scholarly journals THE REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF THE MISSIONATY POLICY OF RUSSIAN TSARISM IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
N.D. Nurtazina ◽  
◽  
Zhanibek Akimbek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Science ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Steppe Region ◽  
Historical Comparative

The article analyses the objective reasons of the failure of the missionary policy of Russian Tsarism on the territory of the Kazakh Steppe In order to determine the activities of missionary policy in the steppe region, methodological methods are used, such as historical-genetic, historical comparative, concrete-historical, which have been widely used in historical science. This paper identifies factors that influenced the implementation of missionary policy tasks in the region. The use of imperial documents, such as reports of the heads of dioceses, allows us to study the degree of government`s support for the confessional policy. In the paper, attention is also paid to the position of the highest authorities and the intelligentsia regarding the policy in question. It is concluded that the reason for the adoption of a foreign religion by the poor Kazakhs was the aggravation of the agrarian problem. However, the missionary policy didn’t achieve what it want. The lack of sufficient land plots for the neophytes and the extent of government measures to prevent problems of adaptation to the new environment reduced the motivation for orthodoxy.

scholarly journals Nasionalisme dan kelas sosial: Ideologi dan praktik partai nasionalis di Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Retor Kaligis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Cheap Labor ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Political Interpretation ◽  
Historical Comparative

This study explores poor people or negative ownership class phenomena as result of exploitative ideology by using power including exploitation of natural resource and placement of population as cheap labor. This study explores poor people or negative ownership class phenomena as result of exploitative ideology by using power, including exploitation of natural resource and placement of human resources as cheaper labor. Although many studies about Indonesian nationalism were conducted previously, but generally the study of nationalism in relation to the poor people class in Indonesia are not the main focus of the study.This article using qualitative research method. In order to compare different phenomena in various periods, this article uses historical comparative research method. There were five levels in historical comparative research. First, is conceptualizing the object of inquiry. Second is locating the evidence. Third is evaluating quality of evidence. Fourth is organizing evidence. Fifth is syntesizing. An open interviewed was conducted with stakeholders whose directly involved in many cases within several political party bodies such as Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI), Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI). Data was analyzed by social, cultural, and political interpretation. It can be concluded tht in national politic constellation, the phenomena of poor class produce a defense term for their group, known as 'marhaen' and 'wong cilik'. Nevertheless, nationalism practice in Indonesia as represented by PNI, PDI, dan PDI Perjuangan, have not yet succedeed to freed poor people from social aleniation in political power contestation, the ownership of capital, or in relations between state and government. This nation still struggled to build competitive political and economical power in order to reate a social transformation.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF PERIODIZATION OF PEDAGOGICAL PERSONNEL STUDY

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-47
Author(s):  
Iryna Rozman
Keyword(s):  
Social Activity ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
System A ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Life Path ◽  
Correct Application

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of periodization of the research of pedagogical personnel. The theoretical and methodological approaches of Ukrainian and foreign scientists to the periodization of the development of historical and pedagogical science, which are based in general on the technologies of using the methodological tools of historical science, are determined. The role, significance, potential of comparative – historical, comparative, and other methods that are used in studies devoted to life and various directions of creative and social activity of pedagogical personalities are described. Two methodologically important approaches are found for conducting studies in the field of pedagogical biography, which are related to the study of a person in a universal coordinate system: a synchronous system, projecting its analysis in a specific time period and diachronic, projecting the study of personalities in a time «vertical». Disadvantages of periodization as an instrument and means of scientific and cognitive activities are shown; the ways and possibilities of their minimization and increase of the scientific and heuristic efficiency of the periodization method are determined in the studied periods (stages) of the life path of the pedagogical personalities. The article substantiates the position according to which the correct application of methodological tools allows to avoid various manifestations of dichotomy (illicit division) in pedagogical and biographical research.

scholarly journals Origin of a Jury Trial in the European Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Radik N. Hamitov ◽  
Dmitriy Yu. Tumanov ◽  
Rinat R. Sakhapov
Keyword(s):  
Jury Trial ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Popular Participation ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Initial Forms ◽  
Ancient States ◽  
State Body

<p>Traditionally it is believed that the birthplace of the jury trial creation is England, but the issue of the birthplace location of this particular form of popular participation in the criminal justice administration is not yet fully resolved by the historical science. The continental lawyers were particularly interested in the jury trial among other institutions of English law, in which the English themselves identified the stronghold of the country's law and order, its political and civil freedom. It is not difficult to see that the main role was not played by the judges, but by the community representatives in this form of justice administration. Since then the community has been gaining more and more importance in England as a state body in the matter of justice administration, and the initial forms of its activity have being further developed in this direction. This works investigates roots of jury trial by basing on such methods as historical, systemic, formally logical, concrete-historical, comparative legal analysis method.­ The authors, in turn, come to the conclusion that the jury trial has its roots still in the Ancient States, but the classical modern model owes its origin to England.</p>

THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLICE IN THE FACTORY SETTLEMENTS OF THE URAL IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-113
Author(s):  
Sergey M. Ryazanov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Local Police ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Methods

The local Ural material on the 19th century police has attracted researchers only since the second half of the 1990s. Yet, it mainly concerned the South Ural, as special studies in the Middle Ural and in the Vyatka Ural have not been carried out. This article aims to fill in this lacuna. The object of this study is the transformation of the factory police in the 19th century. The relevance of this topic for historical science lies in the active character of the processes, associated with modernization, and the timeliness of the police reform. To study this, the author has used such historical methods, as historical-genetic, historical-comparative, and historical-typological. This article has examined the measures taken by the authorities of the Urals to improve the police supervision of factory settlements in the second half of the 19th century. The author has compared the pre-reform and new police states, emphasizing the development of the Izhevsk and Votkinsk factory settlements police. The results show that the slowness in carrying out police reforms led to an increase in unrest and crime in factories. The redistribution of local police resources, intended for the countryside, to the cities and factories of the Ural could somewhat mitigate the negative consequences of the inaction of the central government. Thus, the liquidation of the mountain police in the middle of the 19th century significantly weakened police forces in factory settlements, which were restored only in the 1890s.

Ways of development of Soviet fine art in the context of the polemics of V.I. Lenin and A.A. Bogdanov

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
Stepan S. Bakaryagin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Comparative

We examine the philosophical differences between V.I. Lenin and the head of the Proletarian cultural and educational organizations A.A. Bogdanov. It is pointed out that after the October Revolution of 1917, their views were transformed into a discussion about the essence, foundation and tasks of proletarian culture. Previously, this topic was mainly the subject of philosophical research, but did not become part of historical research. The author of the article made an attempt to assess the influence of the ideas of V.I. Lenin and A.A. Bogdanov on the formation of various approaches to the cultural policy of the Soviet government in the 1920s. In the course of the work, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods, traditional for historical science, were applied. The use of the sociocultural method made it possible to consider the views of party ideologists on culture as a system of values that developed before the revolution and developed in subsequent years. It was noted that at the turn of the 1910–1920s polemics of V.I. Lenin and A.A. Bogdanov went beyond the limits of private contradictions and led to the emergence of two possible trends in the development of Soviet fine arts. Conclusions were made about the approval of the official point of view on cultural policy based on the traditions of realistic art.

scholarly journals Попытки Кучумовичей и башкир воссоздать Сибирское ханство

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-247
Author(s):  
Azat S. Salmanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Movement ◽  
Historical Comparative

Introduction. As is commonly believed in Russian historiography, the late 16th century witnessed a final collapse of the Siberian Khanate. However, that event was long followed by repeated attempts from ex-owners of Siberian Yurt — the Kuchumovichs (children and grandchildren of the Siberian Khan Kuchum) — to regain their power. In achieving their goal, they relied on Bashkir and Kalmyk leaders. The ideological supporters of Kuchum’s descendants were the Siberian Tatars and Bashkirs, primarily Bashkir Tabyns who also sought a restoration of the Siberian Khanate. But in historical science the question of Bashkirs’ participation in the Kuchumovichs’ cause to regain Siberian Yurt remains unaddressed. Goals. The study aims at examining the 17th century ethnopolitical history of the Trans-Ural Bashkirs through the prism of the movement attended by the Kuchumovichs, Kalmyks and Dzungars who came up with the idea of reviving the Siberian Khanate. Materials and Methods. The work employs materials already introduced into scientific discourse which, however, were not considered through the prism of Bashkirs’ participation in the general movement of nomadic leaders to have struggled for the restoration of the Siberian Khanate. Coupled with the use of historical research methods (historical, comparative and systemic ones), this made it possible to reveal that in the territory of Bashkiria the actions of Bashkir rebels were associated with the policy of the Kuchumovichs and Kalmyk taishas who tried to unite Bashkirs and inhabitants of Western Siberia to withdraw from subordination to the Moscow Government. Thus, the scientific novelty is that the 17th century anti-Russian movement of Bashkirs is being first considered in the context of attempts to restore the Siberian Khanate. Results. Analysis of historical events (departure of Kuchum’s grandson Kuchuk to the Karakalpaks and adoption of Russian citizenship by the Kalmyk ruler Ayuka) shows that the rebellious Bashkirs experienced a collapse of hopes for the restoration of the Siberian Khanate, the latter viewed as an opportunity to gain independence from the Tsardom of Russia. Conclusions. Bashkir uprisings of the mid-to-late 17th century should be considered in line with the political situation that had developed in the southeastern outskirts of Russia due to the joint activities of the Kuchumovichs, Kalmyk and Bashkir leaders.

scholarly journals The Case of Anti-Soviet Baptist Group in Shchuchye-Ozersk District of Perm region: an Ethno-Confessional Aspect of Mass Operations in 1937-1938

TECHNOLOGOS ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Koldushko Anna
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Local Features ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Internal Logic ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Perm Region

Mass repressive operations of the 1930s are really remained one of the most relevant topics for research. At the present stage of development of historical science, key attention is paid to the direction of mass operations of the 1930s-Kulak, national lines (Polish, German, etc.), and the identification of local features of their realization. Recently, historians have paid great attention to the implementation of the internal logic and mechanisms of mass repressive actions. We can say that the focus of research is shifting to the micro-historical field: to individuals who suffered from repression, to small settlements in which arrests were especially widespread. This approach allows us to see important details and features which could not be found in the generalized works devoted to mass operations of the 1930s: distortions of central directives on the ground, the influence of local specifics, and so on. In this study the author has made an attempt to determine and analyze the specifics of ethno-confessional aspect of mass operations by the example of the case of the anti-Soviet Baptist group in the Shchuchye-Ozersk district of Perm region. The aim of the work was to identify and analyze the directions of repressive actions by the example of this case, to study the role of ethnic and confessional factors in the course of mass operations in places of compact residence of Germans. Both narrative and traditional analytical methods were used as methodological tools of the research: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historicaltypological. The main sources the author relied on were the written ones which were included in archival and investigative cases: questionnaires of arrested persons, interrogation protocols, indictments, materials of court sessions, etc. As a result, the author identified several areas, or storylines, of the case of the anti-Soviet Baptist group in Shchuchye-Ozersk district of Perm region: espionage, Kulak, ethnic and confessional; the internal logic of the case was reconstructed, it has been shown as accusation accents shifted due to the influence of political conjuncture, also the author has mentioned the influence of natural factors on the outcome of the trial.

High-Resolution, Low-Voltage SEM of Cell Wall Regeneration of Yeast Shizosaccharomyces Pombe Protoplasts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 208-211
Author(s):  
M. Osumi ◽  
N. Yamada ◽  
T. Nagatani
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Cell Wall Regeneration ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Beam Damage ◽  
Biological Field ◽  
Scanning Electron

Even though many early workers had suggested the use of lower voltages to increase topographic contrast and to reduce specimen charging and beam damage, we did not usually operate in the conventional scanning electron microscope at low voltage because of the poor resolution, especially of bioligical specimens. However, the development of the “in-lens” field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) has led to marked inprovement in resolution, especially in the range of 1-5 kV, within the past year. The probe size has been cumulated to be 0.7nm in diameter at 30kV and about 3nm at 1kV. We have been trying to develop techniques to use this in-lens FESEM at low voltage (LVSEM) for direct observation of totally uncoated biological specimens and have developed the LVSEM method for the biological field.

Artefacts in the x-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated biological samples

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
Patrick Echlin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Fracture Face ◽  
Detailed Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Morphological Appearance ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Freeze Dried

A number of papers have appeared recently which purport to have carried out x-ray microanalysis on fully frozen hydrated samples. It is important to establish reliable criteria to be certain that a sample is in a fully hydrated state. The morphological appearance of the sample is an obvious parameter because fully hydrated samples lack the detailed structure seen in their freeze dried counterparts. The electron scattering by ice within a frozen-hydrated section and from the surface of a frozen-hydrated fracture face obscures cellular detail. (Fig. 1G and 1H.) However, the morphological appearance alone can be quite deceptive for as Figures 1E and 1F show, parts of frozen-dried samples may also have the poor morphology normally associated with fully hydrated samples. It is only when one examines the x-ray spectra that an assurance can be given that the sample is fully hydrated.

Influence of the Acoustic Reflex on Vowel Recognition

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dorman ◽  
Ingrid Cedar ◽  
Maureen Hannley ◽  
Marjorie Leek ◽  
Julie Mapes Lindholm
Keyword(s):  
Auditory System ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Acoustic Reflex ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Stapedial Reflex ◽  
Vowel Recognition ◽  
High Sound

Computer synthesized vowels of 50- and 300-ms duration were presented to normal-hearing listeners at a moderate and high sound pressure level (SPL). Presentation at the high SPL resulted in poor recognition accuracy for vowels of a duration (50 ms) shorter than the latency of the acoustic stapedial reflex. Presentation level had no effect on recognition accuracy for vowels of sufficient duration (300 ms) to elicit the reflex. The poor recognition accuracy for the brief, high intensity vowels was significantly improved when the reflex was preactivated. These results demonstrate the importance of the acoustic reflex in extending the dynamic range of the auditory system for speech recognition.

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