Physical-chemical and microbiological stability of biotherapy Candida albicans RC in different potencies

Introduction: Oral Candidiasis is an opportunist fungal infection, with high incidence in HIV and immunosuppressed patients and Candida albicans is the most common causing agent. In some cases, it can evolve to resistant injuries to antifungal conventional therapy. According to Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopeia (BHP) [1], biotherapic medicines are prepared from chemically undefined biological products. Biotherapics created by Brazilian doctor Roberto Costa (RC) have a different homeopathic compounding technique, as its dynamization starts from the ethiologic agent of the illness in its alive form, which present higher capability to stimulate the host immunological system [2,3]. Aim: The goal of this study was evaluate the physical-chemical and microbiological stability of Candida albicans RC potencies under different conditions of storage. Methodology: To prepare the biotherapics, one part of Candida albicans yeast suspension (109 cell/ml) was diluted in 9 parts of sterile distillated water. After preparing this 1:10 dilution, the sample was undergone 100 succussions, resulting in the first decimal dilution (1x). Then, one part of this solution was diluted in 9 parts of sterile distillated water and submitted to 100 succussions, generating the 2x. This process was successively repeated following BHP, until 30x. Water 30x was prepared by the same technique, as control. All the solutions were prepared in aseptic and sterile conditions. Biotherapics 6x, 12x, 18x, 24x, 30x and water 30x were storage under refrigeration (2 to 8Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â°C) and at room temperate (25Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â°C) during 8 weeks. Every 15 days, the following parameters were analyzed: pH, electrical conductivity, UV absorbance (260 and 280 nm). Microbiological analyses were performed after 3 weeks by colony forming unit (CFU) method [4]. Results: The preliminary analyses performed at times zero, 15, 30 and 45 days suggest that electrical conductivity of these solutions tend to increase proportionally to storage time without significant differences due to temperature storage conditions. There was no statistically significant difference detected in pH values. Measures of absorbance of different biotherapic potencies under both conditions of storage are in course. Microbiological analyses showed no colony growth, but in the 1x sample analyzed at time zero, indicating the viability of the fungus. Conclusion: Further experiments are being carried out in order to confirm the preliminary data obtained.

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Investigation of the Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Stability of Losartan Potassium 5 mg/mL Extemporaneous Oral Liquid Suspension

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26020301 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 301

Author(s):

Lisa Foley ◽

Jennifer Toney ◽

James W. Barlow ◽

Maura O’Connor ◽

Deirdre Fitzgerald-Hughes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shelf Life ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Losartan Potassium ◽

Microbial Count ◽

E Coli ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Liquid Suspension ◽

Oral Liquid ◽

Microbiological Stability ◽

Stability Data

Extemporaneous oral liquid preparations are commonly used when there is no commercially available dosage form for adjustable dosing. In most cases, there is a lack of stability data to allow for an accurately assigned shelf life and storage conditions to give greater confidence of product safety and efficacy over its shelf life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological stability of an extemporaneous oral liquid suspension of losartan potassium, 5 mg/mL, used to treat paediatric hypertension in Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Ireland. The losartan content of extemporaneous oral suspensions, prepared with and without addition of water, was measured by UV and confirmed by HPLC analysis. Suspensions were stored at 4 °C and room temperature (RT) and were monitored for changes in; pH, colour, odour, re-dispersibility, Total Aerobic Microbial Count, Total Yeast and Mould Count and absence of E. coli. Results showed that suspensions prepared by both methods, stored at 4 °C and RT, were physically and microbiologically stable over 28 days. Initial losartan content of all suspensions was lower than expected at 80–81% and did not change significantly over the 28 days. HPLC and NMR did not detect degradation of losartan in the samples. Suspensions prepared in water showed 100% losartan content. The reduced initial losartan content was confirmed by HPLC and was related to the acidic pH of the suspension vehicle. Physiochemical properties of the drug are important factors for consideration in the selection of suspension vehicle for extemporaneous compounding of oral suspensions as they can influence the quality, homogeneity and efficacy of these preparations.

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PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK METHANOL DAUN Acanthus ilicifolius TOPIKAL TERHADAP JUMLAH MAKROFAG PADA PENYEMBUHAN MODEL ORAL CANDIDIASIS DENGAN KONDISI IMUNOSUPRESI

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v13i1.182 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dwi Andriani ◽

Diana Soesilo ◽

Ghora Setyawan

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Corticosteroid Drugs ◽

Anti Fungal

Background: Corticosteroid has a strong anti-inflammatory effect, unfortunately long-term usege of corticosteroid drugs can suppressed immune system. This condition makes Candida albicans as an opportunistic phatogen caused Oral Candidiasis. Macrophages have an important role in the first defense against infection. Methanol extract of A.ilicifolius leaf has anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory compounds to fight the growth of Candida albicans. Purpose: To determine the effect of methanol extract of A.ilicifolius leaf theraphy to the amount of macrophages in the healing pricess of oral candidiasis models with immunosuppressed conditions. Method: This study was true experimental with post test only control group design. Thirty-six strain wistar, 3 months old, and 250 grams of weight which were given dexamethason 0.5 mg and tetracycline 0.5mg for 7days, after Candida albican(ATCC10231) was induced for 2 weeks (3 times/week). Rats were divided into 6 groups: untreated(K-), nystatin(K+), A.ilicifolius 8%(P1), A.ilicifolius 12%(P2), A.ilicifolius 16%(P3), A.ilicifolius 20%(P4 ) all groups were treated for 2 weeks. After being treated, the rats tongue biopsied to examine the macrophages with Haematoxylin-eosin staining and observed with microscope (400x magnification). Data analyzed statistically by One-way ANOVA. Results: the amount of macrophages at K+(47.60±4.16), P4(40.20±3.56), P3(36.20±1.92), P2(17.00±2.45) were greater than K-(15.60±4.56), P1(14.60±2.70). there are no significant difference between group K- with P1 and P2, P3 with P4. There are significant difference between group K- with K+, K- with P3 and P4. K+ with P1, P2, P3 and P4. Group P1 with P3 and P4. Group P2 with P3 and P4. Conclusion: A.ilicifolius extract can increase the amount of macrophages in oral candidiasis immunosuppression models

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EFEKTIVITAS SUPLEMENTASI TERIPANG EMAS (Stichopus hermanii) DALAM MENCEGAH TERJADINYA ORAL CANDIDIASIS PADA TIKUS WISTAR

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v12i1.155 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Endah Wahjuningsih ◽

Paramita Devi Oktaviani ◽

Dwi Andriani

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Male Rats ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

Mail Address ◽

E Mail ◽

Tongue Epithelium

ABSTRACT Background: Candida albicans is normal flora of oral cavity that can be pathogenic due to predisposition influence so that trigger Oral candidiasis. Stichopus hermanii suspected as an Oral candidiasis therapy because it contain antioxidant compound, antitumor and antifungi. Objective: Analyzing the effectiveness of Stichopus hermanii supplementation as a protective effect of oral candidiasis in Rats exposure to smoke. Materials and Methods: This experiment is post test only group control design using 35 male rats divided into 5 groups(X). X1 (negative control), X2 (positive control), X3 (Stichopus hermanii powder 0,0225mg/kgBB), X4 (Stichopus hermanii powder 0,045mg/kgBB), X5 (Stichopus hermanii powder 0,09mg/kgBB). Candida albicans induced into the mouth by an oral swab using cotton bud 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Smoke exposure as a predisposition factor be given 3 bars per day for 8 weeks. The rats being killed and tongue biopsies measure the thickness of tongue epithelium. The obtained data analyzation using One Way ANOVA and LSD test. Result: There is a significant difference (p<0.05) between X1 and X2, X1 and X3, X1 and X4, X1 and X5, X2 and X3, X2 and X4, X2 and X5, X3 and X5. Conclusion: Adduction of Stichopus hermanii capable of reducing risk of Oral candidiasis. Supplementation of Stichopus hermanii powder 0,09mg/kgBB is the most effective reduce thickness of the tongue epithelium in the group that exposure to smoke and induced of Candida albicans.Keywords: Stichopus hermanii, Oral candidiasis, Tongue, Candida albicans, Thickness of Epithelium Correspondence: Endah Wahjuningsih, Laboratorium Biologi Oral Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah, Jl, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Indonesia. Ph 031-5945864, fax: 031-5912191, e-mail address: [email protected]

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Antifungal Activity of Beluntas “Indian Camphorweed” (Pluchea indica) Ethanol Extract on Candida albicans In Vitro Using Different Solvent Concentrations

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1736591 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wayan Larissa Demolsky ◽

Vinna Kurniawati Sugiaman ◽

Natallia Pranata

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Plate Count ◽

Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Objective Oral candidiasis is an infection caused by pathogenic fungi Candida albicans, with a considerably high prevalence of 20 to 72%. Indian camphorweed (Pluchea indica) also known as “beluntas” as the local name has been known as a traditional medicine in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to research the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of beluntas ethanolic extract against the growth of C. albicans. Materials and Methods The MIC and MFC were measured by microdilution assay and total plate count respectively with a variation of solvents (DMSO 1%, 10%, and 4%) and beluntas extract with concentrations between 0.3125 and 200 mg/mL. Amphotericin and nystatin were used as a comparison. Statistical Analysis One-way analysis of variance and posthoc Tukey test were used to determine the significant difference between treatments. Results It was found that the MIC ranged from 50 to 200 mg/mL in the test with DMSO 10% solvent and MFC was found to be at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. However, there is a significant inhibitory effect and killing effect from DMSO 10% against C. albicans (p = 0.000). MIC was also found within concentrations of 100 mg/mL of beluntas extract in DMSO 4%. In this study, the DMSO 4% concentration neither showed significant inhibitory effects nor killing effects; therefore, the result was acceptable (p = 0.357). Conclusion Ethanol extract of beluntas (P. Indica) has the potential of being an antifungal agent with inhibitory activity in concentrations ≥100 mg/mL, which is similar to nystatin (p = 0.278). The MFC for the extract was above 100 mg/mL, which cannot be measured with this method as a higher concentration of DMSO is needed, which had a toxic effect on the tested fungi.

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Inducible Azole Resistance Associated with a Heterogeneous Phenotype in Candida albicans

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.45.1.52-59.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 52-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Kieren A. Marr ◽

Christopher N. Lyons ◽

Kien Ha ◽

Tige R. Rustad ◽

Theodore C. White

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Efflux Pump ◽

Population Analysis ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Heterogeneous Population ◽

Azole Resistance ◽

Serial Transfer ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Immunosuppressed Patients

ABSTRACT The development of azole resistance in Candida albicansis most problematic in patients with AIDS who receive long courses of drug for therapy or prevention of oral candidiasis. Recently, the rapid development of resistance was noted in other immunosuppressed patients who developed disseminated candidiasis despite fluconazole prophylaxis. One of these series of C. albicans isolates became resistant, with an associated increase in mRNA specific for aCDR ATP-binding cassette transporter efflux pump (K. A. Marr, C. N. Lyons, T. R. Rustad, R. A. Bowden, and T. C. White, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:2584–2589, 1998). Here we study this series of C. albicans isolates further and examine the mechanism of azole resistance in a second series ofC. albicans isolates that caused disseminated infection in a recipient of bone marrow transplantation. The susceptible isolates in both series become resistant to fluconazole after serial growth in the presence of drug, while the resistant isolates in both series become susceptible after serial transfer in the absence of drug. Population analysis of the inducible, transiently resistant isolates reveals a heterogeneous population of fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant cells. We conclude that the rapid development of azole resistance occurs by a mechanism that involves selection of a resistant clone from a heterogeneous population of cells.

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The Relationship Between Salivary Candida Albicans Colony Count and Blood Group Antigens in Dentistry Students

International Journal of Medical Laboratory ◽

10.18502/ijml.v8i4.8099 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Samira Hajimaghsoodi ◽

Abbas Ali Jafari Nodoushan ◽

Mohamad Hassan Akhavan Karbassi ◽

Yasaman Yazdanparast

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Blood Group ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

The Other ◽

Blood Type ◽

Colony Count ◽

Blood Group Antigens ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Blood Types ◽

Significant Difference

Background and Aims: Candida albicans is the most prevalent opportunistic fungal species in the oral cavity. To date, several studies have been investigated the various factors associated with oral candidiasis. On the other hand, it has been proven that blood types antigens lead to some infectious factors. This study aimed to evaluate Candida albicans colonies in the saliva of dentistry students based on their blood type to detect a relationship between blood group and incidence of oral candidiasis. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 200 dentistry students were selected by a simple sampling method, including 100 individuals with blood type O and 100 with other blood types. The unstimulated salivary samples of all the participants were collected by spitting, cultured on Sabouraud medium, and then the isolated Candida albicans colonies were enumerated and recorded. Results: In the present study, samples comprised 77 males and 123 females, of whom 15.5% (31 individuals) carried colony-forming units > 40. The mean of Candida albicans colonies in the individuals' saliva with blood type O was 21.55, and it was 10.68 in the other groups. Besides, the differences were statistically significant (p = 0.024). There was no significant difference in Candida albicans colony count between O positive and O negative blood groups. Conclusions: The result of this study showed a significant relationship between the number of Candida albicans colonies of saliva and the individual’s blood type.

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Aktivitas Antifungi Air Perasan Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) Terhadap Candida albicans Secara In Vitro

Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran ◽

10.26891/jik.v9i2.2015.71-77 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Nurhasanah Nurhasanah ◽

Fauzia Andrini ◽

Yulis Hamidy

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Allium Sativum ◽

Fungicidal Activity ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has been known as traditional medicine. Shallot which has same genus with garlic(Allium sativum L.) contains allicin that is also found in garlic and has been suspected has fungicidal activity toCandida albicans. It is supported by several researches. Therefore, shallot is suspected has antifungal activity too.The aim of this research was to know antifungal activity of shallot’s water extortion againsts Candida albicans invitro. This was a laboratory experimental research which used completely randomized design, with diffusion method.Shallot’s water extortion was devided into three concentrations, there were 50%, 100% and 200%. Ketoconazole 2%was positive control and aquadest was negative control. The result of this research based on analysis of varians(Anova), there was significant difference between several treatments and was confirmed with Duncan New MultipleRange Test (DNMRT) p<0,05, there was significant difference between 100% shallot’s water extortion with othertreatments, but there was no significant difference between 50% shallot’s water extortion with 200% shallot’s. Theconclusion was shallot’s water extortion had antifungal activity againsts Candida albicans with the best concentration100%, but it was lower than ketoconazole 2%.

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Efek Proteksi Ekstrak Etanol Stichopus hermanii Terhadap Jumlah Limfosit pada Tikus yang Terpapar Asap Rokok dan Diinduksi Candida albicans

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v9i2.12 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 146

Author(s):

Auliasari Yunanda ◽

Syamsulina Revianti ◽

Isidora Karsini

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Control Group ◽

Post Test

Latar Belakang: Merokok berhubungan dengan jamur rongga mulut yang dapat mengakibatkan oral candidiasis. Stichopus hermanii mengandung efek antioksidan, antifungi dan immunostimulator. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi efek proteksi ekstrak Stichopus hermanii terhadap jumlah limfosit pada tikus Wistar yang terpapar asap rokok dan diinduksi C.albicans. Bahan dan Metode: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah post test-only control group design. 42 ekor tikus Wistar jantan, dibagi menjadi 7 kelompok, Kelompok1 (saline 0,1mL, udara segar, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok2 (saline 0,1mL, asap rokok, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok3 (C.albicans 0,1mL, udara segar, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok4 (C.albicans 0,1mL, asap rokok, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok5 (saline 0,1mL, asap rokok, ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 0,02mg/kgBB), Kelompok6 (C.albicans 0,1mL, udara segar, ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 0,02mg/kgBB), Kelompok7 (C.albicans 0,1 mL, asap rokok, ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 0,02mg/kgBB). Tikus Wistar diinduksi C.albicans 1 minggu, terpapar asap rokok 8 minggu, dan diberi ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 8 minggu. Selanjutnya, tikus Wistar dikorbankan setelah 2 bulan perlakuan. Jumlah limfosit dihitung melalui metode hapusan darah dengan different counting dibawah mikroskop cahaya dengan pembesaran 1000x. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Kelompok yang terpapar asap rokok dan diinduksi C.albicans memiliki dapat menurunkan jumlah limfosit, kelompok suplementasi menggunakan ekstrak ethanol Stichopus hermanii dapat meningkatkan jumlah limfosit. Simpulan: Suplementasi ekstrak Stichopus hermanii memiliki efek protektif untuk memicu proliferasi limfosit pada tikus Wistar setelah paparan asap rokok dan induksi C.albicans.

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Novel Aggregation Properties of Candida albicans Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase Sap6 Mediate Virulence in Oral Candidiasis

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00282-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 83 (7) ◽

pp. 2614-2626 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Rohitashw Kumar ◽

Darpan Saraswat ◽

Swetha Tati ◽

Mira Edgerton

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Proteinase Activity ◽

Adhesion Properties ◽

Content Type ◽

Oral Epithelial Cells ◽

Oral Epithelial ◽

Cell Cell

Candida albicans, a commensal fungus of the oral microbiome, causes oral candidiasis in humans with localized or systemic immune deficiencies. Secreted aspartic proteinases (Saps) are a family of 10 related proteases and are virulence factors due to their proteolytic activity, as well as their roles in adherence and colonization of host tissues. We found that mice infected sublingually withC. albicanscells overexpressing Sap6 (SAP6OE and a Δsap8strain) had thicker fungal plaques and more severe oral infection, while infection with the Δsap6strain was attenuated. These hypervirulent strains had highly aggregative colony structurein vitroand higher secreted proteinase activity; however, the levels of proteinase activity ofC. albicansSaps did not uniformly match their abilities to damage cultured oral epithelial cells (SCC-15 cells). Hyphal induction in cells overexpressing Sap6 (SAP6OE and Δsap8cells) resulted in formation of large cell-cell aggregates. These aggregates could be produced in germinated wild-type cells by addition of native or heat-inactivated Sap6. Sap6 bound only to germinated cells and increasedC. albicansadhesion to oral epithelial cells. The adhesion properties of Sap6 were lost upon deletion of its integrin-binding motif (RGD) and could be inhibited by addition of RGD peptide or anti-integrin antibodies. Thus, Sap6 (but not Sap5) has an alternative novel function in cell-cell aggregation, independent of its proteinase activity, to promote infection and virulence in oral candidiasis.

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Oral Candidiasis and COVID-19 in Users of Removable Dentures: Is Special Oral Care Needed?

Gerontology ◽

10.1159/000515214 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Laura Silva Jerônimo ◽

Rafael Paschoal Esteves Lima ◽

Thaís Yumi Umeda Suzuki ◽

José Augusto César Discacciati ◽

Cláudia Lopes Brilhante Bhering

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Ventilation ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Health ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Oral Care ◽

Antifungal Treatment ◽

Immunocompromised Patients ◽

Appropriate Care

Elderly patients with systemic disorders and immunocompromised patients seem to have a higher risk of developing morbidity from COVID-19. Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a potentially dangerous pathogen for these patients, especially for denture wearers with prosthetic stomatitis who require mechanical ventilation. C. albicans infection, the main candidiasis infection associated with denture wear, can complicate COVID-19 and increase the associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, early diagnosis of C. albicans infection in COVID-19 patients is important to establish more effective antifungal treatment methods and prophylaxis strategies. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients should undergo an oral examination to assess their oral health, and those with poor oral health should receive the appropriate care and monitoring.

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