scholarly journals High energy microwave weapon: Electromagnetic bomb

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-517
Author(s):  
Goran Banjac ◽  
Vladimir Đorđević ◽  
Miladin Živković ◽  
Abdellah Ferdjali
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Pulse ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Semiconductor Technology ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
5 Ghz ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Military ◽  
Physical Dimensions

Introduction/purpose: Technological progress has led to the actualization of the problem of construction and use of high-energy microwave weapons, especially electromagnetic bombs. However, in the recent military-professional literature, this issue is little represented. Methods: The available existing literature on the subject was analyzed. Results: It has been established that the general principles of functioning and theoretical bases have been widely available and known for many years. Numerous experiments in specialized institutions have confirmed the electromagnetic pulse effectiveness. This is especially true of sensitivity of devices based on semiconductor technology. Also, it is assumed that, at the current technological level, technical solutions are widely available to a large number of entities. The most common model of electromagnetic bomb dealt with in the literature is the realization of the use of a compression flux generator and an oscillator with a virtual cathode. According to the authors, this variant would ensure that the final product has realistic physical dimensions and sufficient strength to be useful. Another problem identified in the literature is the massive absence of adequate protection measures against the effects of electromagnetic pulses. This applies not only to the civilian but also to the military sector and imposes the need to invest significant resources in order to subsequently increase resilience. Conclusion: The available literature indicates that it is possible to make an electromagnetic bomb of acceptable physical dimensions and power. It is assumed that it would generate an electromagnetic pulse with a power of about 10 GW and a frequency of 5 GHz. In combination with high-precision weapons, even protected devices would be successfully disabled. The wide presence of semiconductor technology in all spheres of life makes this weapon extremely effective and it is realistic to expect its much wider application in the coming period.

scholarly journals Optically transparent and very thin structure against electromagnetic pulse (EMP) using metal mesh and saltwater for shielding windows

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duy Tung Phan ◽  
Chang Won Jung
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Pulse ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metal Plate ◽  
Optical Transparency ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Concrete Wall ◽  
Metal Mesh ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optically Transparent

AbstractAn electromagnetic pulse (EMP) with high energy can damage electronic equipment instantly within a wide range of thousands of kilometers. Generally, a metal plate placed inside a thick concrete wall is used against an EMP, but it is not suitable for an EMP shielding window, which requires not only strong shielding effectiveness (SE) but also optical transparency (OT). In this paper, we propose a very thin and optically transparent structure with excellent SE for EMP shielding window application. The proposed structure consists of a saltwater layer held between two glass substrates and two metal mesh layers on the outside of the glass, with a total thickness of less than 1.5 cm. The SE and OT of the structure are above 80 dB and 45%, respectively, which not only meet the requirement of EMP shielding for military purposes but also retain the procedure of good observation. Moreover, the OT of the structure can be significantly improved using only one metal mesh film (MMF) layer, while the SE is still maintained high to satisfy the required SE for home applicants. With the major advantages of low cost, optical transparency, strong SE, and flexible performance, the proposed structure can be considered a good solution for transparent EMP shielding windows.

scholarly journals Broadband RF Phased Array Design with MEEP: Comparisons to Array Theory in Two and Three Dimensions

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Jordan C. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Phased Array ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Array Design ◽  
Radar Systems ◽  
Array Detectors ◽  
5 Ghz ◽  
Future Work

Phased array radar systems have a wide variety of applications in engineering and physics research. Phased array design usually requires numerical modeling with expensive commercial computational packages. Using the open-source MIT Electrogmagnetic Equation Propagation (MEEP) package, a set of phased array designs is presented. Specifically, one and two-dimensional arrays of Yagi-Uda and horn antennas were modeled in the bandwidth [0.1–5] GHz, and compared to theoretical expectations in the far-field. Precise matches between MEEP simulation and radiation pattern predictions at different frequencies and beam angles are demonstrated. Given that the computations match the theory, the effect of embedding a phased array within a medium of varying index of refraction is then computed. Understanding the effect of varying index on phased arrays is critical for proposed ultra-high energy neutrino observatories which rely on phased array detectors embedded in natural ice. Future work will develop the phased array concepts with parallel MEEP, in order to increase the detail, complexity, and speed of the computations.

scholarly journals The evolution of the hospital from antiquity to the end of the middle ages

Curationis ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cilliers ◽  
F.P. Retief
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Nursing Facilities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Middle Ages

The evolution of the hospital is traced from its onset in ancient Mesopotamia towards the end of the 2nd millennium to the end of the Middle Ages. Reference is made to institutionalised health care facilities in India as early as the 5th century BC, and with the spread of Buddhism to the east, to nursing facilities, the nature and function of which are not known to us, in Sri Lanka, China and South East Asia. Special attention is paid to the situation in the Graeco-Roman era: one would expect to find the origin of the hospital in the modem sense of the word in Greece, the birthplace of rational medicine in the 4th century BC, but the Hippocratic doctors paid house-calls, and the temples of Asclepius were visited for incubation sleep and magico-religious treatment. In Roman times the military and slave hospitals which existed since the 1st century AD, were built for a specialized group and not for the public, and were therefore also not precursors of the modem hospital. It is to the Christians that one must turn for the origin of the modem hospital. Hospices, initially built to shelter pilgrims and messengers between various bishops, were under Christian control developed into hospitals in the modem sense of the word. In Rome itself, the first hospital was built in the 4th century AD by a wealthy penitent widow, Fabiola. In the early Middle Ages (6th to 10th century), under the influence of the Benedictine Order, an infirmary became an established part of every monastery. During the late Middle Ages (beyond the 10th century) monastic infirmaries continued to expand, but public hospitals were also opened, financed by city authorities, the church and private sources. Specialized institutions, like leper houses, also originated at this time. During the Golden Age of Islam the Muslim world was clearly more advanced than its Christian counterpart with magnificent hospitals in various countries.

scholarly journals The jet in M87 from e-EVN observations

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (S275) ◽  
pp. 150-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Giovannini ◽  
C. Casadio ◽  
M. Giroletti ◽  
M. Beilicke ◽  
A. Cesarini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Apparent Velocity ◽  
Massive Black Hole ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Tev Gamma Rays ◽  
5 Ghz ◽  
Clear Change

AbstractOne of the most intriguing open questions of today's astrophysics is the jet physical properties and the location and the mechanisms for the production of MeV, GeV, and TeV gamma-rays in AGN jets. M87 is a privileged laboratory for a detailed study of the properties of jets, owing to its proximity, its massive black hole, and its conspicuous emission at radio wavelengths and above. We started on November 2009 a monitoring program with the e-EVN at 5 GHz. We present here results of these multi-epoch observations and discuss the two episodes of activity at energy E>100 GeV that occured in this period. One of these observations was obtained at the same day of the first high energy flare. We added to our results literature data obtained with the VLBI and VLA. A clear change in the proper motion velocity of HST-1 is present at the epoch ~2005.5. In the time range 1998 – 2005.5 the apparent velocity is subluminal, and superluminal (~2.7c) after 2005.5.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Induction Motors of IE2, IE3 and IE4 Efficiency Classes in Pump Applications Taking into Account CO2 Emission Intensity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8536
Author(s):  
Victor Goman ◽  
Vladimir Prakht ◽  
Vadim Kazakbaev ◽  
Vladimir Dmitrievskii
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Induction Motors ◽  
Polynomial Interpolation ◽  
Life Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Urgency ◽  
Consumption Energy ◽  
Co2 Emission Intensity ◽  
Technical Solutions

The high energy intensity of the modern industry and the threat of climate change determine the high urgency of increasing the energy efficiency of electric motors. In this paper, energy consumption, energy costs, payback periods, and CO2 emissions of 75 kW, 4 pole induction motors with direct grid supply in a fixed-speed pump unit are evaluated. Motors of the IE2, IE3, and IE4 efficiency classes according to IEC 60034-30-1 standard are compared in terms of life-time energy savings, payback period, and CO2 emissions. To carry out the analysis, polynomial interpolation of the data from the available manufacturer datasheets of the motors is used. It concluded that even though the initial investment cost of the IE4-motor is higher than that of IE3-motor, the IE4-motor is more profitable if more than 3 years of operation are considered and also provides significant reductions of CO2 emissions. The paper presents a calculation method of the aforementioned indicators which can be useful for companies, researchers, and engineers for quick assessment and selection of technical solutions.

Ensuring Environmental Safety of Hydrocarbon Pipeline Transport Using Nanotechnology

2016 ◽  
Vol 871 ◽  
pp. 192-198
Author(s):  
Vladislav Shantarin ◽  
Yury Zemenkov ◽  
Maria Zemenkova
Keyword(s):  
Arc Discharge ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Pyrolysis Method ◽  
Innovative Materials ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Dry Water

The problem of eliminating the consequences of accidents and leaks is particularly relevant in the context of tightened environmental safety requirements. The authors investigated the adsorption capacity of "dry water" for storage of unconventional renewable fuels obtained by the pyrolysis method of oil sludge and oil-contaminated lands management. Existing methods of processing oil wastes have a number of drawbacks: low environmental safety, complexity of technical solutions, high energy costs, lack of final commercial products. The novelty of the research is to upgrade the pyrolysis method of managing oil sludge and oil-contaminated lands without air access in the reactor using electric arc discharge with an increase in consumer properties of the wastes involved in resource management. It was possible to identify the conditions of implementing a particularly effective process mode under which there is a cost-effective conversion of combustibles contained in the wastes into gaseous high-calorie energy sources that can be stored and transported, and used for internal requirements in the fields.Presents the results of studies of innovative materials in the field of leaks utilization

scholarly journals Military-specific application of nutritional supplements: a brief overview

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Hoedebecke ◽  
Will Brink
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Knee Pain ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Lung Protection ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Military ◽  
Nutrition Professionals

The Soldiers of America's military endure numerous physical and mental challenges that demand strict physical fitness regimens, extreme mental agility, and a perpetual readiness to deploy at a moment's notice. The chronicity of these stressors has the potential to dramatically reduce performance - both directly and indirectly.  Because of this risk, many Soldiers turn to nutritional supplements with hopes of optimizing performance. Increasing amounts of research have demonstrated that various supplements may enhance overall physical prowess, health, and offer quicker recovery in the face of corporal or psychological extremes. Most individuals, including many medical and nutrition professionals, possess only an elementary comprehension of nutritional supplements and their effect on Soldiers in training or combat environments. Nevertheless, a grasp of these details is required for safety and optimal benefits. Various compounds have been evaluated - to include evidence within the military setting - and found to augment endurance, increase cognitive function, decrease knee pain, or offer hearing or lung protection in the face of high-energy impulses. These efficacious outcomes may serve to augment the health and longevity of these Soldiers; however, continued research is needed for efficacy and long-term safety within specific environments.

scholarly journals Electronic Warfare in NAVWAR: Impact of Electronic Attacks on GNSS / GBAS Approach Service Types C and D Landing systems and their proposed Electronic Protection Measures (EPM)

Hadmérnök ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-255
Author(s):  
Ahmad Alhosban
Keyword(s):  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Electronic Warfare ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Satellite Navigation Systems ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact

Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS) applications -using different satellite signals in space- are currently and hugely subjected to Electronic Attacks (EAs) such as Jamming, Spoofing, and/or Meaconing. Many accidents were observed in the past decade, while huge dependency on GNSS applications in governmental and private critical infrastructure, in both civil and military aspects. The EAs could be expensive and high-power such as the military-grade jammers, which are an integral pillar of navigation warfare (NAVWAR) strategies. On the other hand, EAs could be cheap and low-power such as the so-called Personal Protection Devices (PPD), which they are widely available. Electronic Attacks, most critically observed by ICAO and FAA, are in Ground Based Augmentation System -(GNSS/GBAS) Landing systems, in which is riskier and more critical than other applications due to the sensitivity of the final landing phase of all flights. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the three different types of EA on the performance GNSS/GBAS landing system. On the other hand, to address and examine their latest proposed Electronic Protection Measures (EPM).

scholarly journals A self-lensing supermassive binary black hole at radio frequencies: the story of Spikey continues

2020 ◽  
Vol 496 (3) ◽  
pp. 3336-3347
Author(s):  
Emma Kun ◽  
Sándor Frey ◽  
Krisztina É Gabányi
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Secular Change ◽  
Long Baseline ◽  
Morphological Model ◽  
Optical Light Curve ◽  
5 Ghz ◽  
Jet Structure

ABSTRACT The quasar J1918+4937 was recently suggested to harbour a milliparsec-separation binary supermassive black hole (SMBH), based upon modelling the narrow spike in its high-cadence Kepler optical light curve. Known binary SMBHs are extremely rare, and the tight constraints on the physical and geometric parameters of this object are unique. The high-resolution radio images of J1918+4937 obtained with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) indicate a rich one-sided jet structure extending to 80 mas. Here we analyse simultaneously made sensitive 1.7- and 5-GHz archive VLBI images as well as snapshot 8.4/8.7-GHz VLBI images of J1918+4937, and show that the appearance of the wiggled jet is consistent with the binary scenario. We develop a jet structural model that handles eccentric orbits. By applying this model to the measured VLBI component positions, we constrain the inclination of the radio jet, as well as the spin angle of the jet emitter SMBH. We find the jet morphological model is consistent with the optical and radio data, and that the secondary SMBH is most likely the jetted one in the system. Furthermore, the decade-long 15-GHz radio flux density monitoring data available for J1918+4937 are compatible with a gradual overall decrease in the total flux density caused by a slow secular change of the jet inclination due to the spin–orbit precession. J1918+4937 could be an efficient high-energy neutrino source if the horizon of the secondary SMBH is rapidly rotating.

The Ship Strong Electromagnetic Environment and its Improvement

2015 ◽  
Vol 713-715 ◽  
pp. 1226-1229
Author(s):  
Hui Cheng Xia ◽  
Zhe Teng
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Electromagnetic Pulse ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Basic Method ◽  
Electromagnetic Environment ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Special Stress ◽  
Internal Information ◽  
Circuit Components

Strong electromagnetic pulse protection is very important. We must solve the electromagnetic compatibility problem between the circuit components, the ship equipments and internal information systems, and ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of the protection measures. This paper analyzed the requirements and reinforcement targets. It also put special stress on analyzing the basic method and principle of reinforcing platform.

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