scholarly journals Preventive Measures to Reduce Transmissible Diseases in Islamic Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 118-146
Author(s):  
Mohammed Sami Al-Duleimy ◽  
Zahir Faisal Al-Esawi
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Primary Responsibility ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
The Individual

Islamic law is concerned with treating infectious diseases by preventing them and limiting their spread, and it has indicated that the primary responsibility rests with the individual, so it obliges him to do everything that would limit the transmission of these epidemics, and the state is also responsible for providing everything that would limit these diseases and prevent their spread Such as imposing quarantine and providing medical and health care to those who have been afflicted by God with these diseases, and there is no doubt that infectious diseases some of them lead to the death of those who are infected with them, as in the Corona pandemic, and it is known that self-preservation is one of the most important objectives of Islamic law. Therefore, preventive measures must be taken into account. It can prevent the transmission of diseases and stop their spread. The jurists and scholars must explain to people the matters of their religion and world so that some of them do not fall into what is forbidden according to Sharia, so that they will be sinned by ignorance and without knowledge. The importance and reasons for choosing this topic comes in light of the spread of epidemics from time to time, the last of which is the Corona pandemic that has spread and afflicted many Muslims and some of them are ignorant of the jurisprudential rulings related to these epidemics such as the rule of non-compliance with the quarantine and the ruling on the transmission of infection intentionally and ignorant, as well as preventive measures Islamic law that limits the spread of these epidemics. Among the results that we reached in our research is that we have proven the transmission of infection, and it is a constant occurrence in our Islamic history and there is no room for denying it, so it is not permissible to deliberately transmit the infectious disease to healthy people and it is one of the major sins that entails God’s punishment in the hereafter and retribution in this world. Ignorance and negligence of wrongdoing without intending there is no sin on him in the hereafter, but he must guarantee what he destroys in this world, because Islamic law has taken a group of them: the dislike of blowing into a bowl, the prohibition of spitting on the ground, and the necessity of purification from the impurity of some animals such as dogs and pigs that transmit diseases to humans Preventing defecation and urination in public resources, and many measures that prevent the transmission of diseases and limit them.

Infectious Diseases as a Factor Influencing Demography. Historical and Medical Aspect

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Kaspruk
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Medical Aspect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Improving Health Care

Taking into consideration the forecasts that infectious diseases will pose a significant risk of increasing mortality, as well as shortening life expectancy in the next period of time, an assessment of the impact of infectious diseases on demography in the historical and medical aspect allows us to confirm the existence of uniform combinations in creating a counter-strategy for improving health care. There is no doubt about the historical priority of preventive measures. In this sense, the scoring of infections according to the rating of ''demographic tension'' fully admits the possibility of identifying a vector for improving the work on combating infectious diseases.

Learning to Respect a Patient’s Spiritual Needs Concerning an Unknown Infectious Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huey-Ming Tzeng ◽  
Chang-Yi Yin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Spiritual Needs ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Spiritual Beliefs ◽  
Holistic Nursing

This article aims to help readers to learn about health care related cultural and religious beliefs and spiritual needs in Chinese communities. The recall diary of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-infected intern working in Hoping Hospital in Taiwan during the 2003 SARS epidemic is presented and used to assist in understanding one patient’s spiritual activities when personally confronted with this newly emerging infectious disease. The article also gives an overview of the 2003 SARS epidemic in Taiwan, and discusses people’s general perceptions towards infectious diseases, their coping strategies concerning disease, and their spiritual beliefs, the psychological impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in Chinese communities, Chinese myths about infectious disease, and the religious activities of a SARS-infected intern in Taiwan. Recommendations are given on how to achieve quality holistic nursing care.

scholarly journals A HYBRID MODEL FOR STUDYING SPATIAL ASPECTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
BENJAMIN J. BINDER ◽  
JOSHUA V. ROSS ◽  
MATTHEW J. SIMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spread Of Infection

AbstractWe consider a hybrid model, created by coupling a continuum and an agent-based model of infectious disease. The framework of the hybrid model provides a mechanism to study the spread of infection at both the individual and population levels. This approach captures the stochastic spatial heterogeneity at the individual level, which is directly related to deterministic population level properties. This facilitates the study of spatial aspects of the epidemic process. A spatial analysis, involving counting the number of infectious agents in equally sized bins, reveals when the spatial domain is nonhomogeneous.

scholarly journals The winding road to health: A systematic scoping review on the effect of geographical accessibility to health care on infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244921
Author(s):  
Fleur Hierink ◽  
Emelda A. Okiro ◽  
Antoine Flahault ◽  
Nicolas Ray
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Geographical Accessibility ◽  
Physical Accessibility

Background Geographical accessibility to healthcare is an important component of infectious disease dynamics. Timely access to health facilities can prevent disease progression and enables disease notification through surveillance systems. The importance of accounting for physical accessibility in response to infectious diseases is increasingly recognized. Yet, there is no comprehensive review of the literature available on infectious diseases in relation to geographical accessibility to care. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the current state of knowledge on the effect of geographical accessibility to health care on infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Methods and findings A search strategy was developed and conducted on Web of Science and PubMed on 4 March 2019. New publications were checked until May 28, 2020. All publication dates were eligible. Data was charted into a tabular format and descriptive data analyses were carried out to identify geographical regions, infectious diseases, and measures of physical accessibility among other factors. Search queries in PubMed and Web of Science yielded 560 unique publications. After title and abstract screening 99 articles were read in full detail, from which 64 articles were selected, including 10 manually. Results of the included publications could be broadly categorized into three groups: (1) decreased spatial accessibility to health care was associated with a higher infectious disease burden, (2) decreased accessibility was associated to lower disease reporting, minimizing true understanding of disease distribution, and (3) the occurrence of an infectious disease outbreak negatively impacted health care accessibility in affected regions. In the majority of studies, poor geographical accessibility to health care was associated with higher disease incidence, more severe health outcomes, higher mortality, and lower disease reporting. No difference was seen between countries or infectious diseases. Conclusions Currently, policy-makers and scientists rely on data collected through passive surveillance systems, introducing uncertainty on disease estimates for remote communities. Our results highlight the need for increasing integration of geographical accessibility measures in disease risk modelling, allowing more realistic disease estimates and enhancing our understanding of true disease burden. Additionally, disease risk estimates could be used in turn to optimize the allocation of health services in the prevention and detection of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Urgensi Pembentukan Aturan Terkait Pencegahan Covid-19 di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Dalinama Telaumbanua
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Contagious Disease ◽  
Health Regulations

Covid-19 is a contagious disease that has the potential to cause a public health emergency. Therefore, preventive measures against these types of infectious diseases are mandatory as soon as possible. Indonesia as a nation of law, the prevention of infectious diseases is mandatory to be formed in a rule or regulation. The urgency of forming rules related to the prevention of Covid-19 is obliged to be formed in government regulation and regulation of the Minister of Health because both regulations are the implementation rules of Law No. 6 of 2018 concerning Health. Based on the author's analysis, there are 5 government regulations that must be established in order to perform countermeasures and prevention of infectious disease threats such as Covid-19 and there are 11 mandatory ministerial health regulations that are required to be established In anticipation of the Covid19 threat. Both types of regulations are very useful in anticipating health emergency that ultimately leads to the health of Indonesian people. It is expected that both of rules can be made immediately in order to give legal certainty in preventing the spread of Covid-19 widely. Keyword: Forming Rules, Management, Covid-19   Abstrak Covid-19 merupakan penyakit menular yang berpotensi menimbulkan kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat. Oleh sebab itu, tindakan pencegahan terhadap jenis penyakit menular tersebut wajib dilakukan secepat mungkin. Indonesia sebagai negara hukum, maka pencegahan terhadap jenis penyakit menular tersebut wajib dibentuk dalam sebuah aturan atau regulasi. Urgensi pembentukan aturan terkait dengan pencegahan Covid-19 ini wajib dibentuk dalam Peraturan Pemerintah dan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan karena kedua peraturan tersebut merupakan peraturan pelaksanaan daripada Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Kekarantinaan Kesehatan. Berdasarkan analisis penulis, ada 5 Peraturan Pemerintah yang wajib dibentuk dalam rangka melakukan tindakan penanggulangan dan pencegahan ancaman penyakit yang mudah menular seperti Covid-19 dan ada 11 Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan terkait yang wajib dibentuk dalam rangka mengantisipasi ancaman Covid-19. Kedua jenis peraturan tersebut sangat berguna dalam hal mengantisipasi kedaruratan kesehatan yang pada akhirnya menjurus pada kekarantinaan kesehatan masyarakat Indonesia. Kiranya kedua jenis peraturan ini segera dibuat dalam rangka memberi kepastian hukum dalam mencegah menularnya Covid-19 secara meluas. Kata Kunci: Pembentukan Aturan, Penanggulangan, Covid-19

scholarly journals Health Care Segregation and Race Disparities in Infectious Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate W. Strully
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Race Disparities ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
Seasonal Flu ◽  
Influenza Vaccinations

Examining nursing home segregation and race disparities in influenza vaccinations, this study demonstrates that segregation may increase both susceptibility and exposure to seasonal flu for black Americans. Evidence based on the 2004 U.S. National Nursing Home Survey shows that individuals in nursing homes with high percentages of black residents have less personal immunity to flu because they are less likely to have been vaccinated against the disease; they may also be more likely to be exposed to flu because more of their coresidents are also unvaccinated. This implies that segregation may generate dual disease hazards for contagious conditions. Segregation appears to limit black Americans’ access to personal preventive measures against infection, while spatially concentrating those people who are most likely to become contagious.

scholarly journals Learning from COVID-19: Infectious Disease Vulnerability Promotes Pro-Environmental Behaviors

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8687
Author(s):  
Da Jiang ◽  
Mingxuan Li ◽  
Hanyang Wu ◽  
Shuang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Environmental Behaviors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Environmental problems, such as climate change, pollution, and environmental degradation, are important contributors to the spread of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19 and SARS. For instance, a greater concentration of ambient NO2 was associated with faster transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19. However, it remains unclear whether outbreaks of infectious diseases arouse individuals’ concern on the need to protect the environment and therefore promote more pro-environmental behaviors. To this end, we examined the relationship between infectious disease vulnerability and pro-environmental behaviors using data from a cross-societal survey (N = 53 societies) and an experiment (N = 214 individuals). At both the societal and the individual levels, infectious disease vulnerability increased pro-environmental behaviors. At the societal level, this relationship was mediated by citizens’ level of environmental concern. At the individual level, the relationship was mediated by empathy. The findings show that infectious disease vulnerability is conducive to pro-environmental behaviors.

scholarly journals Legal Measures Undertaken by Public Authorities in Poland for Prevention and Combating COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Mełgieś
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Health Safety ◽  
The Public ◽  
Emergency Situations

The state is a special purpose organization and the directions of its activities are determined by public tasks. One of them is to ensure an efficient health care system, also effective in emergency situations such as those caused by an infectious disease pandemic COVID-19. In particular, legal instruments are used to create it, selected by the rulers within the limits set by law, including the applicable international standards, at the discretion of local governing authorities. The whole system is completed with organizational, medical and finally financial solutions. However, it is due to the fact that public authorities move around in the public space, due to the legality of their operation, that the legal instruments used are of significant importance for the assessment of the effectiveness of the performance of tasks related to combating infectious diseases, and thus ensuring health safety.

scholarly journals THE PIONEERING ROLE OF SHARIA SCHOLARS IN THE CORONA PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 134-147
Author(s):  
Najwa N. A SHKOKANI
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Field Approach ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
The Common ◽  
Political Health

The majority of societies on Earth suffered a lot physically, psychologically, intellectually and financially during the Corona Covid-19 epidemic in the period 2020-2021, which surprised everyone with the speed and severity of its spread and lethality all over the world, and with the severity of the preventive measures that forced people to adhere to it. Despite all the crises that accompanied it or resulted from it, the scholars of Sharia, despite their great efforts in the field of fatwas that have taken place, nevertheless the common Muslims felt their lack of a pioneering and effective role for them, for they are the scholars of the ummah. And their deeds rise to the level appropriate to the greatness of Islam and lead it to serve mankind in all circumstances, in all societies and at all times. So did they take advantage of the circumstances and in the jurisprudence councils, legal universities, Islamic think tanks and others, hastened to meet and consult periodically and intensely commensurate with the momentum of the developments that took place in that event and the pursuit of the event in all its aspects and dynamics, and has the effect of this appeared in several aspects in Islamic societies and elsewhere? The Holy Qur’an and the Noble Prophet’s Sunnah have revealed this pioneering role by the prophets and messengers, saints and scholars. Scholars of true law at all times are the heirs of the prophets, and enjoining good and forbidding evil depends on their guidance and diligence. Likewise, that role is not hidden in the wonderful models launched in Islamic societies throughout its prosperous history in all aspects of life, and in all the circumstances and conditions that it has gone through, including calamities, tribulations, misfortunes, strife, diseases and epidemics, which had the greatest positive impact on the Ummah’s awareness and knowledge of good behavior in it. To prevent the largest proportion of the losses in the lives of people and the good of the country. This study comes by following the descriptive and analytical method to highlight the aforementioned by introducing the Corona epidemic, and the inductive approach by exploring the pioneering role of true Islamic law scholars in epidemics by referring to the sources of legislation with evidence of that throughout Islamic history, then searching for that application in this era, following the field approach Al-Estebyani, with investigating their positions during that epidemic. The most prominent results after the research were: That Islamic scholars have the greatest importance that goes beyond the intellectuals, thinkers, and even politicians, and they are at the forefront of society in researching and uncovering how to deal with epidemics according to Sharia evidence, using all means and techniques, both ancient and modern. And adopting educational, informational and advocacy methods in generalizing how people deal with the epidemic; And to highlight the faith role that achieves security, tranquility, and satisfaction with the judgment of God, adhering to the teachings of Islam in that event and responding to the responsible represented by the intellectual, political, health and other systems, and they also have a great impact on societies when they rush to issue fatwas to guide individuals and governments in how to deal with this pandemic, and not to stop Then, it is imperative to constantly and diligently follow up on the developments of the epidemic with the permanent meeting of fatwa councils locally and internationally, in order to change the fatwas and procedures in line with the new circumstances. That Muslim scholars have been the pioneering and guiding reed throughout history represented by models that elevated themselves, their nation, and humanity as well.

Occupational diseases of health care workers from exposure to infectious agents: the current state of the problem

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Railya V. Garipova ◽  
Leonid A. Strizhakov ◽  
Karina T. Umbetova ◽  
Kadriya R. Safina
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Occupational Diseases ◽  
Biological Factor ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Republic

Introduction. Infectious diseases occupy a leading place in the structure of occupational diseases (OD) of health care workers (HCW). If until 2020, the main OD from exposure to a biological factor were tuberculosis and viral hepatitis (VH), then in 2020 the world faced another infectious disease of professional etiology - infection of health workers with a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The aim of the study is to identify problematic issues in establishing the connection of an infectious disease with a profession in health care workers. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of cases of occupational diseases was applied according to the data of the Department of Rospotrebnadzor for the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) and the register of patients of the Republican Center of Occupational Pathology. Results. Among the health care workers of the Republic of Tatarstan, mainly occupational infectious diseases are diagnosed (88.9%). Tuberculosis is the most common occupational disease among health care workers of the Republic of Tatarstan, accounting for 68.4%, and viral hepatitis accounts for 20.5%. In 2020, the most common OD from biological factors in the health care workers of RT was infection COVID-19. Conclusions. Currently, the most common disease of infectious genesis in health care workers is a new coronavirus infection. For a high-quality examination of the connection of an infectious disease with a profession, the list of documents must include a card of epidemiological examination, which must be filled in by an epidemiologist not after establishing the connection of the disease with the profession, but in parallel with the preparation of a sanitary and hygienic characteristic (SGC) of working conditions.

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