases and deaths globally can be drastically reduced when significant number of the population of the world becomes vaccinated. Researchers have developed different COVID-19 vaccines in a bid to control the morbidity and mortality rate as well as mitigate disease severity. Popular concerns about the vaccine in Nigeria and Africa ranges from effectiveness and side effects, poor understanding of the virus, lack of trust in the government, fear of the vaccine being used as a bioweapon designed by advanced countries to reduce the population of the poor ones by causing infertility, and lack of appropriate infrastructure for safe storage of the vaccine. Howbeit, the vaccine has been proven to be safe and effective. Nationwide delivery and acceptance will confer herd immunity and curb the menace of drug resistance.

scholarly journals Compton Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation

2010 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 147-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey A. Krafft ◽  
Gerd Priebe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
Review Article ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Beam Motion ◽  
Polarized Photons

When a relativistic electron beam interacts with a high-field laser beam, intense and highly collimated electromagnetic radiation will be generated through Compton scattering. Through relativistic upshifting and the relativistic Doppler effect, highly energetic polarized photons are radiated along the electron beam motion when the electrons interact with the laser light. For example, X-ray radiation can be obtained when optical lasers are scattered from electrons of tens-of-MeV beam energy. Because of the desirable properties of the radiation produced, many groups around the world have been designing, building, and utilizing Compton sources for a wide variety of purposes. In this review article, we discuss the generation and properties of the scattered radiation, the types of Compton source devices that have been constructed to date, and the prospects of radiation sources of this general type. Due to the possibilities of producing hard electromagnetic radiation in a device that is small compared to the alternative storage ring sources, it is foreseen that large numbers of such sources may be constructed in the future.

scholarly journals A Review Article on Vaccine Development and Therapeutics Approach Against SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
Ankush Yadav ◽  
Shubhangi Singh ◽  
Vivek Srivastava ◽  
Namrata Bardhan ◽  
Saloni Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) unleashed an unprecedented and unanticipated pandemic, causing widespread concern. More than three million deaths have been documented since the first incidence of COVID-19 discovered in China. Several arduous efforts have been made by the governments of various countries worldwide to prevent and control the SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review article discusses an update on all kinds of therapeutic interventions currently applied or developed to treat SARS-CoV-2 condition, including the repurposing of drugs such as Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Ivermectin, etc. We also discuss CRISPR’s potential involvement in antiviral therapy, convalescent plasma therapy, and immunomodulators in combination to tackle the cytokine storms and present a comprehensive overview on many vaccines that have been created to date or are under trials, as well as their platforms and efficacy. Moreover, this article also discusses the mechanism of action of every therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Safety and efficacy study: Short-term application of radiofrequency ablation and stereotactic body radiotherapy for Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer stage 0–B1 hepatocellular carcinoma

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245076
Author(s):  
Feiqian Wang ◽  
Kazushi Numata ◽  
Atsuya Takeda ◽  
Katsuaki Ogushi ◽  
Hiroyuki Fukuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Radiofrequency Ablation ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
And Control

Aim To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the administration of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in the short term to the same patients in Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages 0–B1. Methods From April 2014 to June 2019, we retrospectively reviewed BCLC stage 0–B1 patients with fresh hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions that were repeatedly treated by RFA (control group, n = 72), and by RFA and subsequent SBRT (case group, n = 26). Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to reduce the selection bias between two groups. Recurrence, survival, Child–Pugh scores and short-term side effects (fever, bleeding, skin change, abdominal pain and fatigue) were recorded and analyzed. Results After PSM, 21 patients remained in each group. Seventeen and 20 patients in the case and control groups experienced recurrence. For these patients, the median times to progression and follow-up were 10.7 and 35.8 months, respectively. After PSM, the 1-year progression-free survival rate in case and control groups were 66.7% and 52.4%, respectively (P = 0.313). The inter-group overall survival (OS) was comparable (3 and 5-year OS rates in case groups were 87.3% and 74.8%, while rates in control groups were 73.7% and 46.3%, respectively; P = 0.090). The short-term side effects were mild, and the incidence showed no inter-group difference. The 1-year rates of the Child–Pugh score deterioration of ≥2 in case and control groups were 23.8% and 33.3% (P > 0.05), respectively. Conclusion The short-term administration of RFA and SBRT to the same BCLC stage 0–B1 patients may be feasible and effective because of their good prognosis and safety.

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