scholarly journals Contribution of Dug-Out Wells to Salmonella Dissemination in Kwaebibirem District of Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
P.K. Feglo ◽  
M. P. Dakorah
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
The People ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Different Water Sources

Typhoid fever is rare in the developed world, but in Kwaebibirem District of Ghana, Salmonella infections are very common. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in addition to gastroenteritis are frequently reported. The reservoir, prevailing Salmonella species and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are not known, but in Ghana treatment of these infections are mostly empirical. 464 samples (270 stool and 194 blood) were collected from patients and 188 water samples were collected from different water sources in Kwaebibirem District and cultured for Salmonella at St. Dominic Hospital, Akwatia. Salmonella prevalence of 11.6% (54/464) among patients and 2.7% (5/188) from dug-out wells were obtained. Total viable bacterial count in the water samples averaged 2.56 x103 -1.2 x 1013per milliliter. Five (5) out of 51 (9.8%) dug-out wells yielded Salmonellae upon culture. Typhoidal Salmonellae [11% (6/54)] and 68.6% (38/54) non-typhoidal Salmonellae were isolated from patients. The most affected age group ranged 6-15years with prevalence of 42.6% (23/54). The most frequent isolated was Salmonella Typhi 20% (11/54) followed by Salmonella Enterica, 29.6% (16/54). The Salmonella isolates were all susceptible to the cephalosporins (cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cefepime) the carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) the quinolones (norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin) and the aminoglycoside (amikacin). Their resistant proportions to other drugs were ampicillin (69.5%), piperacillin (69.5%) and co-trimoxazole (76.3%). Salmonella infections were common in Kwaebibirem District, and home owned dug-out wells posed risk of Salmonella transmission to the people.

scholarly journals Invitro Analysis of Time-Kill Curves of Some Antimicrobial Agents Against Salmonella Typhi

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
Aliyu A.S. ◽  
Ahmed I. ◽  
Abdulmalik I. ◽  
Shamsiyya M.S. ◽  
Usman Y.S. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
New Strategies

Due to the high prevalence of typhoid fever and the periodic nature of Salmonella infections despite the various antimicrobial agents used to treat these infections, the need to open up new strategies for antimicrobial susceptibility rather than the MIC alone arises. This study determines the time-kill curves using four different antimicrobial agents: Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, Cloxacillin, and Ofloxacin at different concentrations of 1x, 2x, and 4x of their respective MICs. The finding of this study reveals that at 1x MIC, all the antimicrobial agents used, except for Gentamicin, show non-bactericidal activity against the isolates after eight hours of exposure. This study suggests that analyzing the time-kill curves in typhoid fever treatment will help determine the appropriate dose to treat the infection.

scholarly journals UJI EFEKTIFITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK KULIT BATANG JAMBU MONYET (Bellucia pentamera Naudin) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Escherichia coli DAN Salmonella typhi

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid Priandi ◽  
Fathul Yusro ◽  
Farah Diba ◽  
Yeni Mariani ◽  
. Nurhaida
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
The People ◽  
The Media

People still use plants as a medicine to overcome a disease, because it is easily to obtain and relatively does not provide significant negative effects. One of the plants utilized by the people is Bellucia pentamera Naudin (B. pentamera). Diarrhea and typhoid fever are diseases that often assault Indonesian people. The bacterias were used in this study were Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi). This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial effectiveness of B. pentamera bark extracts against E. coli and S. typhi, by Kirby-Bauer diffusion method with PCA as the media. The highest extract concentration against E. coli is 400 mg/ml possess an inhibition of 20±1 mm, and towards S. typhi is 80 mg/ml which possess an inhibition of 24.67±0,58 mm.Keywords: Bellucia pentamera, Disc Diffussion, Efectiveness, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi.

scholarly journals USE OF WIDAL TEST IN DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION BY ESTIMATING BASELINE TITER IN CONTROL GROUP

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Shetty Jeevan
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
Medical College

Objective: This study was undertaken to establish a cutoff significant titer for Widal test using healthy volunteers as control group. Utilizing the baseline titer obtained from the control group, a diagnosis of typhoid fever was made in the test group comprising outpatients and inpatients. Methods: Blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers and patients attending G.S Medical College and Hospital, Pilkhuwa, over a period of 6 months from September 2016 to March 2017. Antibodies to Salmonella typhi (TO, TH) and Paratyphi A (AH) and Paratyphi B (BH) are determined by this tube agglutination test. A total of 124 healthy controls and 303 patients having clinical suspicion of typhoid fever were subjected to Widal test. Results: In healthy control group, titer TO ≥20 was observed in 43 (34.7%), TO ≥40 in 48 (38.7%), TO≥80 in 25 (20.2%), and titer TO ≥160, TO ≥320 was observed in none of the control group. Titer TH ≥40 in 58 (46.8%), AH ≥40 in 7 (5.6%), and BH ≥40 in 13 (10.5%) were observed in the control group. Among the test group, 96 (31.7%) sera were positive out of 303 clinically suspected enteric fever by the Widal test. Among different age group studied, 34 (46.6%) patients belonged to the age group of 11-20 years which formed the highest followed by the age group of 21-30 years (33.3%). Conclusion: Based on the study, a cutoff titer of ≥160 for anti-O and anti-H antibodies and titer of ≥80 for anti-AH and anti-BH antibodies be considered as significant titer in diagnosis of enteric fever in this region. The baseline titer helps in early recognition and treatment of this serious health problem.

scholarly journals Salmonella – still a threat? Epidemiological analysis of infecion

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Kinga Ruszel ◽  
Robert Dubel ◽  
Wiktoria Chodun ◽  
Barbara Nieradko-Iwanicka
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
Food Borne Illness ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Infected Cells

Salmonella infection causes morbidity and mortality throughout the world with the host immune response varying depending on whether the infection is acute and limited, or systemic and chronic. Global Salmonella infection, especially in developing countries, is a health and economic burden. These pathogen are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness each year, with substantial costs measured in hospitalizations and lost productivity. The growing number of bacteria resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat infections with this bacterium increases the use of alternative treatments. The species Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most commonly used probiotics to treat infectious diseases, including antibiotic diarrhea and traveler's diarrhea.It is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium. However, they have the ability to survive inside infected cells. These bacteria cause various clinical forms of disease. The most dangerous sticks of typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi) and paradurium (Salmonella paratyphi) multiply only in the human body and cause a very serious infectious disease - typhoid fever. In turn, non-malignant salmonella, Salmonella bongori and countless serological varieties of Salmonella enterica colonize the digestive tract of many animal species and are pathogenic to humans, causing gastroenteritis, i.e. acute salmonellosis, sometimes classified as food poisoning. All Salmonella infections begin with ingestion with contaminated food or water.

scholarly journals Bacteriological assessment of some borehole water samples in Mile 50, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-189
Author(s):  
Eziafakaego M. Ibo ◽  
Odera R. Umeh ◽  
Bright O. Uba ◽  
Pius I. Egwuatu
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Level Of Significance

Water as excellent natural resource is meant to be of high quality to reduce the outbreak of water-borne diseases. Bacteriological load of some borehole water samples in Mile 50 Abakaliki were carried out to determine their potability. Fifteen borehole water samples were sampled during rainy and dry season from June to July and November to December 2018 respectively. The total bacterial count was determined by tenfold serial dilution method using peptone water. Eight bacterial species namely Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexineri, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella  pneumoniaewere isolated using standard analytical procedures. The bacterium that had the highest frequency of occurrence during both rainy and dry season’s was K. pneumoniae with percentage frequency of  21.81% and 20.79%  respectively, and P. vulgaris had the least value of 6.96% during rainy season. E. coli and S. aureus have the least value of 5.94% during dry season. Amoxicillin (30ug) was mostly resisted by the bacterial isolates why being was more susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (10ug) among the antibiotics used for susceptibility test. Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the level of significance among the bacteriological analyses of both seasons. Therefore, there is need to create awareness about the present situation of the borehole waters and the necessity for further treatment of water by consumers, before it can be used for both drinking and domestic purposes to prevent disease outbreak in the area.

scholarly journals Detection and Public Health Risk of Salmonella Species Contaminating Different Water Sources in Keffi, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
M. O. Adamu ◽  
I. G. Azamu ◽  
A. H. Yakubu ◽  
A. M. Sani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Sachet Water ◽  
Different Water Sources

This study was carried out to detect Salmonella species and evaluate the public health implications from different water sources in Keffi, Central Nigeria. A total of 100 water samples, 25 each of well, public borehole, tap and sachet water were collected from different locations within the Metropolis and analysed using standard microbiological techniques. Of which 38(38.0%) of the samples were contaminated with Salmonella species. The frequency of isolation shows that well water is the most contaminated, 18(72.0%), followed by borehole water, 10(40.0%), tap water, 7(28.0%), while sachet water is the least contaminated with an isolation rate of 3(12.0%). The total bacterial count ranged between 1.0–6.2 ×103 cfu/ml, while the Salmonella/Shigella count ranged from 0.2–2.8×103 cfu/ml. The total bacterial count of 6.2×103 cfu/ml was recorded for well water, 2.2×103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.2×103 cfu/ml for tap water and 1.0×103 cfu/ml for sachet water, while highest Salmonella/Shigella count of 2.8×103 cfu/ml was recorded for well water. The pH for well and borehole water were slightly acidic, although that of tap (7.0) and sachet water (7.5) were within permissible limits. The temperature for the water samples were between 25°C–28°C. Meanwhile, turbidity was highest for well water (0.36NTU), in the same vain, total dissolved solid was highest for well water (16.12 mg/l) and lowest for sachet water (0.02 mg/l); while hardness of water was highest amongst the well water samples analysed with a measurement of 48.14 mg/l. The chemical properties of the water samples analysed showed the highest measurements of 6.80 mg/l, 0.78 mg/l and 3.48 mg/l of magnesium, iron and sulphate for well water respectively. Consequently, the presence of microbial contaminants particularly enteric pathogens is indicative of faecal contamination and this can lead to adverse health effects, including gastrointestinal illness and typhoid fever. Therefore, water in Keffi should be properly treated before consumption while boreholes and wells should be dug far away from latrines and septic tanks so as to avoid cross-contamination by faecal materials.

scholarly journals Occurrence of typhoid among the local population of district Dir Lower: A laboratory based study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akbar Hussain ◽  
Tauseef Ahmad ◽  
Inamullah ◽  
Muhammad Khan ◽  
Fazal Rahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Chi Square Test

Introduction: Typhoid fever, a bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) remains a major health problem in the Asian sub-continent due to poor hygienic conditions. Aim: Our aim was to determine the prevalence of Typhoid fever among the general population of district Lower Dir, Pakistan in order to describe the disease occurrence and distribution. Material and methods: This was a descriptive-epidemiological study. 1076 subjects were enrolled; with presentation of common symptoms of typhoid at the Fazal-Rahim Clinical Laboratory as inclusion criteria. Typhidot test was performed for all participants. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. PHStat software was used for statistical analyses. Results and discussion: The study comprised of 414 males and 662 females. 37.26% of total cases were found positive; Females (62.64%) were more affected compared to males (37.4%). Furthermore, the IgM antibodies were detected in 353 (88.02%) patients while IgG antibodies were present in only 48 (19.98%). Age group 20-40 years recorded the highest incidence of cases 242 (60.34%); also the month of March recorded the highest incidence of cases 67 (50.38%). Overall, typhoid is a common disease in the local population of Dir (Lower), it is dominant in females with the highest burden recorded in the economically-productive age group 20-40 years. Conclusions: Further studies are recommended to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern; there is need to launch effective programmes for the eradication of the disease and promote safe drinking water and food through public enlightenment and education.

scholarly journals The fluoride contamination in groundwater and assessment of fluoride exposure for residents in Tay Son, Binh Dinh

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Nguyen Nhu Phan ◽  
Hien Thi To
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Fluoride Exposure ◽  
The People ◽  
Us Epa

This study focuses on determining the concentration of fluoride in groundwater and estimating the fluoride exposure through drinking water of three different age-groups for residents in Tay Son district, Binh Dinh province. A total of 50 well-water samples were collected and 220 people were surveyed by questionnaire from 50 households at 3 communes: Tay Phu, Binh Tuong, Tay Giang of Tay Son district. Results of this study showed that fluoride concentrations in well-water varied from 0.31 mg/L to 7.69 mg/L (mean 2.66 mg/L, SD: 2.18 mg/L) with 70% of the well-water samples above the maximum permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L (QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT). Groundwater in the studied area is seriously contaminated with fluoride. Exposure of fluoride among three age-groups was calculated according to the guidance of United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The maximum estimated exposure doses of 0.721 mg/kg/day in the age-group of below 6 year, 0.530 mg/kg/day in the age-group between 6 and 12 years and 0.320 mg/kg/day in the age-group above 12 year exceed the LOAEL value of 0.1 mg/kg/day (WHO, 1984). A health risk due to fluorosis to the people in Tay Son district has become an evidence.

scholarly journals Clinical Features and Socio – Demographic Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Enteric Fever: A Prospective Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-90
Author(s):  
Sadia Saber ◽  
Md Tarek Alam ◽  
Nazi Yasmin ◽  
Mohammad Monwer Hossain ◽  
Rafi Faria Alam
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Enteric fever otherwise called Typhoid fever is a systemic disease caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, having reservoir in contaminated water and food. It affects considerable number of populations of the world but regions of South Asia are most commonly affected. Aims and Objective: The objective of this study to find the prevalence of Typhoid fever with respect to age, gender, marital status, occupation, seasonal variation, treatment of drinking domestic water source, and clinical features. Methodology: This is a cross- sectional observational study conducted at Bangladesh Medical College Hospital (BMCH), Dhanmondi, Dhaka from January to December 2019. Those presenting both outpatient departments or admitted to the inpatient units with complains of fever and abdominal pain underwent blood culture for the diagnosis of Typhoid fever. Patients with informed consent and positive blood culture report (including both Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi) were included in the study. Results: Total 1375 tests were performed, out of which 407 came out to be positive blood culture report (including both Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi). Out of these tests 31.65% were males and 27.35% were females. Highest occurrence of typhoid fever was observed among males of age group 18 – 45 years and least with patients between age group above 75 years. As for the influence of occupation, male civil servants recorded the highest occurrence in the hospitals while artisans recorded the least. The influence of marital status revealed the highest occurrence in the single males with the married females had the least. In relation to months the prevalence was the highest in the month of July - September (11.42%). Water quality, vaccination and season have great impact on the burden of typhoid fever in population. Fever, diarrhea and abdominal pain are the major symptoms associated with typhoid fever. Conclusion: Socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, and seasonal variation, treatment of drinking water supply, occupation and presenting complaints influenced the distribution pattern of typhoid fever among the population in BMCH, Dhanmondi, Dhaka. Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2020; 8(2): 86-90

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