Die Wüsten der Griechen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Glückhardt
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
Interdisciplinary Methods ◽  
Spatial Production ◽  
Long Time

The Greeks had been present in the arid zones of the southern and eastern Mediterranean since the beginnings of the archaic age. The environment of the desert produced vastly different experiences from those in their spaces of origin and their descriptions were for a long time viewed as mere mythic fragments or fantasies. By employing interdisciplinary methods however, it is possible to identify the various layers of the construction of environmental spaces and to make visible how their spatial production proceeded. Deserts offer a unique opportunity to understand the discovery and the implementation of an environment into an existing system of meaning within Greek culture and thereby to better understand the patterns involved in constructing the categories of “nature” and “space” in general.

From Texts and Iconography to Use-Wear Analysis of Ceramic Vessels

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-210
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Lis ◽  
Trevor Van Damme
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Wear Analysis ◽  
Use Wear ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Funerary Rites

While handwashing is attested in the Bronze Age cultures of the eastern Mediterranean and appears in both Linear B records and Homeric epics, the custom has not been discussed with regard to the material culture of Mycenaean Greece. On analogy with Egyptian handwashing equipment, we explore the possibility that a conical bowl made of bronze and copied in clay was introduced in Greece early in the Late Bronze Age for this specific use. We integrate epigraphic, iconographic and formal analyses to support this claim, but in order to interrogate the quotidian function of ceramic lekanes, we present the results of use-wear analysis performed on 130 examples. As use-wear develops from repeated use over a long time, it is a good indicator of normative behaviour, particularly when large datasets are amassed and contrasted with other shapes. While not conclusive, our results allow us to rule out a function as tableware for food consumption, and in combination with all other analyses support the interpretation of lekanes as handwashing basins. We then trace the development of this custom from its initial adoption by elite groups to its spread among new social classes and venues after the collapse of the palace system: at home, as part of communal feasting and sacrifice or as an element of funerary rites. The widespread distribution of handwashing equipment after 1200 bc closely mirrors the situation in our earliest surviving Greek Iron Age texts and joins a growing body of evidence pointing to strong continuity in social practices between the Postpalatial period and the early Iron Age in Greece.

Characteristic of morphological traits and biochemical indicators in Linum pubescens

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Bright Pink ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Bright Color ◽  
One Year

The article describes the morphological characteristics and biochemical parameters of a very little studied wild species Linum pubescens (downy flax). This representative of the genus Linum naturally grows in the eastern Mediterranean: Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Iraq, Greece, Cyprus, Albania. There are brief references to it in the description of the flora of these regions. In Israel, on natural populations of L. pubescens, studies of dimorphic heterostyly, anatomical features of the flower, mechanisms of pollination and incompatibility were carried out. However, other signs, including economically valuable ones, are not described in him. We were the first to study the species ex-situ in a field bank. It was found that in the arid conditions of the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine L. pubescens has a one-year development cycle, a height of 30 cm, 1.2 flowering stems, a bright pink flower with a diameter of 25 mm, a small slightly elongated box with a diameter of 2.7 mm, weight 1000 seeds is 0.6 g, and the leaf area is 218.9 mm2. Plants bloom in mid-July- September. Taking into account the rather large size, the bright color of the flower and the flowering period, we believe that the L. pubescens species has prospects of use as an ornamental flowering plant. In the resulting artificial population of L. pubescens, dimorphic heterostyly is clearly traced. Long and short pest morphs are clearly identified. L. pubescens seeds contain 24% protein and 35% oil. The fatty acid composition of the oil belongs to the "linum-type", like most other types of flax. With a low content of saturated acids (palmitic 6.7% and stearic 2.8%) and a significant predominance of unsaturated acids, especially linolenic up to 64%. It was revealed that this species has a dense non-cracking capsule. This trait is unusual for other flax varieties. Most annual and perennial species are characterized by moderate to severe cracking. Cultivated flax has a non-cracking boll, but not a hard one that breaks easily. It was found that less organic matter and more ash elements accumulate in the capsules and seeds of L. pubescens than in other species of the genus Linum. Probably, this feature, together with non-cracking, helps to better preserve fruits in difficult natural conditions and preserves seed germination for a long time. According to A.A. Zhuchenko, plant genetic resources are divided into six groups. At this stage, L. pubescen is classified as a wild weed relative. It was proposed to include L. pubescens in breeding work to create ornamental varieties in order to transfer it to the improved germplasm group in the future.

scholarly journals The Cultural Heritage of Interculturalism

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Radical Enlightenment ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Cross Fertilization

The article traces the cultural heritage of inter-cultural contexts, which have had profound impact over long time. It takes its departure in antique and culturally complex environments in the eastern Mediterranean. One millennium later corresponding inter-cultural conditions are explored in the western part of the Mediterranean. Both cases demonstrated their wide and long lasting influences on posterity. The cultural heritage implied the deep effects of cross-fertilization and ensuing cultural enrichment as the conflation of several well-endowed cultures took place. A similar, more powerful outcome followed the Radical Enlightenment in Leiden around 1650s and in Vienna some centuries later.

scholarly journals The Spatiotemporal Regime of Glacier Runoff in Oases Indicates the Potential Climatic Risk in Dryland Areas of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuejing Leng ◽  
Xiaoming Feng ◽  
Bojie Fu ◽  
Yu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Shiyang River Basin ◽  
Runoff Variation ◽  
Meltwater Runoff ◽  
Glacier Runoff ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Glacial Runoff

Abstract. Glaciers continuously affected by climate change are of great concern; their supply and runoff variation tendency under the pressure of increasing populations, especially in dryland areas, should be studied. Due to the difficulty of observing glacier runoff, little attention has been given to establishing high-resolution and long-term series datasets established for glacial runoff. Using the latest dataset using digital elevation models (DEMs) to obtain regional individual glacier mass balance, simulating the spatiotemporal regime of glacier runoff in oases that support almost the entire income in the dryland areas of China (DAC) could be possible. The simulations quantitatively assess glacier runoff, including meltwater runoff and delayed runoff, in each basin of the DAC at a spatial resolution of 100 m from 1961 to 2015, classify glaciers according to the potential climatic risks based on the prediction results. The total glacier runoff in the DAC is (98.52 ± 67.37) × 108 m3, in which the meltwater runoff is (63.43 ± 42.17) × 108 m3, accounting for 64.38 %. Most basins had continuously increasing tendencies of different magnitudes from 1961 to 2015, except for the Shiyang River basin, which reached its peak in approximately 2000. Glacier runoff nurtured nearly 143,939.24 km2 of oasis agricultural areas (OAA) until 2015, while 19 regions with a total population of 14 million were built alongside the oases, where glacier runoff occupies an important place in agricultural, industrial and municipal water consumption. Therefore, providing a long time series of glacier runoff for different river basins is of great significance to the sustainable development of the oasis economy in the arid zones.

scholarly journals The olive tree-ring problematic dating

Antiquity ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (339) ◽  
pp. 290-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Cherubini ◽  
Simcha Lev-Yadun
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
Significant Attention

We are glad to see that our paper has stimulated a lively debate, and we acknowledge the appreciation of our work by Bietak, Kuniholm and MacGillivray as well as that of those who oppose our hypothesis (Bruins & van der Plicht, Friedrich et al., all above). The enigma of the dating of the Santorini eruption is a long-lasting one, and because of its bearing on the dating of several eastern Mediterranean civilisations, has attracted significant attention. The potentially great importance of the Santorini olive branch used by Friedrich et al. (2006) was that it came from the site itself, and possibly belonged to the destruction layer. As such, the sincere and serious attempt to date it made by Friedrich et al. (2006) should be appreciated. Unfortunately, large olive branches may exist as dead limbs for a very long time and thus represent earlier periods.

Pottery production and trades in south-eastern India: new insights from Alagankulam and Keeladi excavation sites

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Odelli ◽  
Thirumalini Selvaraj ◽  
Jayashree Lakshmi Perumal ◽  
Vincenzo Palleschi ◽  
Stefano Legnaioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Western World ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Area

Abstract This research is part of a wider scientific Italian-Indo project aiming to shed lights on pottery fabrication and trade circulation in the South India (Tamil Nadu region) during Early Historical Period. The recent archaeological excavations carried out in Alagankulam, a famous harbour trading with the eastern and western world, and Keeladi, the most ancient civilization centre attested in Tamil Nadu region, provided numerous fragments of archaeological ceramics, including fine ware and coarse ware potteries. Up to the typological studies, different classes of potteries were recognised, suggesting the presence of local productions and possible imports and imitations. Studied materials include common Indian products, i.e. black-and-red table wares and water jugs, along with red slipped wares, rouletted ware, northern black polished ware, which provenance identification is still debated in the current literature. In fact, for long time, the misattribution of several ceramic classes has led to wrong interpretations of the complex commercial connections between India and the Western and Eastern Mediterranean area. In this perspective, the minero-petrographic and spectroscopic investigation of several ceramic fragments from the two investigated archaeological sites would fill these gaps and provide a systematic characterization of specific ceramic classes both locally manufactured and imported. The obtained results contribute to draw interesting short-range and long-range connections in Tamil Nadu area.

THE VALIDITY OF TURKEY-LIBYA’S AGREEMENT ON MARITIME BOUNDARIES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Yordan Gunawan ◽  
Verocha Jayustin Sastra ◽  
Adyatma Tsany Prakosa ◽  
Mutia Ovitasari ◽  
Lathifah Yuli Kurniasih
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Bilateral Agreement ◽  
Long Time

The conflicts between Turkey and Greece have been going on for a long time. Several conflicts caused tension between Turkey and Greece, such as the territory of Aegean, Cyprus, and other problems. The tension increased because the bilateral agreement between Turkey and Libya on the maritime boundaries of the Eastern Mediterranean, which signed in 2019, was opposed by Greece because the Agreement did not take into account the existence of the island which owned by Greece. The Agreement between Turkey and Libya made Greece furious because Greece considered that the action violated Greece’s sovereignty. The research aims to find out further about the validity of the agreement between Turkey and Libya on the maritime boundaries, which threatened Greece’s sovereignty. By using normative legal research, the research emphasizes the bilateral agreement between Turkey and Libya is invalid since it against the international law principles, namely sovereignty of states, good faith, good neighborhood, and Treaty of Amity and Cooperation. The paper will contribute to giving a theoretical understanding regarding aspects that need to be considered, outside the procedural aspects, when a state wants to make an agreement with another state, according to international law.

scholarly journals Crossing Cultural Boundaries: Saint George in the Eastern Mediterranean under the Latinokratia (13th–14th Centuries) and His Mythification in the Crown of Aragon

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Manuel Castiñeiras
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Crown Of Aragon ◽  
Cultural Boundaries ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Gothic Art ◽  
Of Greece

The cult of St George in the Eastern Mediterranean is one of the most extraordinary examples of cohabitation among different religious communities. For a long time, Greek Orthodox, Latins, and Muslims shared shrines dedicated to the Cappadocian warrior in very different places. This phenomenon touches on two aspects of the cult—the intercultural and the transcultural—that should be considered separately. My paper mainly focuses on the cross-cultural value of the cult and the iconography of St George in continental and insular Greece during the Latinokratia (13th–14th centuries). In this area, we face the same phenomenon with similar contradictions to those found in Turkey or Palestine, where George was shared by different communities, but could also serve to strengthen the identity of a particular ethnic group. Venetians, Franks, Genoese, Catalans, and Greeks (Ῥωμαῖοι) sought the protection of St George, and in this process, they tried to physically or figuratively appropriate his image. However, in order to gain a better understanding of the peculiar situation in Frankish-Palaiologian Greece, it is necessary first to analyze the use of images of St George by the Palaiologian dynasty (1261–1453). Later, we will consider this in relation to the cult and the depiction of the saint on a series of artworks and monuments in Frankish and Catalan Greece. The latter enables us to more precisely interrogate the significance of the former cult of St George in the Crown of Aragon and assess the consequences of the rulership of Greece for the flourishing of his iconography in Late Gothic art.

Towards the Garden of the Hesperides, 1000 BC–400 BC

The Great Sea ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Abulafia
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Agricultural Resources ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

The impact of contact with the eastern Mediterranean was felt in very different ways within what we now call Italy. Greek culture seeped more slowly into the everyday life of the native peoples of Sicily – Sikans, Sikels and Elymians – than into the life of the peoples of Tuscany and Latium. In Sicily, both the Greeks and the Carthaginians kept themselves largely apart from the native population. Sardinia, rich in minerals, had for centuries been the seat of a lively civilization characterized by the stone towers known as nuraghi, of which many thousands still dot the island; they were surrounded by what seem to have been prosperous villages, firmly rooted in the rich agricultural resources of the island. They began to be built around 1400 BC, but new nuraghi were still being constructed well into the Iron Age. In the Mycenaean era, there had been some contact with the outside world, as eastern Mediterranean traders arrived in search of copper. The wealth of the native elite as far back as the second millennium BC can be measured from the tombs of Anghelu Ruju, near Alghero in north-western Sardinia; these are among the richest to have been unearthed in late Neolithic and early Bronze Age western Europe, and they indicate contact with Spain, southern France and the eastern Mediterranean. The Spanish influence can be traced in the bell beaker jars found at this site. Another Spanish connection was linguistic. The Sardinians left no written records, whether because they did not use writing or because they used friable materials that have failed to survive. But place-names, many in current use, provide suggestive evidence, as does the Sard language, a distinctive form of late vulgar Latin that incorporates a number of pre-Latin words within its many dialects. It appears that the nuraghic peoples spoke a language or languages related to the non-Indo-European language Basque. Thus a Sard word for a young lamb, bitti, is very similar to a Basque term for a young goat, bitin.

scholarly journals SOCIAL MORPHOLOGY OF POVERTY IN TOURISM AREA: A THICK DESCRIPTION STUDY IN PARAKANSALAK VILLAGE OF SUKABUMI, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
Achmad RIZAL ◽  
◽  
Izza M. APRILIANI ◽  
Rega PERMANA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
West Java ◽  
Thick Description ◽  
Spatial Production ◽  
The People ◽  
Clifford Geertz ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ecological Relations ◽  
The Impact

This research discusses ecological relations in rural areas with the people, thereby placing it within the village's poverty frame for a long time. By taking the case in Parakansalak Village, Sukabumi District, West Java, Indonesia, this research is expected to contribute to poverty studies related to natural resources and the environment. Noting the Indonesian people's great work is poverty alleviation, this research tries to provide a rationale for several villages still in the puddle. Thus, the research method used is the ethnographic method so that the strong character gets what Clifford Geertz calls thick descriptions. The results of this study reveal the facts why this is so by raising several basic things, namely: a) associated with citizens as farmers who have a level of dependence on the land that is their source of livelihood in agriculture, b) in terms of agricultural land production which is very dependent in climate, c) the level of production is not enough to provide benefits for the fulfillment of the needs of farmers because of the absence of agricultural land - because the land is only limited by a handful of citizens, and d) creating a social structure that is fully agreed with the land, thus creating poverty as a form of social morphology. The impact of spatial production as a form of social morphology illustrates poverty conditions in Parakansalak Village.

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